1

RANCHI DISTRICT

Introduction

Jharkhand state was created on 15 November, 2000. The state has an area of 79.7 lakh hectare with 16 per cent of the country's natural resources. It is blessed with rich mineral wealth having 32% of India's Coal reserves, 25% of India's Copper reserves, Uranium, Mica, Bauxite, Granite, Gold, Silver, Graphite, Magnetite, Dolomite, Fireclay, Quartz, Fieldspar, Iron, etc. Forests and woodlands occupy more than 29% of the state which is amongst the highest in India. However, the basis of the economy is agriculture and allied activities. Out of the total geographical area, only 18.08 lakh ha is the net area available for cultivation. The net irrigated area is only 1.57 lakh ha. Which is about 8 per cent of the net sown area. At present the state is producing only 22 lakh tons of food grains which is sufficient to feed only 48 per cent population of the state, whereas, with respect to milk, fish and fruits the available resources are hardly meeting 50 per cent requirement of the state. This state is primarily rainfed and crop production largely depends on monsoon.

Ranchi is the state capital of Jharkhand, the state as a whole has been divided into seven agro-ecological regions and Ranchi District is part of the Hazaribagh and Ranchi plateau region.The district comprises three subdivisions namely Ranchi sadar, ndu and Ranchi and fourteen development blocks. The total area of Ranchi district is 7593 sq. Kms. More than 60% of the population is rural based and their livelihood depends solely on agriculture and allied activities.About 82% of the households have holdings of less than two hectares with the average holding size being 1.18 ha. Only 0.84% of the households have land holdings greater than 10 hectares.

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Ranchi & Khunti District – Profile

Sl No

Ranchi – Khunti District Particulars

1 No. of Blocks 20 2 Geographical Area (sq. Km.) 7593

Male 1436423Female 1347154 Total 2783577ST 1007847SC 116089

Growth Rate 25.72%Rural 1590580urban 614454

Workers 851822Non-workers 1353212

3 Population (2001 census)

density per sq km 362 Cultivators 374269

Agricultural labour 105014Home cottage industry 17054

Other workers 2254774 Classification of

workers

Marginal workers 130008 Less than 1 ha. 135751 55.62 %

Between 1 and 2 ha. 39914 16.35% Between 2 and 4 ha. 36444 14.93% Between 2 and 10 ha. 25928 10.62 %

Above 10 ha. 6036 2.48 %

5 Size of Holdings in nos. 1985-86

Total 244073 100%

6 Main economic activities

Agriculture followed by dairy farming, goat, pig rearing, collection of forest produce

Classification of crops Area in Ha. (2003-04)

Average yield Mt per Ha 2006

Paddy 233000 20.06Wheat 4953 16.30 Maize 6206 14.00Pulses 44771 8.30

Oilseeds 8956 4.00

Major crops

Vegetables 27812

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Panchayats and Villages in district Ranchi -2004 SI. No. District/Block No. of Panchayat No. of Villages 1. Ranchi Town - 38

2. Kanke 27 102 3. Namkum 18 111 4. Ratu 20 83 5. Bero 22 114 6. Lapung 09 79 7. Chanho 13 67 8. Mandar 16 69 9. Burhmu 21 98 10. Ormanjhi 13 91 11. Angarha 19 92 12. Silli 19 113 13. Bundu 09 90 14. Sonahatu 17 101 15. Tamar 20 129 Sub-Total 243 1377

Ranchi & Khunti District

4

Blocks in Ranchi District with Geographical Area

Sl. No

Name Geographical Area as on March 2007

1. Burmu 41770 Hcs. 2. Kanke 34208 Hcs 3. Ormanjhi 22817 Hcs. 4. Angara 44488 Hcs. 5. Silli 31543 Hcs. 6. Sonahatu 37658 Hcs. 7. Namkum 41241 Hcs. 8. Ratu 22427 Hcs. 9. Mandar 23823 Hcs. 10. Chanho 27283 Hcs. 11. Bero 38761 Hcs. 12. Lapung 30085 Hcs. 13. Bundu 25097 Hcs. 14. Tamar 51352 Hcs.

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Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District (Block 1-7) S.N. Particulars Angara Bero Burhmu Kanke Chanho Lapung Mandar

1. Tractors 72 42 21 54 102 78 76 2. Tubewells (non) 56 56 102 78 98 96 94 3 Water saving irrigation implements-drip, sprinkler 9 14 16 13 14 18 9 4. Other Implements 210 228 217 219 317 276 276 5. Diesel operated tube wells (%) 21 26 31 6. Percent of villages connected with roads 28 30 32 40 26 30 30 7. Flow of institutional credit to agriculture (%) 26 26 20 17 12 17 17 8. No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till March 2007

or similar date (T-11) -- --

9. Existence of KGK/KVK or similar extension school

-- -- -- KVK -- -- --

10. Institution that runs K(G/V)K -- -- -- KGVK -- -- -- 11. Government Input Supply Centre (GISC) (y/n) (if

yes, nos.) 4 3 2 4 4 2 3

12. Ag. Produce Market: regulated or others 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 13. Farm produce storage facility (nos. and size/qty) -- -- -- 1 -- -- --

Source: Information with respect to above particulars may be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item may be mentioned explicitly in

the row.

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Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District (Block 7-14)

S.N. Particulars Mandar Namkum Ormanjhi Ratu Bundu Tamar Sonahatu Silli 1. Tractors 76 77 105 76 98 28 76 77 2. Tubewells (non) 94 26 78 105 111 49 90 52 3 Water saving irrigation implements-drip, sprinkler 9 7 24 31 28 12 18 14 4. Other Implements 276 218 301 302 318 217 309 296 5. Diesel operated tube wells (%) 29 30 30 25 6. Percent of villages connected with roads 30 27 17 26 30 23 28 26 7. Flow of institutional credit to agriculture (%) 17 12 14 13 14 12 11 14 8. No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till March 2007

or similar date (T-11) -- -- -- --

9. Existence of KGK/KVK or similar extension school

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

10. Institution that runs K(G/V)K -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11. Government Input Supply Centre (GISC) (y/n) (if

yes, nos.) 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 2

12. Ag. Produce Market: regulated or others 4 3 1 2 2 4 2 4 13. Farm produce storage facility (nos. and size/qty) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Source: Information with respect to above particulars may be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item may be mentioned explicitly in

the row.

7

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Because of sub-division and fragmentation of holding, the per capita availability of land has declined from 0.5 ha to 0.15 ha. During the period 1950-51 to 2001-02. From this small holding it is not possible to sustain a family of five members with single crop production enterprise. Hence the small farmers have to integrate various other enterprises to generate additional employment opportunities and income from declining per capita availability of land.

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Block-wise Farmer Profile (Block 1-7)

S.N. Particulars Angara Bero Burhmu Chanho Lapung Kanke Mandar 1. Total Population in 000 102990 131713 143876 83860 53333 162953 98740 2. Female per '000 Male 983 975 937 962 1004 939 972 3. Literacy (%) 52.12 57.39 58.18 55.21 47.94 81.48 57.61 4. Non-agriculture workers 10284 2157 10742 4400 2907 24838 5451 5. Agriculture labour 9745 14571 7954 8291 4645 12225 10156 6. Agriculture workers 26073 35868 22590 24134 21127 20687 26772 7. SC farmers (%) 17 27 14 32 31 22 18 8. ST farmers (%) 19 24 22 32 31 31 19 9. Women farmers (%) 11293 15055 9570 10250 10048 8383 11558

S.N. Particulars (Block 8-14) Namkum Ormanjhi Silli Tamar Sonahatu Bundu Ratu 1. Total Population in 000 91451 62514 94347 99132 94990 61917 97179 2. Female per '000 Male 951 951 962 973 9 86 978 967 3. Literacy (%) 61.98 57.40 63.06 50.20 56.52 57.95 61.34 4. Non-agriculture workers 15663 9917 7823 4772 4603 3724 22427 5. Agriculture labour 6847 5026 16475 21113 18568 9346 11253 6. Agriculture workers 17153 14203 21565 32969 27625 14822 19177 7. SC farmers (%) 21 26 26 14 32 22 27 8. ST farmers (%) 27 36 24 32 38 34 38 9. Women farmers (%) 7210 5626 8521 12894 11542 6275 7117

Note: SC and ST refers to schedule caste and schedule tribe respectively

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Different Categories of Farm Households in Block (1-7)

S.N. Size of farm Tamar Sonahatu Bundu Chanho Lapung Angara Ormanjhi 1. 0-1 hectare 8050 8550 8560 7850 8950 7800 8500 2. 1.1-2 hectare 450 410 410 420 350 400 432 3. 2.1-5 hectare 1480 2110 2140 2350 2250 2120 2830 4. 5.1-10 hectare 180 300 240 300 280 400 260 5. More than 10 hectare 59 32 42 47 32 41 48

Different Categories of Farm Households in Block (8-14)

S.N. Size of farm Ratu Bero Burhmu Kanke Mandar Namkum Silli 1. 0-1 hectare 8650 7652 5894 8746 5486 6595 6550 2. 1.1-2 hectare 350 450 410 350 250 430 450 3. 2.1-5 hectare 2120 2140 2150 1920 1680 2240 1640 4. 5.1-10 hectare 230 450 250 310 380 290 320 5. More than 10 hectare 46 45 62 32 24 38 58

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Land Use Statistics (Block 1-7)

S.N. Particulars Bundu Tamar Sonahatu Angara Bero Burhmu Kanke Geographical Area (reported)

1. Forest Area 4377.5 11446.29

2235.6 13083.15 6510.80 16279.75 5134.35

2. Not available for cultivation 322.77 4400.02 5006.92 6518.81 5706.56 1111.73 5971.26 3 Area under non-agricultural uses 775 388 792 2362 382 410 329 4. Barren & Uncultivable Land 798 299 695 228 372 322 298 5. Other uncultivated land 756 722 749 288 972 422 332 6. Permanent Pastures & other grazing

Land 179 114 156 112 103 111 121

7. Land under Misc. Trees not incl. in NSA

210 310 296 210 211 222 301

8. Culturable Waste Land 902.1 3107.33 3347.30 3183.96 3500.51 498.19 3069.01 9. Fallow lands 295 174 296 111 122 109 116 10. Fallow other than (CF) 117 113 114 92 74 98 78 11. Fallow other than CF 217 109 164 148 210 179 174 12 Net Area Sown 9466 14632 12321 19772 22722 17718 19712 13 Gross Cropped Area 14377 16732 14776 20718 23333 19638 17817

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Land Use Statistics (Block 7-14) S.N. Particulars Mandar Namku

m Silli Chanho Lapung Ormanjhi Ratu

Geographical Area (reported) 1. Forest Area 1605.94 7692.63 8918.12 7043.18 3674.91 6247.37 1075.91 2. Not available for cultivation 2727.50 6806.55 4922.85 1929.85 4094.98 3093.29 2612.89 3 Area under non-agricultural uses 332 401 472 1428 787 728 678 4. Barren & Uncultivable Land 310 398 310 876 8778 788 692 5. Other uncultivated land 422 722 788 438 487 429 748 6. Permanent Pastures & other grazing

Land 191 174 122 174 159 179 188

7. Land under Misc. Trees not incl. in NSA

319 314 219 280 214 213 222

8. Culturable Waste Land 970.85 3115.51 1048.68 1604.26 2387.33 895.73 1889.89 9. Fallow lands 172 108 121 296 322 316 318 10. Fallow other than (CF) 102 177 134 127 175 178 179 11. Fallow other than CF 108 109 111 301 286 274 278 12 Net Area Sown 14708 19417 14678 7745 94044 12776 117876 13 Gross Cropped Area 16607 22710 15721 11768 13776 14775 13778

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Reaching the Unreached - Primitive Tribal Groups District/PTG Asur Birhor Birajiya Korwa Hill

Khariya Mal Pahariya

Parahiya Savar Sauriya Paharia District Total

Gumla 7700 141 1266 1636 71 0 66 0 0 10880 Ranchi & Khunti

0 636 0 0 0 9 0 0 107 752

Simdega 0 174 0 603 0 0 0 0 0 777 Primitive Tribal Groups District Block/Tribe No. of

Villages Asur Birhor Birajiya Korwa Hill

Khariya Mal Pahariya

Parahiya Savar Sauriya Paharia

Block Total

% of total population of Jharkhand

Gumla Dumri Ghaghra Chainpur Bishunpur

35 24 21 37

810 1536 1695 3659

0 0 39 102

0 0 0 1266

914 69 653 0

0 71 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 66

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1724 1676 2387 5093

Total 117 7700 141 1266 1636 71 0 66 0 0 10880 0.04 Ranchi Angara

Silli

1 1

0 0

87 164

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

87 164

Total 2 0 251 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 251 0.001 Khunti Bundu

Arki Tamar

2 2 5

0 0 0

230 46 109

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 9

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 107

230 46 225

Total 9 0 385 0 0 0 9 0 0 107 501 0.002 Simdega Simdega

Kolebera Kurdeg Bolba

2 1 8 1

0 0 0 0

153 21 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 587 16

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

153 21 587 16

Total 12 0 174 0 603 0 0 0 0 0 777 0.003

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Primitive Tribal Group – District Ranchi Block/Tribe No. of

Villages Asur Birhor Birajiya Korwa Hill Khariya Mal Pahariya Parahiya Savar Sauriya

Paharia Block Total

Angara Silli

1 1

0 0

87 164

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

87 164

Total 2 0 251 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 251 The Average monthly Income of the Tribals in Jharkhand District 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Above 1000 Total Gumla 9156 0 0 1724 0 0 0 10880 Ranchi & Khunti

440 87 0 225 0 0 0 752

Simdega 0 0 0 153 587 37 0 777

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The Primitive Tribal Groups in Gumla, Simdega, Ranchi & Khunti The PTG are concentrated in Gumla district. Most of them belong to the very old tribe of Asuras who had mastered the art of Iron Smelting several thousand years ago. Some families still have these skills. The average montly income of 84 % of the PTG is Rs. 500/- the other 16 % earn about Rs. 800 per month. Not surprisingly this group is indebted to the tune of almost 6 lacs banks and private money lenders. This highly impoverished group, must receive special focus in the development plan. If they posses land, they should be given special training to develop skills in agriculture. Special training programs must be provided to generate income from farm based activities and from the processing of forest produce. All PTGs, depending on aptitude, should be enabled to raise incomes from livestock, specially from backyard poultry and piggery.

Government Agricultural Farms with cultivable land in Ranchi

Name of

Districts

SI. No. Name of Govt. Farms

(Seed Production/Research )

Total area (ha)

Ranchi 1. Bero 10.40

2. Lapung 1069

3. Bundu 10.53

4. Tamar 10.16

Sub-Total 41.78

State Government Nurseries

District Block Nurseries with area

Active Inactive

No. of

Nurseries

Area in ha No. of

Nurseries

Area in ha Total

Ranchi &

Khunti

10 8.0 5 4.00 12.0

Gumla &

Simdega

7 5.60 5 4.00 9.60

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Active Progeny orchards

SI. No. District Block Area (in ha)

1. Ranchi Silli

Budmu

10.00

10.00

2. Gulma Chandali 4.00

3. Simdega - -

Active Vegetable seed multiplication farms

SI. No. District Name of vegetable farm Area (in ha)

1. Ranchi Ormanjhi 10.00

16

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

Ranchi enjoys a pleasant climate as its average elevation is about 2000 ft. above sea level. Relative humidity also remains low so it is pleasant during the summer. December is the coldest month with a minimum temperature of 10.3 degrees C. and May is the hottest month with a maximum temperature of 10.3 degrees C.

The monsoon sets in about the third week of June and the months of July and August have the highest rainfall. Ranchi district receives a fair amount of rainfall in normal monsoon years, the average rainfall being 1375 mm. September gets some rain from the retreating monsoon, while the district also gets some winter rain during the months of December and January.

Total rainfall of the state is more than sufficient to raise 2-3 crops satisfactorily, but its distribution is highly skewed, with more than 80% of the rain occurring during four monsoon months (June-Sept.) restricting the farmers with no other choice except to grow only one rainy season crop and during the rest of the year the land remains fallow due to lack of irrigation. Therefore, rain water harvesting and aquifer recharge have become essential for ensuring the stability of water supply. Effective management of surface water including rivers, canals, water bodies, lakes, ponds and rain water can reduce ground water dependency for irrigation. Rain fall Pattern Ranchi district

SEASON NORMAL 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 Monsoon 1500.6 1110 1118 896.9 Post Monsoon 610 422 511 712 Winter 110 129 210 128 Pre Monsoon 222 310 322 298

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Land Use

The total Geographical area (TGA) of the Ranchi district. is 758250 ha. The area under forest cover is 20.9 % of TGA (1, 59,140 ha) which is less than State average of 29 percent. The net sown area is 33.7 % of TGA (1, 61,750 ha) which is higher to the state average of 22.7 percent. The fallow land is about 25 % (1, 90,210 ha). The culturable wasteland is 3.5 % of the TGA ie 26,320 ha. The details of the land uses are given below:

Unit 000 ha S. No.

Items Ranchi Percent (Ranchi)

Percent (Jharkhand)

1. Geographical Area 758.25 2. Forest Area 159.14 20.9 29.2 3. Net Sown Area 255.85 33.7 22.7 4. Fallow Land

a) Current Fallow b) Other than Current Fallow (2-5 Years)

124.01 66.20

Sub Total (a+b) 190.21 25.0 25 5. Culturable

Wasteland 26.32 3.5 3.5

6. Land under Miscellaneous Trees

10.70 1.5

7. Cultivable Land (3+4+5+6)

483.08 63.7

8. Permanent Pasture 2.03 0.2 9. Barren & unutilized

land 39.50 5.2 7.2

10. Land put to Non-Agri. Uses.

74.50 9.8 9.9

11. Area Sown more than Once

NA

Agro-Climatic Regionwise Land Utilization of Jharkhand as recorded in 1999-2000

SI. No.

District/Region Geog. Area

Forest Area

Land Put to non-agricultural use

Barren and unuti-lized land

Culti-vable waste land

Perma-nent pasture and other grazing land

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 379.03 42.71 42.99 23.00 22.72 18.59 2. Deoghar 248.15 34.63 21.26 12.45 13.91 10.03 3. Godda 231.84 31.32 17.08 9.71 5.37 6.33

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4. Pakur 181.70 20.79 15.66 11.51 7.46 5.67 5. Sahebganj 201.75 42.74 13.43 15.68 6.56 2.82 6. Jamtara 179.17 30.20 20.32 10.87 10.69 8.79 7. Hazaribagh 604.63 265.66 36.67 54.10 8.16 3.93 8. Koderma 130.20 55.23 8.24 14.71 1.98 1.44 9. Chatra 175.52 226.82 10.45 19.85 3.49 1.62 10. Giridih 493.22 158.42 33.42 30.62 17.98 9.96 11. Bokaro 288.97 72.23 45.82 25.01 10.49 2.22 12. Dhanbad 204.16 18.93 42.95 32.59 11.37 0.57 Sub-Total Zone-I 3518.34 989.68 308.29 260.10 120.18 71.97 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi &

Khunti 758.25 159.14 73.81 39.52 26.32 2.03

14. Lohardaga 153.62 44.36 9.32 9.40 9.91 0.06 15. Gumla 538.92 81.14 29.69 44.55 27.05 0.30 16. Palamau 524.69 226.85 19.61 31.59 9.96 1.87 17. Garhwa 428.82 191.15 14.80 24.75 6.55 2.80 18. Simdega 371.63 55.94 20.47 30.72 18.65 0.13 19. Latehar 319.19 137.97 11.92 19.21 6.05 1.14 Sub-Total Zone-II 3095.12 896.55 179.62 199.74 99.49 8.33 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East

Singhbhum 556.69 122.82 154.41 42.14 21.49 2.68

21. West Singhbhum

562.70 227.54 28.53 50.01 23.42 3.15

22. Saraikela 237.23 95.96 12.03 21.10 9.88 1.33 Sub-Total Zone-III 1556.62 446.32 194.97 113.25 54.79 7.16 Total Jharkhand State 7970.08 2332.55 682.88 573.09 274.46 87.46 Land Utilization of Jharkhand as recorded in 1999-2000 SI. No.

District/Region

Land Under Mis. Trees

Other Than CurrentFallows (up to 2 to 5 years)

Current fallows

Net Area sown

Total Cropped Area

Area sown more than once

Cropp Ing Inten sity (%)

1. Ranchi & Khunti

10.59 66.00 122.98 255.65 272.32 16.67 107

2. Gumla 9.13 63.00 168.53 161.85 169.32 7.47 105 3. Simdega 6.30 43.00 115.00 111.57 116.76 5.19 105

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SOIL

Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites, gneisses and schists. Soil is the base for terrestrial life supporting system. The land located on the upper slope is called Tanr land and the land following it is called Don land. The soils of upland and medium land are red and lateritic, highly permeable, course textured, shallow depth with low base saturation, cation exchange and water retention capacity, acidic in reaction low organic matter with low nitrogen status, deficient in phosphorus. Deficiency of potassium is on increase. The lowland soils have excessive wetness and stickiness after rice harvest due to heavy texture associated with poor drainage, which restricts tillage operation and thus fields remain fallow in winter season. In this situation, surface-seeding technique provides an elbow space for growing wheat, eliminating tillage. Crack formation on surface layers with depletion of moisture is usual feature of lowland soil. A summary of soil survey of NBSS & LUP Kolkotta and BAU Ranchi is at Annexure I. General characteristics of upland, medium land and low land are given below: General Characteristics of Soil Characteristics Upland Medium land Low land

Colour Red or Brown red Yellow or yellowish

Grey or Greyish

Texture Light textured (Sandy loam)

Medium textured (Sandy clay loam)

Heavy textured

Drainage Well drained Moderately drained Poorly drained

Soil reaction Low pH Moderately acidic Neutral pH

Soil fertility Poor in organic carbon, Ca, Mg, N, P&S

Poor in organic carbon N, Ca, Mg

Medium in N & organic carbon

The base map of the district was prepared on 1:50,000 scale using Survey of India toposheets (73A/14,15,16, 73B/13, 73E/2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12,,15,16 and 72F/1,2,5,9,13) and all the maps were demarcated with grid points at 2.5 km interval. Surface soil samples from demarcated grid points and other related informations were collected through field survey. Soil samples were air dried, processed and analysed for pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous and potassium (Page et al., 1982), available nitrogen (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956), available sulphur by using 0.15 percent CaCl2 as the extractant (William and Steinbergs, 1959), available (DTPA extractable) Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) and available B (hot water soluble) by Carmine method (Hatcher and Wilcox, 1950). The soils are grouped under different soil reaction classess viz extreamely acidic (pH<4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 – 5.0 ), strongly acidic (pH 5.1 – 5.5), moderately acidic (pH 5.6-6.0), slightly acidic (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral (pH 6.6-7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9.0) according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970).The soils are rated as low (below 0.50 %), medium (0.50-0.75 %) and

20

high (above 0.75 %) in case of organic carbon, low (<280 kg ha-1), medium (280 to 560 kg ha-

1) and high (>560 kg ha-1) in case of available nitrogen, low (< 10 kg ha-1), medium (10 to 25 kg ha-1) and high (> 25 kg ha-1) for available phosphorus, low (< 108 kg ha-1), medium (108 to 280 kg ha-1) and high (> 280 kg ha-1) for available potassium and low (<10 mg kg-1), medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (> 20 mg kg-1) for available sulphur (Singh et. al. 2004, Mehta et. al.1988). Critical limits of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B, which separate deficient from non-deficient soils followed in India are 4.5, 2.0, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.5 mg kg-1 respectively. (Follet and Lindsay, 1970 and Berger and Truog, 1940). The maps for the above mentioned parameters have been prepared using Geographic Information System (GIS) from data generated by analysis of grid soil samples.

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Soil Acidity and Fertility Status Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of base saturation. The soils of the district have been grouped under seven soil reaction classes according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970).

The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA), in which 41.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 28.6 percent ver strongly acidic, 18 percent moderately acidic, 5.2 percent slightly acidic and 2.7 percent extremely acidic in reaction. Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction.

Soils under different reaction classes Soil reaction Area

(‘00ha) % of the TGA

Extremely acidic (pH <4.5) 206 2.7

Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) 2205 28.6

Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) 3226 41.9

Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) 1388 18.0

Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) 400 5.2

Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) 90 1.2

Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) 15 0.2

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

34

Organic Carbon

The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity.

The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %. They are mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %). 43.8 percent area of the district shows high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 28.7 and 25.3 percent area respectively.

Organic carbon status

Organic carbon

(%)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 0.50 %) 1945 25.3

Medium (0.50-0.75 %) 2211 28.7

High (above 0.75 %) 3374 43.8

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Macronutrients

Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity.

Available Nitrogen

Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourage aboveground vegetative growth and deep green colour to leaves. Deficiency of nitrogen decreases rate and extent of protein synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis.

Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and 638 kg/ha. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1).

35

Available nitrogen status in the surface soils

Available nitrogen

(kg ha-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 280) 2012 26.1

Medium (280-560) 5171 67.2

High (above 560) 347 4.5

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Available Phosphorus Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it get fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium. Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha. Data reveals that majority of the soils are medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of 40.1 percent area are low and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content.

Available phosphorous status in the surface soils

Available phosphorous

(kg ha-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 10) 3091 40.1

Medium (10-25) 4323 56.2

High (above 25) 116 1.5

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Available Potassium Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases.

36

Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha. The data reveals that majority of the soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of 27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low (below 108) in available potassium content.

Available potassium status in the surface soils

Available potassium

(kg ha-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 108) 1004 13.0

Medium (108-280) 4396 57.1

High (above 280) 2130 27.7

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Available Sulphur Sulphur is essential in synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine and methionine), chlorophyll and metabolites including co-enzyme A, biotin, thiamine, or vitamin B1 and glutathione. It activates many proteolytic enzymes, increase root growth and nodule formation and stimulate seed formation. The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.64 to 72.13 mg kg-1 and. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area are low (<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 30.5 and 30.6 percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively.

Available sulphur status in the surface soils

Available sulphur

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (<10) 2825 36.7

Medium (10-20) 2350 30.5

High (>20) 2355 30.6

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

37

Micronutrients

Proper understanding of micronutrients availability in soils and extent of their deficiencies is the pre-requisite for efficient management of micronutrient fertilizer to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to know the micronutrients status of soil before introducing any type of land use.

Available Iron

Iron is constituent of cytochromes, haems and nonhaem enzymes. It is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. It promotes starch formation and seed maturation.

The available iron content in the surface soils is ranges between 11.4 and 301.2 mg kg. As per the critical limit of available iron (> 4.5 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available iron. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of the soils (50.0 % of TGA) have available iron content between the range of 25 to 50 mg kg-1.

Available iron status in the surface soils

Available iron

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA Rating

<15 199 2.6

15-25 550 7.1

25-50 3846 50.0

50-100 2774 36.0 100-200 108 1.4 200-400 53 0.7

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Available Manganese

Manganese is essential in photosynthesis and nitrogen transformations in plants. It activates decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase enzymes.

The available manganese content in surface soils ranges between 9.2 and 179.2 mg kg-1. As per the critical limit of available manganese (> 2 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available manganese. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of 78.3 % area of district have available Mn content between 25 and 50 mg kg-1.

38

Available manganese status in the surface soils

Available manganese

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA Rating

<10 90 1.2

10-25 895 11.6

25-50 6025 78.3

50-100 463 6.0 100-200 57 0.7

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Available Zinc

Zinc plays role in protein synthesis, reproductive process of certain plants and in the formation starch and some growth hormones. It promotes seed maturation and production.

The available zinc in surface soils ranges between 0.26 and 4.86 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of Majority of soils (93.7 % of TGA) are sufficient (>0.5 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 4.1 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg-1) in available zinc. .

Available zinc status in the surface soils

Available zinc

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA Rating

<0.5 316 4.1 Deficient 0.5-1.0 1740 22.6

1.0-2.0 3829 49.7

2.0-3.0 1174 15.3 3.0-5.0 471 6.1

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

39

Available Copper Copper involves in photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate metabolism and in the use of iron. It stimulates lignifications of all the plant cell wall and is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants.

The available copper status in surface soils ranges between 0.14 and 5.80 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of soils (92.2 % of TGA) have sufficient amount of available copper (>0.2 mg kg-1) and soils of 5.6 % area are deficient in available copper (<0.2 mg kg-1).

Available copper status in the surface soils

Available copper (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating

<0.2 433 5.6 Deficient 0.2-0.5 731 9.5

0.5-1.0 1645 21.4

1.0-2.0 2366 30.7 2.0-4.0 2035 26.4

4.0-6.0 320 4.2

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Available Boron Boron increases solubility and mobility of calcium in the plant and it act as regulator of K/Ca ratio in the plant. It is required for development of new meristematic tissue and also necessary for proper pollination, fruit and seed setting and translocation of sugar, starch and phosphorous etc. It has role in synthesis of amino acid and protein and regulates carbohydrate metabolism.

The available boron content in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 3.52 mgkg-1 . The critical limit for deficiency of the available boron is <0.5. Soils of 42.8 percent area of district are deficient (<0.50 mgkg-1) whereas 55.0 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in available boron content.

Available boron status in the surface soils

Available boron (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha % of the TGA Rating

<0.25 1523 19.8

0.25-0.50 1774 23.0 Deficient

0.50-0.75 1807 23.5

>0.75 2426 31.5 Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

40

Soils of the district and their extent Taxonomy Area

(‘00ha) % of TGA

Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs

354 4.60

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

134 1.74

Loamy-skeletal, mixed hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

85 1.10

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

4 0.05

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

1800 23.38

Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

1316 17.10

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

910 11.82

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs

77 1.00

Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

256 3.33

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Rhodic Paleustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

835 10.85

Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

657 8.53

Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs

37 0.48

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents

26 0.34

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

345 4.48

Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

293 3.81

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

190 2.47

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

2 0.03

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs

11 0.14

Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

108 1.40

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

35 0.46

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs

55 0.71

Miscellaneous 168 2.18 Total 7698 100.00

41

Water Resources

The state has total water resources of 28,781 million cubic metres (MCM) including 23,789 MCM (82.66%) of surface and the rest 4,992 MCM (17.34%) ground water. The total utilization of surface and ground water achieved in the state so far is 4776 MCM and 1328 MCM respectively. The unutilized water resources work out to be 19103 MCM surface water (80%) and 3664 MCM ground water (73%). This is not a happy situation so far as the useful utilization of precious water resources is concerned and speaks of “scarcity amidst plenty”. Total rainfall of the state (1200 mm) is more than sufficient to raise 2-3 crops satisfactorily, but its distribution is highly skewed, with more than 80% of the rain occurring during four monsoon month (June-Sept.) restricting the farmers to only one kharif crop. The rest of the year their land remains fallow in absence of the irrigation water. For efficient utilization of water resources under rolling topography and lateritic soils, appropriate interventions should be made. These include (i) Watershed managements (ii) Rain water harvesting recharge the aquifer, and to store in farm pounds and wells. (iii) Efficient use of the harvested water. Rainfall occurs from both monsoons i.e. Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon. In normal year, pre-monsoon rains are received in the month of May, which helps for summer ploughing. Monsoon usually breaks in mid June (±5 days). Late arrival as well as early cessation is not uncommon. In fact, distribution of rainfall is also uneven and erratic. Some times rain occurs as high as 140 mm in 24 hours. Dry spells of 2-3 weeks or even more usually occur in July-August. Failure of Hathia rain (late September to early October) is observed once in four years, which not only adversely influence the grain growth of standing crops but also affects establishment of second crop in winter season. Occasional winter rains during December to January is very helpful to winter crops. The 10 years average monthly rainfall for Ranchi is given below: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) – Ranchi District Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

17 27.8 26.4 24.5 51.1 213.5 351.9 316.6 257.5 80.3 13.4 8.6 1388.6

Surface Water The district authorities of Ranchi have not been able to provide the assessment of availability of surface water, its present utilization for irrigation and other uses and future planning. However, such details are available for the ground water through Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Therefore estimated details of Surface water and groundwater (CGWB) for Ranchi are given below:

42

Total Water Resource ( Surface & Ground Water) S.no Item Ranchi 1 Rainfall ( mm), 10 years average 1380

2 Runoff contributing Rainfall, 75 % dependable and 40 % as runoff (mm)

415

4 a) Water Resource ( Surface) MCM *

b) Ground Water MCM (CGWB)

3061

517

5 Total ( Surface & Ground ) water availability 3578

Ground Water Availability (Source : CGWB)

Unit: Ham S.no Items Ranchi

1 Net annual Ground Water availability 51698

2 Annual Ground water Draft 12564

3 Ground water available for future Irrigation 37089

4 Stage of Ground water Development % 24

Only 24 % of ground water resource is utilized whereas there is huge untapped ground water potential. Similarly, the surface water is plenty. It needs proper planning for the creation and efficient utilization for increasing the irrigated area and agriculture production, specially the second crop (Rabi). Also there is huge scope of conservation of rainwater through water harvesting and various watershed programmes for the sustainable rainfed farming. By efficient use of water resources including use of micro irrigation system, the second crop (Rabi), need to be planned with proper doses of inputs for sustainable agriculture production.

43

GROUND WATER RESOURCES Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for All uses

Net Ground Water Availability for future irrigation development

Stage of Ground Water Development

{(13/10) * 100}

Sl. No.

Assessment Unit/ District

Command/ non-Command/ Total

Net Annual Ground Water Availability

Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for irrigation

Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for domestic and industrial water supply

(11+12)

Allocation for domestic, and industrial requirement supply upto next 25 years (10-11-14)

(%)

RANCHI 1 Angara 33900 2963 586 162 748 243 2134 25 2 Bero 34050 2909 489 207 695 311 2110 24 3 Bundu 19000 1712 162 99 261 148 1402 15 4 Burmu 37390 2965 383 192 575 289 2294 19 5 Chanho 20400 1878 528 132 659 198 1152 35 6 Kanke 41425 3705 464 1400 1864 2102 1139 50 7 Lapung 20000 1695 565 84 649 126 1004 38 8 Mandar 20300 2137 987 156 1143 234 917 53 9 Namkum 33400 2855 230 171 402 257 2368 14

10 Ormanjhi 18400 1619 386 120 506 180 1053 31 11 Ratu 20100 2418 1187 202 1389 304 928 57 12 Silli 21100 1946 242 163 404 244 1461 21 13 Sonahatu 26000 2632 217 150 367 225 2189 14 14 Tamar 34225 2804 133 180 312 270 2402 11

Total 379690 34238 6559 3418 9974 5131 22553 29

44

Status of Groundwater

SI. No District Location 2006,May

2006/Aug 2006/Nov 2007/Jan 2007,May 2007/Nov

(mbgl) (mbgl) (mbgl) (mbgl) (mbgl) (mbgl) 1. Ranchi -Khunti Angara 7.90 2.47 3.75 5.9 7.95 3.63 2. Barwadag 5.85 2.80 3.06 5 5.70 2.29 3. Berro 11.00 6.15 7.05 7.7 10.65 4.45 4. Bundu - 1.25 3.46 4.7 10.45 5. Bunti 2.11 1.80 2.6 2.75 2.05 6. Burmoo - 6.15 4.82 _ 9 7. Chutupalu - 0.90 2.2 2.8 8.73 1.66 8. Hatial 4.67 1.05 2.1 6.4 7.65 2.48 9. Kalimati 6.40 1.35 4.68 4.1 dry 3.25 10. Karapurti 6.55 - 4.6 4.6 5.46 3.24 11. Karral 10.25 0.50 5.6 7.45 9.95 5.10 12. Khunti 13.30 3.10 5.21 dry 3.54 13. Lodma 6.00 1.10 2.26 5 6.78 3.40 14. Mandar 6.77 0.50 1.63 4 5.66 2.17 15. Moranghada - - 2.41 2.41 16. Murhu 4.15 1.05 1.94 3.5 3.69 2.27 17. Ormanji 4.30 0.80 2.5 3.6 5.12 2.46 18. Ranchil 0.80 2.31 2.40 2.10 19. Ratuchati - 1.80 8.1 8.1 20. Seringathu 6.70 - 3.54 3.15 6.12 0.53 21. Silli 6.25 2.90 4.25 6.3 6.82 4.19 22. Tamar 9.40 0.50 2.13 6.35 11.04 4.90

45

Ground Water Quality (May, 2006)

SI.Nc District Locatio

n Well No. E.C.

micro Siemens/cm

pH C03 HC03 CI S04 N03 F P04 Ca Mg TH as CaC03

Na K Si02

at 25° C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 1. Ranchi-

Khunti Ormanjhi BRC1A 472 6.5 ND 118 67 20.00 45.0 1.5 ND 60 19 226 14 2.9 48

2. Kunti BRC2 734 8.3 ND 191 127 31.00 17.0 1.1 0.17 62 27 267 56 2.8 48 3. Ranchi BRC3A 325 8.1 ND 79 40 25.00 20.0 0.3 0.11 33 6 108 25 1.5 13 4. Mandar BRC6 340 7.4 ND 46 63 3.90 50.0 0.3 ND 23 11 103 29 11.0 16 5. Bero BRC7 191 8.2 ND 106 7.1 ND 5.9 0.6 0.01 23 6 82 7 1.9 43 6. Silli BRC9 620 6.9 ND 343 27 13.00 0.1 2.2 ND 74 13 236 48 4.1 15 7. Karra BRC10A 585 6.8 ND 132 86 20.00 58.0 0.7 ND 31 14 134 66 18.0 19 8. Tamar BRC11 235 8.2 ND 132 8 2.20 4.1 0.7 0.11 27 11 113 8 0.9 43 9. Kurapurti BRC14 810 8.3 ND 277 68 48.00 65.0 0.7 0.30 103 30 380 25 3.1 34 10. Kalimati BRC15 170 7.8 ND 20 24 25.00 11.0 0.5 0.17 10 4 41 19 1.4 34 11. Chutupalu BRC22 325 8.1 ND 165 17 4.80 ND 2.6 ND 27 9 103 33 2.4 48

46

Created Irrigation Capacity SI. No. Districts Nos.of Projects Created

Irrigation

Capacity (ht.)

Remarks

1 Ranchi-Khunti 13 130

2 Dumka 8 80

3 Deoghar 8 80

4 Godda 5 50

5 Jamtara 4 40

6 Pakur 5 50

7 Hazaribag 13 130

8 Bokaro 6 60

9 Giridih 9 90

10 Dhanbad 9 90

11 Kodarma 4 40

12 Chatra 10 100

13 West Singhbhum 13 130

14 East Singhbhum 9 90

15 Saraykela

Singhbhum

6 60

16 Gumla 9 90

17 Lohardaga 4 40

18 Simdega 6 60

19 Medninagar 10 100

20 Garhwa 14 140

21 Latehar 7 70

22 Sahebganj 8 80

Total 180 1800

Projects

implement by

committee of

beneficiaries

47

List of Microlift Irrigation Project by JHAKCO

Sl No.

District Name of Block

Name of Project Created Irrigation Capacity (in hct.)

Remarks

1. Ranchi Bero Gargaon 10 2. ,, Burmu I the Microlift 10 3. ,, Ormanjhi Pundag Microlift 10 4. ,, Namkum Sigrol Microlift 10 5. ,, Bundu Aaradih 10 6. ,, Bundu Baredih 10 7. ,, Namkum Plandu Microlift 10 8. ,, Mandar Sosai Microlift 10 9. ,, Ratu Pundag 10 10. ,, Angara Bhukbhukya Microlift 10

Project implement by committee of beneficiaries

Sub-Total 100

48

Management of Water Resources

The state of Jharkhand is characterized by denudational land forms with plateau of different heights, upland and undulating valleys and plains. The wastelands in the state occur in the form of gullied and ravinous land, rocky areas with or without vegetation and degraded lands in mining areas. Wastelands in these areas are the result of intense rainfall which causes sheetwash and mass washing. Degradation of land in mining areas is the result of overburden deposit, digging of pits, land subsistence and water logging and mine fires.

Total rainfall of the state is more than sufficient to raise 2-3 crops satisfactorily, but its distribution is highly skewed, with more than 80% of the rain occurring during four monsoon months (June-Sept.) restricting the farmers with no other choice except to grow only one rainy season crop and during the rest of the year the land remains fallow in absence of irrigation water. Therefore, rain water harvesting and aquifer recharge have become essential for ensuring the stability of water supply. Besides effective management of surface water including rivers, canals, water bodies, lakes, ponds and rain water can reduce ground water dependency for irrigation. Soil and water are the two basic natural resources which must be conserved and utilized efficiently on a long term basis.

Rain water can be collected by construction of a farm reservoir of size 40 m length x 20 m wide x 4 m deep for each hectare of land. This harvested rain water through OFR can be utilized to provide 2-4 irrigation each of 5cm depth for growing crops during succeeding rabi season considering 50% losses of water from the pond through evaporation, seepage, percolation etc.

Therefore, it is essential to construct OFR for higher cropping intensity by utilizing harvested water to increase income and production per drop of water. In addition, existing ponds, wells and other water bodies need renovation for efficient rain water harvesting and its utilization. For insitu rain water harvesting, trenches around the field needs to be dug out and it will be recycled during lean period of monsoon as well as for growing the succeeding rabi crop.

49

District wise reservoirs and check dam resources Jharkhand

Reservoir Check dams Sl. no

District

No. Area (ha) No. Area (ha) 1. Ranchi-Khunti 15 4512 115 485 2. Lohardaga 6 2452 50 125 3. Gumla 12 2500 120 540 4. W. Singhbhum 9 3254 95 315 5. E. Singhbhum 7 2450 55 160 6. Palamu 9 3514 90 285 7. Garwa 3 1200 45 130 8. Hazaribagh 9 12465 92 360 9. Chatra 6 2554 45 135 10. Koderma 5 10210 30 140 11. Dhanbad 4 11250 28 180 12. Bokaro 4 9650 24 135 13. Giridih 3 650 26 155 14. Deoghar 0 0 12 85 15. Dumka 2 4500 103 422 16. Godda 0 0 30 135 17. Sahebganj 0 0 25 98 18. Pakur 0 0 22 102 19. Latehar 5 2845 68 265 20. Saraikela 2 18575 58 106 21. Jamtara 0 0 16 52

22. Simdega 3 2250 35 160

Total 104 94831 1184 4570

50

District-wise ponds/tanks resources

Total Pond/Tank Resources Sl No

District

Govt. ponds (ha) Private ponds (ha) Total (ha)

No Total

area Avg. size

No Total area

Avg. size No

Total area

Avg. size

1. Lohardaga 155 119 0.77 950 312 0.33 1105 431 0.39

2. Giridih 645 445 0.69 895 413 0.46 1540 860 0.56

3. Ranchi-Khunti 663 802 1.21 2345 1455 0.62 3008 2257 0.75

4. Hajaribagh 1274 1250 0.98 2546 1685 0.66 3820 2935 0.77

5. Kodrama 190 200 1.05 585 260 0.44 775 460 0.59

6. Devghar 1350 948 0.70 1433 865 0.60 2783 1813 0.65

7. Godda 815 378 0.46 1285 802 0.62 2100 1180 0.56

8. Dhanbad 1170 1345 1.15 846 312 0.37 2016 1657 0.82

9. Dhumka 705 430 0.61 2280 1525 0.67 2985 1955 0.65

10. Jamthada 435 395 0.91 655 326 0.50 1090 721 0.66

11. Gumla 406 297 0.73 2416 1685 0.70 2822 1982 0.70

12. Simdega 85 65 0.76 585 365 0.62 670 430 0.64

13. Sahebganj 802 846 1.05 2450 1165 0.48 3252 2011 0.62

14. Pakur 716 512 0.72 980 345 0.35 1696 857 0.51

15. Bokaro 1710 1621 0.95 745 402 0.54 2455 2455 1.00

16. Jamshedpur 959 1515 1.58 3515 2230 0.63 4474 3745 0.84

17. Chaibasa 750 916 1.22 1624 1175 0.72 2374 2091 0.88

18. Saraikela 600 546 0.91 1645 965 0.59 2245 1511 0.67

19. Palamau 400 706 1.77 2065 1260 0.61 2465 1966 0.80

20. Lathehar 155 95 0.61 2400 1191 0.50 2555 1286 0.50

21. Garhwa 300 410 1.37 850 465 0.55 1150 875 0.76

22. Chatra 510 615 1.21 845 445 0.53 1355 1060 0.78

Total 14795 14456 0.98 33940 19650 0.58 48735 34106 0.70

51

District wise Physical projections under minor irrigation for 2007-08

No.of units

Sl. no

District Dug wells

Lift irrigation

Pump sets

Drip & sprinkler

Shallow tube wells

Water harvesting Tanks/farm ponds

1. Bokaro 1400 - 3450 30 - -

2. Chatrar 535 40 832 28 - -

3. Deoghar 246 14 1232 74 23 -

4. Dhanbad - - 600 57 - -

5. Dumka 715 171 850 - - -

6. E. Singhbhum 270 195 625 194 245 100

7. Garwa 436 100 550 56 - -

8. Giridih 949 45 1035 505 - -

9. Godda 350 - 550 - 315 -

10. Gumla 357 - 981 - - -

11. Hazaribagh 2112 457 3042 100 - 174

12. Jamtara 100 - 600 - - -

13. Koderma 480 96 960 80 - 25

14. Latehar 1200 110 725 150 - 220

15. Lohardaga 90 30 940 15 - -

16. Pakur 260 15 425 - 120 -

17. Palamu 1375 1320 2200 495 - 180

18. Ranchi-Khunti

3000 500 4500 190 170 -

19. Sahahebganj 665 12 915 - 10 150

20. Saraikela 523 - 694 20 - 136

21. Simdega 220 - 880 - - -

22. W. Singhbhum 477 - 480 214 126 220

Total 15760 3105 27066 2208 1009 1205

(Source : State Focus paper- Jharkhand 2007-08 NABARD)

52

Net Sown Area Irrigated with the Sources of Irrigation Ranchi District hectares

S.N. Sources Sonahatu Bundu Tamar Angara Bero Burmu Kanke

1. Tube-well 1294.43. 582.65 264. 282.50 1948.37 88.27 1676.33

2. Canals 2978.30 839.75 3102.69 535.87. 398.24 1.00

3. Tanks 159.76 210.22 159.82 125.95 57.22 85.36

4. Other sources 62.36. 274.35 289.35 26.30 38.24 0.44 74.09

Net Sown Area Irrigated with the Sources of Irrigation Ranchi District

S.N. Sources Mandar Namkum Silli Chanho Lapung Ormanjhi Ratu

1. Tube-well 1757.63 211.03 255.39 1235.15 1266.91. 1927.91 3237.90

2. Canals 69.09 257.24 207.41 131.89 98.96 342.95 1032.61

3. Tanks 239.14 341.06. 25.77 84.54 351.30 157.89. 371.26

4. Other sources 393.03 862.87 72.70 334.54 619.38 284.94 376.4 Hc.

53

Irrigation (Source & Coverage)

Districts Percentage of Farmers having access to irrigation

Percentage of Farmers land having access to irrigation

Average irrigation coverage for farmers having access, acre/family

Bokaro 44.57 8.96 0.45

Chatra 67.36 22.17 0.95

Deoghar 46.56 16.56 0.79

Dhanbad 46.22 15.33 1.20

Dumka 25.43 7.88 0.64

ES 17.39 9.33 1.65

Garhwa 67.67 20.68 0.64

Giridih 24.50 8.50 0.72

Godda 30.95 14.28 1.06

Gumla 48.21 5.21 0.40

Hazaribagh 69.47 13.09 0.71

Jamtara 8.09 3.62 1.57

Kodarma 98.63 36.69 0.89

Latehar 32.63 4.86 0.46

Lohardaga 60.80 12.73 0.56

Pakur 4.46 1.46 0.98

Palamau 39.83 22.15 1.48

Ranchi-Khunti 31.56 12.35 1.01

Sahibganj 38.21 10.01 1.02

Saraikela 16.27 8.47 1.67

Simdega 24.11 2.18 0.50

WS 18.37 3.97 1.10

State 39.15 11.84 0.93

54

Source of Irrigation

Well Lift irrigation Pond Districts ---------Percentage of farmers----

Others

Bokaro 64.10 7.69 24.36 3.85

Chatra 62.89 22.68 5.15 9.28

Deoghar 61.36 20.45 15.91 2.27

Dhanbad 14.66 38.79 38.79 7.76

Dumka 68.18 13.64 18.18 0.00

ES 5.56 33.33 52.78 8.33

Garhwa 65.56 26.67 4.44 3.33

Giridih 41.89 25.68 22.97 9.46

Godda 46.15 38.46 10.77 4.62

Gumla 86.11 7.41 4.63 1.85

Hazaribagh 62.27 9.16 26.01 2.56

Jamtara 18.18 27.27 54.55 0.00

Kodarma 48.61 18.06 19.44 13.89

Latehar 87.10 3.23 3.23 6.45

Lohardaga 53.74 27.57 18.69 0.00

Pakur 14.29 28.57 57.14 0.00

Palamau 69.79 22.92 4.17 3.13

Ranchi-Khunti 69.16 19.63 3.74 7.48

Sahibganj 9.09 30.30 60.61 0.00

Saraikela 14.81 22.22 51.85 11.11

Simdega 73.53 26.47 NA 0.00

WS 23.08 46.15 30.77 0.00

State 48.19 23.47 25.15 4.34

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SOIL AND WATER ANALYSIS – RANCHI

Shamsher Singh Introduction

Ranchi district is located in the centre of the state. It is bounded by the districts of Hazaribag and Chatra in the North, West Singhbhum in the South, Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla in the West and Bokaro and Saraikela in the East. It has an area of 7698 sq. km and population of 27,83,577 persons (Census of India, 2001). The district comprises three subdivisions namely Ranchi Sadar, Bundu and Khunti and twenty development blocks. It has even flat surface with isolated hillocks known as Tongri. Hills lying on west have elevation above 800 metres and those lying in east have elevation less than 75 metres. The average elevation of the district is 650 metres but western portion is relatively higher than eastern part. Important rivers in the district are Subarnarekha, South Koel and Shankh. Soil

Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites, gneisses and schists. Soil is the base for terrestrial life supporting system. The land located on the upper slope is called Tanr land and the land following it is called Don land. The soils of upland and medium land are red and lateritic, highly permeable, course textured, shallow depth with low base saturation, cation exchange and water retention capacity, acidic in reaction low organic matter with low nitrogen status, deficient in phosphorus. Deficiency of potassium is on increase. The lowland soils have excessive wetness and stickiness after rice harvest due to heavy texture associated with poor drainage, which restricts tillage operation and thus fields remain fallow in winter season. In this situation, surface-seeding technique provides an elbow space for growing wheat, eliminating tillage. Crack formation on surface layers with depletion of moisture is usual feature of lowland soil. A summary of soil survey of NBSS & LUP Kolkotta and BAU Ranchi is at Annexure I.

General Characteristics of Soil

Characteristics Upland Medium land Low land

Colour Red or Brown red

Yellow or yellowish

Grey or Greyish

Texture Light textured (Sandy loam)

Medium textured (Sandy clay loam)

Heavy textured

Drainage Well drained Moderately drained

Poorly drained

Soil reaction Low pH Moderately acidic

Neutral pH

Soil fertility Poor in organic carbon, Ca, Mg, N, P&S

Poor in organic carbon N, Ca, Mg

Medium in N & organic carbon

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Soil Acidity The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA), in which 41.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 28.6 percent ver strongly acidic, 18 percent moderately acidic, 5.2 percent slightly acidic and 2.7 percent extremely acidic in reaction. Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction.

Soils under different reaction classes Soil reaction Area

(‘00ha) % of the

TGA Extremely acidic (pH <4.5) 206 2.7 Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) 2205 28.6 Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) 3226 41.9 Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) 1388 18.0 Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) 400 5.2 Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) 90 1.2 Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) 15 0.2 Miscellaneous 168 2.2 Total 7698 100.0

Organic Carbon

Soil organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity. The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %. They are mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %). 43.8 percent area of the district shows high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitutes 28.7 and 25.3 percent area respectively.

Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as

primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity. Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and 638 kg/ha. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1). The available phosphorus content ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha and majority of the soils are medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of 40.1 percent area are low and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content. The potassium content ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha and majority of the soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of 27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low (below 108) in available potassium content. The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.64 to 72.13 mg kg-1. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area are low (<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 30.5 and 30.6

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percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively. Micronutrients:

The soils are sufficient in available iron and manganese whereas soils of 4.1 and 5.6 percent area are deficient in available zinc and copper respectively. Available boron content in the soils ranges between 0.02 and 3.52 mg kg-1 and 42.8 percent area of district is deficient (<0.50 mg kg-1). Land Use The total Geographical area (TGA) of the Ranchi distt. is 758250 ha. The area under forest cover is 20.9 % of TGA (1, 59,140 ha) which is less than State average of 29 percent. The net sown area is 33.7 % of TGA (1, 61,750 ha) which is higher to the state average of 22.7 percent. The fallow land is about 25 % (1, 90,210 ha). The culturable wasteland is 3.5 % of the TGA ie 26,320 ha. The details of the land uses are given below:

Unit 000 ha S. No.

Items Ranchi Percent (Ranchi)

Percent (Jharkhand)

1. Geographical Area 758.25 2. Forest Area 159.14 20.9 29.2 3. Net Sown Area 255.85 33.7 22.7 4. Fallow Land

a) Current Fallow b) Other than Current Fallow (2-5 Years)

124.01 66.20

Sub Total (a+b) 190.21 25.0 25 5. Culturable

Wasteland 26.32 3.5 3.5

6. Land under Miscellaneous Trees

10.70 1.5

7. Cultivable Land (3+4+5+6)

483.08 63.7

8. Permanent Pasture 2.03 0.2 9. Barren & unutilized

land 39.50 5.2 7.2

10. Land put to Non-Agri. Uses.

74.50 9.8 9.9

11. Area Sown more than Once

NA

Water Resources

Water is one of the most important natural resources vital for economic development of the District. The source of water is precipitation. The rainfall occurs from both monsoons i.e. Southwest monsoon and Northeast monsoon. In normal year, pre-monsoon rains are received in the month of May, which helps for summer ploughing.

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Monsoon usually breaks in mid June (±5 days). Late arrival as well as early cessation is not uncommon. In fact, distribution of rainfall is also uneven and erratic. Some times rain occurs as high as 140 mm in 24 hours. Dry spells of 2-3 weeks or even more usually occur in July-August. Failure of Hathia rain (late September to early October) is observed once in four years, which not only adversely influence the grain growth of standing crops but also affects establishment of second crop in winter season. Occasional winter rains during December to January is very helpful to winter crops. The 10 years average monthly rainfall for the Ranchi adapted from the report of the Dr. K. V. Raman on “Commission on Agricultural Reforms,Research and Development for Jharkhand” is given below: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm) - Ranchi Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

17 27.8 26.4 24.5 51.1 213.5 351.9 316.6 257.5 80.3 13.4 8.6 1388.6

Surface Water

The district authorities of Ranchi have not been able to provide the assessment of availability of surface water, its present utilization for irrigation and other uses and future planning. However, such details are available for the ground water through Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Therefore estimated details of Surface water and groundwater (CGWB) for Ranchi are given below:

Total Water Resource ( Surface & Ground Water) s.no Item Ranchi

1 Rainfall ( mm), 10 years average 1380

2 Runoff contributing Rainfall, 75 % dependable and 40 % as runoff (mm)

415

4 c) Water Resource ( Surface) MCM *

d) Ground Water MCM (CGWB)

3061

517

5 Total ( Surface & Ground ) water availability 3578

Ground Water Availability (Source : CGWB)

Unit: Ham S.no Items Ranchi 1 Net annual Ground Water availability 516982 Annual Ground water Draft 125643 Ground water available for future Irrigation 370894 Stage of Ground water Development % 24

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Only 24 % of ground water resource is utilized whereas there is huge untapped ground water potential. Similarly, the surface water is plenty. It needs proper planning for the creation and efficient utilization for increasing the irrigated area and agriculture production, specially the second crop (Rabi). Also there is huge scope of conservation of rainwater through water harvesting and various watershed programmes for the sustainable rainfed farming. By efficient use of water resources including use of micro irrigation system, the second crop (Rabi), need to be planned with proper doses of inputs for sustainable agriculture production.

Main Recommendations

Based on field visit, information available from various sources, meetings,

discussions and documented data, following recommendations are emerged in respect of soil, landuse and water:

1. Soil i. The 73 % of area suffering from acidity (5,63,700 ha) falling under extremely acidic,

very strongly acidic and strongly acidic soils, need amelioration for increasing the productivity of the soils. The guidelines for the amelioration of Acid soils along with the availability of lime/dolomite in Jharkhand and other states are at at annexure II. Based on the intensity of acidity and crops to be grown lime/dolomite should be applied. In the past, a sporadic effort has been made for reclamations of acid soils using Dolomite. There was no effort to test the dolomite for ascertaining the quantity of lime in it. There is an urgent need to have test facility for dolomites atleast for each batch purchased/ procured. The marginal/ low acid soils may be managed by suitable agronomic package of practices.

ii. The 53 % areas falling under low and medium content of organic matter (4,15,600 ha) will need corrective measures by application of organic manures (FYM), green manuring etc ( Some suggestions are at annexure III).

iii. According to survey reports, Ranchi soils are dificient (low and medium) for Nitrogen (93.3%), Phosphorus (96.3%) and Potash (70%). The farmers need be advised for the application of proper doses and a proper mix of fertilizers. The Soil Health Cards should be issued to all farmers recommending the proper doses of fertilisers based on test. Also supply of fertilizer is very erratic and not available. The District should be provided Modern Soil Testing Laboratory. Arrangements should be made to collect soil samples and timely the test results. If Govt. infrastructure is inadequate, the services of private sector may be utilized.

iv. Soils are deficient in sulpher (low & medium – 5,17,500 ha) and requires corrective measures.

v. The zinc deficiency is in 31,600 ha, Copper deficiency in 43,300 ha and Boron deficiency in 3,29,700 ha which requires immediate treatment.

2. Land

i. About 25% of the area (1,90,210 ha) is under fallow land (current and other than current). This area need to be developed and brought under plough annually. The fallow lands could also be used for horticulture plantation, pasture development and agro-forestry for increasing the productivity of these lands in case cropping is not feasible due to some limitations.

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ii. No information is available regarding area under second crop. There is strong possibility to increase the area under second crop after creating water resource (surface and ground water).

iii. About 26320 ha area is under culturable wasteland which could be developed/ reclaimed and put to productive uses such as pasture development, agro -forestry and part of the private wastelands could also be brought under cropping system.

3. Water

i. There is about 3060 MCM of surface water resource out of which very meager water resource has been created and utilized so far. There has been no planned programme for harnessing water resources by major, medium and minor irrigation projects for the district. Three rivers namely South Koel, North Koel and Sankh are perennial rivers. There is scope for creating water potential by planning Minor and Medium irrigation projects after locating suitable sites in the river systems, for increasing area under second crop.

ii. Also there is annual groundwater availability of 517 MCM. Only 24 % of ground water is being utilized through wells, shallow tube wells ets. A systematic planning is required for harnessing the resource for crop production.

iii. At no stage water qualities (Surface and Ground) have been tested. Apparently there seems no problem, but as majority of the soil is acidic through which runoff water passes, it should be tested and corrective measures may be taken up for the irrigation if needed.

iv. About 1, 90,200 ha. is net sown area. There is huge possibility of increasing area in the second crop by creating water resource. The remaining area which can not be brought under irrigation may be managed under rainfed farming system approach through the watershed approach and by conserving rainwater through conservation measures.

v. The systematic approach for delineation, codification and priortisation of watersheds of the District may be done if not done so far. In rainfed areas the watershed development programmes may be taken up on priority basis by pooling the resources of various watershed programmes funded by different Ministries of Central Govt., State Sector Programmes and Institutional Financing (NABARD) etc at district level. National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) has already circulated the Common Guidelines for Watershed Management and laid the stress for converging all watershed programmes along with funds at State & Distrct levels for the integrated and holistic development of rainfed areas. During 11th plan a modest target of 50,000 ha could be aimed and remaining area could be phased in the next Plans. The unit cost of development under most of the progammes is Rs 15,000 per ha.

vi. The efficient use of scarce irrigation water is essentially needed. The micro irrigation systems i.e. sprinkler and drip systems of irrigation need to be introducing in large scale. The solution of water scarcity should not be found only on augmenting supply but demand management should also be given equal priority.

vii. Some innovative methods by local farmers have been tried to irrigate their field by diversion of streams/ tributaries to irrigate crops at lower reaches. These innovations should be documented and used extensively wherever possible.

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viii. A number of ponds, check dams, lift irrigation systems have been already constructed under various programmes. They are not maintained and therefore have become unserviceable. The facility for maintenance of the existing structures may be jointly undertaken by involvement of farmers and state contribution for their longevity.

ix. The simple technique of in-situ moisture conservation such as mulching, zero tillage,

ridge and furrow system, strip cropping etc may be followed. Also Ridge and Furrow system of cultivation and irrigation may be encouraged to conserve water.

x. Sawah System of insitu Rainwater Harvesting – BAU Ranchi has developed a model for insitu Rainwater Harvesting technique called Sawah system for Paddy- Fish culture on uplands (Tanr ) areas. A pit of 25-30 cms deep is dug in middle of the field (across slope) and earth is spread on either side as shown below .Upland paddy is grown on elevated areas and paddy and fish are taken in the middle( Low land). This could be tried and propagated widely for improving the economy:

5 mtr. 5 mtr. 5 mtr.

Upland Paddy

25-30 cms deep Low land Paddy & fish

Upland Paddy

Short & Long Term Recommendations The agriculture, in these districts is rainfed. Land is undulated, sloppy and stoney. The soils are mostly acidic, poor in major and minor nutrients with shallow depth in Tanr and medium to deep in Don areas. About 80% of rainwater is being lost through runoff and at present only 20% is available for use. Based on discussions and field visits, following are the short term and long term measures recommendations: A. Short Term Measures

Following recommendations may be immediately implemented in view of taking second crop (Rabi):

(i) The crops namely moth, linseed, lentil etc. require very less water. Seeds of these crops may be sown in the Tand and Don areas for raising these crops by utilizing residual moisture. Necessary inputs arrangement for seeds, fertilizers and insecticides etc may be taken up along with identification of farmer who are willing to take second crop.

(ii) There is one Soil testing Laboratory existing at Gumla. There is no proper system of collection of Soil Samples and making recommendations available to the farmers well in time. It is resulting adhoc application of fertilizers. An appropriate system for collection of soil samples from the farmers and making available soil test results along with recommendations to farmers need to be systematized efficiently.

(iii) The willing farmers to raise second crop may be provided with the facility of dug wells and pumping sets. They should form the Water User Groups, for maintenance and operation. It will cost about Rs 1.2 to 1.50 lakh per unit.

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(iv) A number of ponds, check dams, lift irrigation systems have been already constructed under various programmes. They are not maintained and therefore have become unserviceable. The facility for maintenance of the existing structures may be jointly undertaken by involvement of farmers and state contribution for their longevity.

(v) The simple technique of in-situ moisture conservation such as mulching, zero tillage, ridge and furrow system, strip cropping etc may be followed.

(vi) Awareness Camps/ Training to the group of farmers for Rabi Crops may be planned well in advance, for upgrading skills of farmers.

B. Long Term Measures

(i) The fertility map at micro level (Panchayat/Block) may be prepared using existing

information with BAU/ NBSSLUP and Remote Sensing. (ii) All three districts may be provided at least one Soil Testing laboratory and two

mobile vans. (iii) The collection of Soil Samples and making available the soil test results along

with the recommendations to farmers well inform before cropping season for efficient application of fertilizers.

(iv) About, 70 to 80% soils are Acidic in these Districts. In the past, a sporadic effort has been made for reclamations of acid soils using Dolomite. There was no effort to test the dolomite for ascertaining the quantity of lime. Therefore, there is an urgent need to have test facility for dolomites atleast for each Batch purchased/ procured. Based on test results, the quantity of dolomite should be applied for reclamation of medium to severe acid soils. The marginal/ low acid soils may be managed by suitable agronomic package of practices.

(v) The level of organic matter in soil is low. This may be enhanced with increased biotic diversity i.e. Earthworm, fungi, bacteria and crop residues. The zero tillage may be promoted to utilize the moisture in the field after harvest of the paddy crop micro flora and fauna.

(vi) Soil and water are the important inputs for Kharif and Rabi crops therefore thrust should be to utilize these resources on sustainable basis involving farmers. The integrated watershed management and water resource development programmes, therefore, should be on priority.

(vii) There are numbers of watershed programmes being implemented in each district. It calls for convergence of these programmes at district level pooling the resources of all the programmes. The Watersheds of each district should be delineated and codified using information available with NBSSLUP, NRSA, AISLUS etc. at micro level for better planning and execution. The balanced area of treatment need to be assessed taking into account the areas already treated in each watershed. The phasing of the balanced area for the treatment may be covered during 11th and remaining plan period keeping in view the resources.

(viii) There is plenty of rainfall i.e. area 1400 mm. However, harnessing of rainwater is very meager. Therefore, there is need to assess water availability of surface and ground water. It should be phased it for harnessing in 11th and remaining plan period more systematically under medium and minor irrigation projects.

(ix) The farmers schools may be initiated for capacity building and transfer of technology at the field level including encouraging women participation under the programmes.

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(x) The facilities for marketing, storage, processing etc. and promotion of agro based micro-entrepreneurship should be planned and necessary resources be provided.

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MORE CROP AND INCOME PER DROP OF WATER

Proposed activities to get more crop per drop Introduce technologies in rain fed areas to harness the soil moisture by matching soil moisture availability with crop maturity. Use of short duration crops and varieties ensure efficient soil moisture use, income stability and crop yield. Short duration chickpea cultivar Shwetha (ICCV 2) has revolutionized chickpea production in Andhra Pradesh. In the north Indian Plans simple seed priming technique soaking chickpea seeds in water and micronutrient solution for six hours and drying in shade could establish good chickpea crop in rice fallow areas and increase crop production and incomes by using residual soil moisture.

Soil health must be improved. Adding deficient micronutrients have shown 30 to 70% increased crop yields of maize, soybean, sorghum, green gram, black gram, pigeon pea, wheat, chickpea, mustard, finger millet, pearl millet, castor, etc. Balanced fertilizer application (N,P,K and deficient micronutrients) can double the crop productivity. Improved cultivars can enhance productivity from 10 to 50%, but, the main bottleneck is availability of improved seeds of legumes and rainfed cereals. This constraint could be overcome through village seed banks operated by SHGs with capacity development and supply of foundation seeds in villages. Restoring traditional water bodies and promoting water harvesting should receive major developmental support. Better use must be made of watershed programs like national Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), Integrated Watershed Development Programmes (IWDP), Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and others. In regions with more than 1000 mm rainfall, like Ranch, Khunti, Gumla and Simdega watershed activities should aim at providing more storage structures for supplemental irrigation, like tanks and wells facilitating crop and aquaculture as the main components. Regions with 700-1000 mm rainfall should follow a mix of soil conservation and storage structures with a focus on crop and livestock. Location of check dams and percolation ponds should be within 300-400 metres from the concentration of wells in order to get maximum recharge from the structures. The watershed guide lines should accommodate these norms. About 10 percent of the total investment in watersheds and soil conservation should be allocated for developing and refining technologies for sustainable land management. In areas receiving less than 700 mm rainfall, the watershed development activities should be restricted to in situ moisture conservation and livestock management. Demand management through efficient water use including sprinkler and drip irrigation should be promoted. A water literacy movement should be launched and regulations should be developed for the sustainable use of water resources.

Increasing water use efficiency

Since land is a shrinking resource for agriculture, the pathway for achieving higher food production has to be higher productivity per units of arable land and water.

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With 10% increase in the present level of water use efficiency in irrigation projects, an additional 14 m.ha area can be brought under irrigation from the existing irrigation capacities which would involve a very moderate investment as compared to the investment that would be required for creating equivalent potential through new schemes.

Enhanced Rainwater Use Efficiency to Increase Income and Crop Per Drop 1. Rains are the main source of fresh water but generally stored run-off water and groundwater are considered as major sources of water for agriculture. There is an urgent need to bring in a shift in thinking of all from the farmers-researchers-development workers-policy makers including politicians, that solutions for water scarcity can not be found in supply side only and that demand management is the main strategy for overcoming the water scarcity. Water literacy through a campaign mode using the power of ICT is urgently needed. 2. Shift in watershed programs from mere water harvesting to efficient water use need to be brought in. Water management has to be used as an entry point for improving livelihoods through productivity enhancement, value addition, and income generating activities through market-led diversification. Need of suitable institutions and policy support for these initiatives must be underscored. Millions of hectares of waste lands and low quality lands are unutilized in the country and soil moisture is simply lost through evaporation. Through appropriate soil and water conservation measures and collective action by the community these lands can be used for fodder production enhancing livestock-based income for the vulnerable groups of the society. Suitable water governance policies using participatory water management along with suitable economic policy incentives are needed to ensure ban on cultivation of water guzzling crops such as sugarcane in rainfed watershed areas. Assured and quality energy supply along with efficient water delivery systems such as drip and sprinkler can enhance incomes through market-led diversification of the farming systems.

Rain water harvesting and recharge of the aquifer:

There is a need to identify different water shed related projects to develop a mechanism for their monitoring, evaluation and impact. Evaluation and impact assessment of different soil and water conservation structures already constructed and trials of different tank linings for effective storage of water should be done. Other actions are: Mobilization of community based water sharing and revival of traditional water bodies

like village ponds. Formation of small farmer’s users group having contiguous fields contributing run off to

one common point, for enabling single storage structure and development of a mechanism for efficient use of harvested water. Farmers with medium and large land holding should construct water harvesting structure at different elevation so that irrigation can be provided to the adjoining lower field along the gradient.

Community water harvesting structures should be constructed on common barren lands at the village level.

Farmers should be encouraged to keep the lowest lying corner of the field to harvest and conserve the rainwater falling on his land following the principle of “Khet ka pani khet mei”.

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Wells must be encouraged on a big scale. Ridge and Furrow planting should be promoted through training programs to conserve water and use it efficiently.

Where possible land development including insitu soil and moisture conservation

measures like land leveling, field bunding, and cultivation across the slope should be promoted. Soil conserving vegetation like napier grass, vetiver and citronella on the bunds will help to retain moisture and provide fodder and an income source from the aromatic oil.

Efficient use of the harvested water include : Integration of micro irrigation systems with water storage structures so as to maximise use of harvested water. Micro irrigation systems like Drip, Surface drip, Drip tape, Sub surface drip, Micro sprinklers, and foggers and misters etc. can be used particularly in vegetable production Adopting micro irrigation systems to rural Indian conditions should be done to develop low cost versions. Ground water being limited in the plateau region, it should be used where surface water can not be stored. Conjunctive use of rain water, river and ground water should underlie the strategic planning for the effective use of available water resources. Cropping system of any agro-climatic region should match the water requirements and water availability. Under water scarce Rabi conditions, the water should be used to produce high value non-cereal crops. Crop diversification and multiple uses of water Explore successful experiences of the rice and fish cultures in other places to increase incomes through crop-fish activities. According to ICAR the farmer can earn from Rs 75,000 to Rs 300,000 per ha per year from carp raising. In the case of integrated fish farming, the return should be Rs 100,000 per ha per year with a 240 man-days per ha per year labour employment. The ‘contract farming’ model of agribusiness is gaining momentum. However, usually devoid of formal contract between the farmers and the prospective buyers, the arrangements could be biased in favour of the agribusiness organization. Special care needs to be taken regarding clauses dealing with quality standards, withdrawal conditions, pricing standards, paying arrangements and arbitration mechanism. Improving drainage of rice fields The major reason for the low adoption rate of management-oriented technology is the poor drainage facility in the rice growing regions. Crop establishment with young seedlings, nutrient use efficiency and soil aeration and crop growth are primarily dependent on the drainage facility. What is needed:

1. Construction of water harvesting structures to store the draining water at appropriate place

2. Restructuring field bunds to have proper inlet and outlet for easy drainage 3. Farmers’ participatory research cum demo on improved water management

techniques

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Micro Irrigation with fertigation Drip irrigation along with fertigation should be introduced in all districts, especially for horticulture crops. Fertigation is the addition of fertilizers to irrigation water and application of both via micro irrigation systems. This allows effective nutrient application using a much smaller amount of fertilizer. Drip irrigation is an effective tool for conserving water resources and studies have revealed significant water saving ranging between 25 and 50% compared to surface irrigation, with yield increases as high as 100% in some crops in specific locations. The Rain Gun is a powerful mega sprinkler that throws a large amount of water (up to 500 liters per minute) to a good distance (radius of 90 feet and more) as artificial rain.

Cost of micro irrigation and fertigation

The cost for installing drip irrigation varies from Rs. 20,000 to 25,000 per ha for wide spaced horticulture crops and about Rs. 50,000 to 70,000 per ha for closely spaced crops like vegetables. It is estimated that Rs. 30,000 per ha will be the investment with micro sprinkler and rain gun irrigation. The equipment is viable for more than 10 years under good maintenance. The pay back period is 2-3 years indicating the viability of the investment.

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STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE ORGANIC FARMINNG i). Composting of off farm / animal wastes – An eco friendly way of effective utilization of on-farm and off-farm wastes in agriculture is composting. Technologies on vermi composting, and biomanure production should be popularized by the agriculture extension workers, NGOs SHGs and directly. ii). Green manure production – The application of green manures will establish an integrated plant nutrient supply system. However, the lack of quality green manure seeds hinders this approach. Green manure seed production units should be set up by KVKs, NGOs and farmers to make available quality green manure seed. The Extension Officers should train farmers in the use of green manures crops which results in a yield increase by 20 to 25 per cent. iii). Biofertilizer production units - To create a supply of bioorganic nutrients biofertilizer units should be established using Self Help Groups (SHG) and agricultural graduates. The quality testing of biofertilizers should carried out at Birsa Agricultural University, and ICAR research stations. iv). Integrated Farming System – Integrated farming activities of animal, poultry and fisheries production should be coordinated in such a way that the crop and animal residues are recycled into the soil. Inclusion of livestock, poultry and fish in the farm system will bring additional income to the farmers in addition to nutrient addition to the soil. Standard models of Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) suitable for dry land should be popularized and training programs should be set up. v)The state government should initiate appropriate steps to popularize the farming systems approach through effective extension systems. Separate funds should be allotted to conduct experiments in participatory mode under different conditions, with proper marketing facilities.

vi)The Government must activity promote special produce, labelled and certified by the Government of Jharkhand, to build a brand name in the market signifying purity and high quality.

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Agriculture Overview The mainstay of the district is agriculture and allied activities and 80% of the inhabitants depend on them for their livelihood. Practically all the cultivated area is mono cropped and rainfed. The major reasons for poor productivity are lack of availability of high yielding seed, lack of scientific inputs and improved equipment and lack of agricultural credit. The major crops grown in this district are Rice, Pulses, oilseeds and vegetables. Ranchi Agricultural college since its inception in 1956, has developed many improved crop varieties and production technology. New varieties and technologies are regularly updated and improved. Major Crops in Jharkhand State (2004-05)

Agriculture is practised in a very primitive manner leading to very low yields. Gumla produces only 131 kg. of food grain per capita and the shortfall has to be met from other areas. Practically all the cultivated area is mono cropped and rainfed. Small and marginal farmers make up 70% of the total number of farmers. About 35% of the district is under cultivation of which only 10.7 % of cultivable land has any irrigation facilities. The major reasons for poor productivity are lack of availability of high yielding seed, lack of scientific inputs and improved equipment and lack of agricultural credit.

SN. Crops Area (ha)

% of Cropped

area

Production in

Jharkhand

Average Yield

(kg/ ha)

1. Food Grains 1,823,079 87 2,481,266 1,361

2. Cereals 1,532,167 80 2,291,170 1,495 3. Pulses 290,912 7 190,096 653 4. Vegetables 224,120 7 3,401,340 15,176 5. Oilseeds 94,268 3 53,198 564 6. Fruits 32,700 2 388,572 11,655 Sugarcane 400 -

7. Others 29,000 1 - - Total 2,366,000 100

70

Cropping Patterns during last three years (Secondary Data) hectares

Crops 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Paddy-S (Summar) 76 117 176

Paddy-K 178762 178762 178762

Paddy-T/R 2217 3225 4786

Wheat-timely 424 389 410

Wheat-late 107 132 325

Other cereals 1121 1746 1865

Pulses - K 162 187 174

Pulses - R 192 187 210

Other pulses 217 276 292

Oilseeds-K 768 582 1110

Oilseeds-R 877 786 748

Commercial Crops 122 138 198

Vegetables 786 947 978

Fruits 298 274 391

Other Horticulture crops 210 319 378

Total Cropped Area 186339 188067 190803 Note: In the above table K, R, and S refer to kharif, rabi and summer crops respectively; similarly T refers to traditional variety of a crops. Crop Productivity during last three years (Secondary Information)

Sl. No.

Crop Conditions 2004-05 (q/ha)

2005-06 (q/ha)

2006-04 (q/ha)

1. Paddy - S Rainfed 21 26 22 2. Paddy - K Rainfed 20 24 26 3. Wheat - T/R Rainfed 17 17 21 4. Wheat - late Rainfed 12 14 17 5. Pulses - K Rainfed 10 11 11.50 6. Pulses - R Rainfed 12 12.50 13.75 7. Other pulses Rainfed 9 10.50 12.75

Note: Condition here refers to alternative varieties, farm practices that explain significant differences in the yield of a crop in the district. Examples of such conditions are irrigated - or rainfed - crops, upland - or lowland - paddy, american or desi cotton etc

71

Seed Related Information for the District (Information addition to (SREP)

Sl. No

Particulars Paddy Wheat Pulse-K Pulse-R Others

1 Concentration of variety in total cropped area under the crop %

21 22 16 18 16

2 Traditional variety (incl. Basmati etc.)

1112 1298 176 198 249

3 Improved variety (incl. HYVs)

4 Hybrid variety (%) 5 2 -- 2 2 5 Seed replacement rate

(%) 4 2 3 3 2

6 Availability of quality seeds to farmers (Q)

4788 228 171 186 228

7 sources of quality seed: Public to Private (%)

5 3 7 4 2

8 Seed production farms (nos., area in ha)

9 Ownership of seed production farms (%)

10 Public 95 99 90 92 90 11 Private 5 1 10 8 10 12. Farmers as seed producer

& seller 10 12 14 12 8

13. Farmers as seed producer under contract farm

7 6 8 7 7

14 Distribution of Certified/quality seeds

1478 122 96 108 160

72

Area yield rate & production of different crops Agriculture Year 2005-06

Area in Ha, Yield rate in Kg/ha, Production Mt

Bhadai Maize Paddy Agahani Wheat Gram Arhar Rai Sarson Sl no

Name of district

Area Yield rate

production

Area Yield rate

production

Area Yield rate

production

Area Yield rate

production

Area Yield rate

production

Area Yield rate

production

1 Gumla 1955.21 1299 2591.78 71097.9 1280 91005.31 1236.37 1212 1500.9 352.54 572 201.65 726.85 776 564.04 169.66 1046 177.46

2 Simdega 447 1458 651.73 39815.68 938 37347.11 477.55 827 394.93 121.85 572 69.7 - - - 1.62 493 0.80

3 Ranchi-Khunti

2850.67 1051 2966.05 107993.93 703 57919.73 2391.13 1112 2658.94 582.2 699 407 1552.59 1849 2870.74 231.72 670 155.25

Department of Statistics and Evaluation Jharkhand, Ranchi

73

AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT & INFRASTRUCTURE & POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT

The farmers use traditional methods and implements for farming which results in low yields. The distict administration is supplying improved farming tools like sprayers, dusters, power tillers and other implements to poor farmers at highly subsidized rates.

No data is available regarding post-harvest management/infrastructure like maturity standards, method of harvesting, handling, cold storage, cool chamber, grading and packing centres, efficient transportation, etc. which will also bring down the post harvest losses besides improving the quality of the produce. However, some data is available regarding cold storage, which has been supplied by BAU, Ranchi stating that Ranchi has a few cold storage facilities.

74

Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District

S.N Particulars Tamar Bundu Sonahatu Angara Bero Burmu Kanke 1. Tractors 28 98 76 72 42 21 54 2. Tubewells (non) 49 111 90 56 56 102 78 3 Water saving irrigation implements-

drip, sprinkler 12 28 18 9 14 16 13

4. Other Implements 217 318 309 210 228 217 219 5. Diesel operated tube wells (%) 30 25 21 6. Percent of villages connected with

roads 23 30 28 28 30 32 40

7. Flow of institutional credit to agriculture (%)

12 14 11 26 26 20 17

8. No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till March 2007 or similar date

-- --

9. Existence of KGK/KVK or similar extension school

-- -- -- -- -- -- KVK

10. Institution that runs K(G/V)K -- -- -- -- -- -- KGVK 11. Government Input Supply Centre

(GISC) (y/n) (if yes, nos.) 4 3 3 4 3 2 4

12. Ag. Produce Market: regulated or others

4 2 2 2 1 2 3

13. Farm produce storage facility (nos. and size/qty)

-- -- -- -- -- -- 1

Note: Information with respect to above particulars may be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item may be mentioned explicitly in the row.

75

Implements, Infrastructure and Institutions in the District

S.N Particulars Kanke Mandar Namkum Silli Chanho Lapung Ormanjhi Ratu

1. Tractors 54 76 77 77 102 78 105 76

2. Tubewells (non) 78 94 26 52 98 96 78 90

3 Water saving irrigation implements-

drip, sprinkler

13 9 7 14 14 18 24 18

4. Other Implements 219 276 218 296 317 276 301 309

5. Diesel operated tube wells (%) 26 31 29 25

6. Percent of villages connected with

roads

40 30 27 26 26 30 17 28

7. Flow of institutional credit to

agriculture (%)

17 17 12 14 12 17 14 11

8. No. of Kisan Credit Card issued till

March 2007 or similar date

-- -- -- --

9. Existence of KGK/KVK or similar

extension school

KVK -- -- -- -- -- -- --

10. Institution that runs K(G/V)K KGV

K

-- -- -- -- -- -- --

76

11. Government Input Supply Centre

(GISC) (y/n) (if yes, nos.)

4 3 4 2 4 2 3 3

12. Ag. Produce Market: regulated or

others

3 4 3 4 1 2 1 2

13. Farm produce storage facility (nos. and

size/qty)

1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Note: Information with respect to above particulars may be sought for specific year, say 2006-07, differences in reference year for an item may be mentioned explicitly in the row.

77

CEREAL CROPS

78

RICE

Rice is the major crop of Jharkhand State, grown in around 60% of total cropped area, and 70% of the area under food grains. Its area and production fluctuates from year to year depending on the rainfall and its distribution. Rice area and production is maximum in the year of good rainfall during June-July and reduces in the year of poor rainfall. Rice is grown in kharif and summer season. Around 90% of the rice area is rain fed. The Western plateau region comprising of 7 districts has 37% rice area of the state. Rice is grown in all 22 districts of the State. Ranchi district is one of the major rice growing districts. In 2004, rice area was maximum of around 1.59 lakh ha in Ranchi district, the rice production was 2.16 lakh tons in Ranchi district roductivity as in other parts of the state is low being only 20 qtls per ha. Therefore increase in production to 40 qtls per ha is required to meet the gap in requirement. This can be achieved by introducing hybrid varieties, SRI method of paddy cultivation and demonstration of an improved package of practices to farmers. Area, Production and Productivity of Rice in Jharkhand.

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity (kg/ha) Remarks

1995-96 1,166,000 1,724,000 1,478 -

1996-97 1,164,000 1,723,000 1,480 -

1997-98 1,037,000 2,306,000 2,223 -

1998-99 1,159,000 1,485,000 1,281 Drought Year

1999-00 1,222,000 1,284,000 1,050 Drought Year

2000-01 1,420,244 1,755,110 1,235 -

2001-02 1,520,611 2,732,584 1,797 Max. area & production

2002-03 1,383,233 2,071,473 1,498 Drought Year

2003-04 1,363,866 2,310,121 1,694 -

2004-05 1,276,421 1,908,446 1,495 Drought Year

2005-06 1,354,726 1,580,210 1,150 Drought Year

79

Rice area, production and productivity in Jharkhand State

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( Kg ha-1) Sl. No Districts

1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05Central and north eastern plateau zone

1. Dumka 88,018 98,661 1,23,454 2,60,465 1,403 2,649 2. Deoghar 46,688 35,620 71,264 58,648 1,526 1,646 3. Godda 35,695 62,408 32,451 1,56,833 909 2,513 4. Pakur 38,283 25,310 54,747 35,763 1,430 1,413 5. Sahebganj 28,443 45,634 34,077 83,054 1,198 1,820 6. Jamtara 41,611 41,115 58,362 75,923 1,402 1,647 7. Hazaribag 69,066 57,885 79,857 63,836 1,156 1,103 8. Koderma 15,811 4,792 17,449 6,613 1,104 1,380 9. Chatra 23,847 14,088 31,510 15,497 1,321 1,100 10. Giridih 66,362 52,701 98,245 97,712 1,480 1,854 11. Bokaro 15,311 19,573 19,803 30,501 1,293 1,558 12. Dhanbad 38,263 36,822 40,575 59,102 1,060 1,605

Sub-Total Zone–I 50,7398 6,66,796 1,314

II. Western Plateau Zone

13. Ranchi-Khunti 1,96,996 159,200 2,61,845 2,16,730 1,329 1,361

14. Lohardaga 35,508 28,777 38,421 47,770 1,082 1,660 15. Gumla 1,27,641 130,628 1,21,984 1,21,131 956 927 16. Palamau 32,848 23,119 27,470 19,665 836 850 17. Garhwa 18,874 24,398 12,722 9,296 674 381 18. Simdega 88,005 82,560 84,104 1,03,200 956 1,250 19. Lathehar 19,9788 16,691 16,708 11,684 836 700

Sub-Total Zone–II 5,19,850 5,63,254 1,083

III. South eastern plateau zone

20. East Singhbhum 1,60,854 154,480 2,54,231 1,80,185 1,580 1,166

21. West Singhbhum 1,63,288 84,665 1,98,500 1,37,919 1,215 1,629

22. Saraikela 68,854 77,294 80,327 1,16,946 1,167 1,513

Sub-Total Zone-III 3,92,996 55,060 1,336

Total 1,420,244 1,276,421 1,755,110 1,908,446 1,235 1,495

80

Coverage (%) under promising varieties of rice in NFSM districts of Jharkhand

during 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13

Area Coverage (%) Varieties 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

I. Direct seeded 1. BVD-108 10 15 20 25 30 2. BVD-109 30 25 20 15 10 3. BVD-110 30 25 20 15 10 4. Anjali 20 15 0 0 0 5. Virendra 5 10 10 15 15 6. Sadabahar 5 10 15 15 15 7. New Variety 0 0 15 15 20 Total 100 100 100 100 100 II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 60 30 10 0 0 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna)

30 15 5 0 0

3. Lalat 10 5 0 0 0 4. Shivam 0 20 30 35 35 5. Birsamati 0 10 20 20 20 6. Sambha Mahsuri

0 10 15 20 20

7. New Variety 0 10 20 25 25 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Grand Total (I+II)

200 200 200 200 200

81

Area coverage (000'ha) under promising varieties of rice in NFSM districts of Jharkhand during 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13

Area Coverage (000'ha) Varieties 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

I. Direct seeded

1. BVD-108 14.2 21.3 28.4 35.5 42.6

2. BVD-109 42.6 35.5 28.4 21.3 14.2 3. BVD-110 42.6 35.5 28.4 21.3 14.2

4. Anjali 28.4 21.3 0 0 0

5. Virendra 7.1 14.2 14.2 21.3 21.3 6. Sadabahar 7.1 14.2 21.3 21.3 21.3 7. New Variety 0 0 21.3 21.3 28.4

Total 142 142 142 142 142

II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 343.8 171.9 57.3 0 0 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna)

171.9 85.95 28.65 0 0

3. Lalat 57.3 28.65 0 0 0

4. Shivam 0 114.6 171.9 200.55 200.55

5. Bisamati 0 57.3 114.6 114.6 114.6 6. Sambha Mahsuri 0 57.3 85.95 114.6 114.6

7. New Variety 0 57.3 114.6 143.25 143.25

Total 573 573 573 573 573 Grand Total (I+II)

715 715 715 715 715

82

Certified seed requirement (000'Q) @ 100% SRR of promising varieties of rice in NFSM districts of Jharkhand during 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13

Year Varieties 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 I. Direct seeded 1. BVD-108 11.36 17.04 22.72 28.4 34.08 2. BVD-109 34.08 28.4 22.72 17.04 11.36 3. BVD-110 34.08 28.4 22.72 17.04 11.36 4. Anjali 22.72 17.04 0 0 0 5. Virendra 5.68 11.36 11.36 17.04 17.04 6. Sadabahar 5.68 11.36 17.04 17.04 17.04 7. New Variety 0 0 17.04 17.04 22.72 Total 113.6 113.6 113.6 113.6 113.6 II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 171.9 85.95 28.65 0 0 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna)

85.95 42.975 14.325 0 0

3. Lalat 28.65 14.325 0 0 0 4. Shivam 0 57.3 85.95 100.275 100.275 5. Bisamati 0 28.65 57.3 57.3 57.3 6. Sambha Mahsuri

0 28.65 42.975 57.3 57.3

7. New Variety 0 28.65 57.3 71.625 71.625

Total 286.5 286.5 286.5 286.5 286.5 Grand Total (I+II)

400.1 400.1 400.1 400.1 400.1

83

Requirement of certified, foundation and breeder seed (q) of promising varieties of rice with 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 33% SRR for the years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 in NFSM districts of Jharkhand

15% SRR 20% SRR 25% SRR 30% SRR 33% SRR

CS FS CS FS BS CS FS BS CS FS BS CS FS BS Varieties 2008-09 2007-08 2009-

10 2008-

09 2007-

08 2010-

11 2009-10 2008-09 2011-

12 2010-

11 2009-

10 2012-

13 2011-

12 2010-

11 I. Direct seeded 1. BVD-108 1704 68.16 3408 136.32 5.4528 5680 227.2 9.088 8520 340.8 13.632 11246.4 449.856 17.9942 2. BVD-109 5112 204.48 5680 227.2 9.088 5680 227.2 9.088 5112 204.48 8.1792 3748.8 149.952 5.99808 3. BVD-110 5112 204.48 5680 227.2 9.088 5680 227.2 9.088 5112 204.48 8.1792 3748.8 149.952 5.99808 4. Anjali 3408 136.32 3408 136.32 5.4528 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. Virendra 852 34.08 2272 90.88 3.6352 2840 113.6 4.544 5112 204.48 8.1792 5623.2 224.928 8.99712 6. Sadabahar 852 34.08 2272 90.88 3.6352 4260 170.4 6.816 5112 204.48 8.1792 5623.2 224.928 8.99712 7. New Variety 0 0 0 0 0 4260 170.4 6.816 5112 204.48 8.1792 7497.6 299.904 11.9962 Total 17040 681.6 22720 908.8 36.352 28400 1136 45.44 34080 1363.2 54.528 37488 1499.52 59.9808 II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 25785 515.7 17190 343.8 6.876 7162.5 143.25 2.865 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna)

12892.5 257.85 8595 171.9 3.438 3581.25 71.625 1.4325 0 0 0 0 0 0

3. Lalat 4297.5 85.95 2865 57.3 1.146 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. Shivam 0 0 11460 229.2 4.584 21487.5 429.75 8.595 30082.5 601.65 12.033 33090.8 661.815 13.2363 5. Bisamati 0 0 5730 114.6 2.292 14325 286.5 5.73 17190 343.8 6.876 18909 378.18 7.5636 6. Sambha Mahsuri

0 0 5730 114.6 2.292 10743.8 214.875 4.2975 17190 343.8 6.876 18909 378.18 7.5636

7. New Variety 0 0 5730 114.6 2.292 14325 286.5 5.73 21487.5 429.75 8.595 23636.3 472.725 9.4545 Total 42975 859.5 57300 1146 22.92 71625 1432.5 28.65 85950 1719 34.38 94545 1890.9 37.818 Grand Total (I+II)

60015 1541.1 80020 2054.8 59.272 100025 2568.5 74.09 120030 3082.2 88.908 132033 3390.42 97.7988

84

Production plan of certified, foundation and breeder seed (q) of promising varieties of rice for the years 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 in NFSM districts of Jharkhand

Varieties 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 I. Direct seeded CS FS BS CS FS BS CS FS BS CS FS CS 1. BVD-108 1704 136.32 9.088 3408 227.2 13.632 5680 340.8 17.99424 8520 449.856 11246.4 2. BVD-109 5112 227.2 9.088 5680 227.2 8.1792 5680 204.48 5.99808 5112 149.952 3748.8 3. BVD-110 5112 227.2 9.088 5680 227.2 8.1792 5680 204.48 5.99808 5112 149.952 3748.8 4. Anjali 3408 136.32 0 3408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. Virendra 852 90.88 4.544 2272 113.6 8.1792 2840 204.48 8.99712 5112 224.928 5623.2 6. Sadabahar 852 90.88 6.816 2272 170.4 8.1792 4260 204.48 8.99712 5112 224.928 5623.2 7. New Variety 0 0 6.816 0 170.4 8.1792 4260 204.48 11.99616 5112 299.904 7497.6 Total 17040 908.8 45.44 22720 1136 54.528 28400 1363.2 59.9808 34080 1499.52 37488 II. Transplanted 1. IR-64 25785 343.8 2.865 17190 143.25 0 7162.5 0 0 0 0 0 2. MTU-7029 (Swarna)

12892.5 171.9 1.4325 8595 71.625 0 3581.25 0 0 0 0 0

3. Lalat 4297.5 57.3 0 2865 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. Shivam 0 229.2 8.595 11460 429.75 12.033 21487.5 601.65 13.2363 30082.5 661.815 33090.755. Bisamati 0 114.6 5.73 5730 286.5 6.876 14325 343.8 7.5636 17190 378.18 18909 6. Sambha Mahsuri 0 114.6 4.2975 5730 214.875 6.876 10743.75 343.8 7.5636 17190 378.18 18909 7. New Variety 0 114.6 5.73 5730 286.5 8.595 14325 429.75 9.4545 21487.5 472.725 23636.25Total 42975 1146 28.65 57300 1432.5 34.38 71625 1719 37.818 85950 1890.9 94545 Grand Total (I+II)

60015 2054.8 74.09 80020 2568.5 88.908 100025 3082.2 97.7988 120030 3390.42 132033

85

WHEAT Wheat area, production and productivity vary from year to year depending on the rainfall in October- November. For increasing area under wheat there is need to promote zero tillage cultivation of wheat after the rice harvest, and seed production of high yielding varieties should be undertaken. Zero tillage saves around Rs. 3500=00 per ha and reduces Phalaris minor and other dicots population. Appropriate Integrated Crop Management also needs to be developed for zero tillage technology. The major area of wheat (55%) is in Western Plateau region. The production and productivity of the crop varies from year to year depending on the rainfall in October-November. Area, Production and Productivity of Wheat in Jharkhand.

Year Area(ha) Production (tons) Productivity (kg/ha) Remarks

1995-96 68,030 124,200 1,825

1996-97 66,200 125,090 1,889

1997-98 68,570 111,510 1,626

1998-99 58,900 86,980 1,476 Drought

1999-00 57,206 83,173 1,454 Drought

2001-02 65,381 115,359 1,764

2002-03 67,886 117,714 1,734

2003-04 74,560 128,140 1,719

2004-05 64,504 104,136 1,614

86

Wheat - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area Production Yield Sl. No. Districts

1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 I. Central and north eastern plateau zone.

1. Dumka 588 5,380 970 15,260 1,649 2,835 2. Deoghar 629 3,800 1,086 6,470 1,726 1,700 3. Godda 12,687 5,720 23,427 10,200 1,846 1,784 4. Pakur 264 3,240 472 5,010 1,788 1,550 5. Sahebganj 2,710 5,030 4,924 7,330 1,817 1,550 6. Jamtara 319 2,450 555 4,890 1,740 2,000 7. Hazaribag 2,547 5,500 4,824 8,250 1,894 1,500 8. Koderma 170 3,000 298 4,880 1,753 1,650 9. Chatra 2,791 2,480 4526 4,000 1,621 1,600 10. Giridih 94 3,480 166 5,910 1,766 1,700 11. Bokaro 80 1,780 133 2,490 1,662 1,400 12. Dhanbad 73 1,710 118 3,120 1,616 1,825

Sub-Total Zone–I 22,952 41,499 1,808 II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 2,574 2,790 4,310 4,140 1,674 1,485 14. Lohardaga 108 2,950 141 4,180 1,306 1,414 15. Gumla 332 1,210 548 1,430 1,651 1,182 16. Palamau 11,971 5,560 11,730 6,350 980 1,142 17. Garhwa 10,941 2,070 16,066 1,860 1,468 900 18. Simdega 223 700 373 1,110 1,673 1,600 19. Lathehar 7,278 1,940 7,138 2,140 981 1,105

Sub-Total Zone–II 33,427 40,306 1,206 III. South- eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 81 1,790 133 2,320 1,642 1,295 21. West Singhbhum 522 1,130 870 1,470 1,667 1,297 22. Saraikela 224 850 365 1,370 1,629 1,600

Sub-Total Zone–III 827 1,368 1,654

Total JharkhandState 57,206 64,500 83,173 104,140 1,454 1,614

87

MAIZE

Maize is the second most important cereal crop after rice and is sown as a rain fed crop during Kharif. Around 30% of the maize crop is grown in the Western plateau region. Area, Production and Productivity of Maize in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity (kg/ha) Remarks

1999-00 118,107 186,609 1,580

2001-02 139,881 209,187 1,495 Drought Year

2002-03 157,603 269,181 1,708 Max. yield

2003-04 187,517 300,027 1,600 Max production

2004-05 185,870 268,400 1,444 Drought Year

2005-06 177,560 223,480 1,259 Drought year

88

Maize - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( Kg ha-1)Sl. No. Districts 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 15,558 15,673 25,670 29,631 1,650 1,830 2. Deoghar 2,528 11,919 4,246 17,602 1,640 1,477 3. Godda 11,301 8,138 19,776 16,125 1,950 1,981 4. Pakur 1,253 4,810 2,152 4,526 1,620 941 5. Sahebganj 7,304 7,713 13,330 8,561 1,825 1,110 6. Jamtara 7,368 11,485 11,962 12,175 1,610 1,060 7. Hazaribag 17,745 13,334 26,887 20,496 1,509 1,537 8. Koderma 2,874 3,447 4,741 4,826 1,580 1,400 9. Chatra 12,079 5,110 19,245 8,176 1,585 1,600 10. Giridih 1,577 15,447 2,670 27,572 1,630 1,785 11. Bokaro 125 4,667 145 7,447 1,250 1,596 12. Dhanbad 108 3,473 138 4,254 1,278 1,225

Sub-Total Zone –I 79,820 1,29,308 1,620

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 3,648 9,048 5,572 11,762 1,500 1,300 14. Lohardaga 14,223 5,872 21,549 9,865 1,510 1,680 15. Gumla 3,132 2,349 4,541 2,386 1,450 1,016 16. Palamau 7,066 20,747 10,316 30,822 1,460 1,486 17. Garhwa 3,090 18,333 4,573 13,365 1,480 729 18. Simdega 2,265 1,479 3,406 4,555 1,504 3,080 19. Lathehar 4,300 14,669 6,488 25,671 1,509 1,750

Sub-Total Zone – II 37,724 56,445 1,496

III. South- eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 87 2,912 133 3,183 1,530 1,093

21. West Singhbhum 325 3,255 490 3,787 1,510 1,164

22. Saraikela 151 1,985 233 2,561 1,540 1,290

Sub-Total Zone III 563 856 1,520

Total 118,107 185,865 186,609 268,398 1,580 1,444

89

RAGI (MARUA)

It is the fourth important cereal crop in Jharkhand State. In 1999-2000, it was grown in around 41,319 ha with production of 38,749 tons and average productivity of 938 kg ha -1. However, its area has decreased over the years , and presently it is grown in around 17 thousand ha with a production of around 10 thousand tones, and productivity of 0.6 t /ha. The decline in area is mainly due to change in food habits of people, which have shifted to rice and wheat. Ragi is mainly cultivated in the Western Plateau region, where around 80% of the area is grown, Area, Production and Productivity of Ragi (Marua) in Jharkhand.

Year Area

(ha)

Production

(tons)

Productivity

(kg/ha) Remarks

1999-00 41,319 38,749 938

2000-01 40,400 25,200 624

2001-02 40,490 25,200 624

2002-03 12,100 8,810 728

2003-04 19,270 13,470 698

2004-05 17,370 10,350 596

Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Ranchi, Jharkhand State

90

Ragi (Marua) - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( Kg ha-1)Sl. No. Districts 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-

05 I. Central and north eastern plateau zone.

1. Dumka 353 100 348 40 986 421 2. Deoghar 166 10 163 50 982 450 3. Godda 190 20 187 50 984 770 4. Pakur 13 - 13 - 1000 - 5. Sahebganj 167 20 164 10 982 420 6. Jamtara 167 10 164 6 982 600 7. Hazaribag 1,292 640 1,138 810 881 1,274 8. Koderma 737 510 940 380 1,275 750 9. Chatra 445 130 350 100 787 800 10. Giridih 3,137 250 1,482 110 472 440 11. Bokaro 393 - 309 - 786 - 12. Dhanbad 187 - 147 - 786 -

Sub-Total Zone –I 7,247 5,405 746

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 11,312 2,010 11,401 2,010 868 1,000 14. Lohardaga 2,260 2,260 1,670 450 739 200 15. Gumla 9,293 8,110 11,168 5,540 1,202 683 16. Palamau 1,210 - 1,053 - 870 - 17. Garhwa 861 150 477 30 554 210 18. Simdega 6,407 2,570 6,793 640 1,060 250 19. Lathehar 641 330 529 70 825 200

Sub-Total Zone – II 33,635 32,908 978

III. South- eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 7 20 7 3 1000 200

21. West Singhbhum 302 130 301 40 1000 320

22. Saraikela 128 90 128 50 1000 610

Sub-Total Zone III 437 436 998

Total 41,319 17,370 38,749 10,350 938 596

91

PULSE CROPS

Pulses are grown in around 65% of total area in Western Plateau region. Area and production of pulses has varied over the years. Major area is under kharif pulses, which occupies 72% of acreage, and 66% of the total production. The productivity is higher in Rabi pulses. Amongst the pulse crops, Arhar, Urd bean, Kulthi and Mung bean are grown in kharif season, and gram, khesari, field pea, and lentil are the grown in Rabi season . Amongst the different pulse crops, Arhar has the maximum area followed by Urd bean, Kulthi and Mung bean in Kharif season, and gram, pea, lentil and Khesari in Rabi season. Pea and Khesari has the maximum productivity of 994 kg ha -1,followed by gram (882 kg ha -1). Kulthi has the lowest productivity of 440 kg per ha. For increasing pulse area and production, good quality seed is very important as there is little or no availability of seeds of improved cultivars. Disease and insects problem are high in pulse crops. Rhizobium culture should also be used to increase its yield potential under low input conditions.

Ranchi is one of the major districts growing pulses. The productivity is more than 1,022 kg/ ha.

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity (kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 144,460 117,370 812

2000-01 116,300 96,000 825

2001-02 211,643 165,823 782

2002-03 231,810 160,450 692

2003-04 295,100 208,170 705

2004-05 291,322 190,636 653

2005-06 217,903 118,931 546 Drought

92

Area, Production and Productivity of different Pulse crops in Jharkhand State (2004-2005).

SI.

No.

Pulse crops

Area (ha) Production (tons) Yield (Kg /ha)

1. Arhar 88,638 62,465 705

2. Urd bean 77,795 41,614 535

3. Gram 33,168 29,260 882

4. Field Pea 19,927 19,800 994

5. Lentil 15,469 9,220 596

6. Kulthi 12,374 5,445 440

7. Mung bean 8,592 4,398 512

8. Khesari 8,537 6,487 994

Kharif Pulses 210,750 125,500 598

Rabi Pulses 80,572 65,136 808

TOTAL 291,322 190,636 654

93

ARHAR The major Arhar growing area is in Western plateau region where 76% of the crop is grown . Ranchi is one of the major Arhar growing districts in Jharkhand and the production is also maximum in this district. UPAs 1120, BR 65, Birsa arhar 1, and Bahar are the recommended varieties. Arhar is grown as a mixed crop with maize through out the State. It is also grown with Urad in Ranchi district, and with ginger and turmeric to provide shade. Its area can be further increased by growing as mixed or inter crop with upland rice or groundnut. Rhizobium culture should be used to increase its yield under low input conditions. To increase the production and productivity of arhar in State, hybrid pigeon pea & Vegetable pigeon pea should be promoted. Seed production of high yielding wilt resistant varieties should also be undertaken. Area, Production and Productivity of Arhar in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha) Production

(tons)

Productivity

(kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 23,518 28,426 1,200

2000-01 17,300 12,012 694

2001-02 16,317 14,926 914

2002-03 56,210 43,443 773 Drought

2003-04 73,531 52,008 667 Drought

2004-05 88,638 62,465 705

2005-06 85,227 53,922 633

94

Arhar - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( kg / ha)Sl. No. Districts 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04

Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 367 3,783 374 2,818 1,019 745 2. Deoghar 40 1,951 36 1,951 900 1,000 3. Godda 1,069 2,748 739 2,584 691 933 4. Pakur 288 2,349 453 1,325 1,573 565 5. Sahebganj 156 2,381 120 1,788 769 750 6. Jamtara 173 2,900 177 2,160 1,023 745 7. Hazaribag 902 3,626 1,121 2,538 1,243 700 8. Koderma 306 2,473 681 1,484 2,225 600 9. Chatra 1,281 2,720 2,524 1,972 1,970 725 10. Giridih 240 3,011 417 1,882 1,738 625 11. Bokaro 90 260 156 130 1,733 500 12. Dhanbad 5 2,663 9 1,598 1,800 600

Sub-Total Zone –I 4,917 6807 1,384

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 1,972 8,028 2,454 6,422 1,244 800 14. Lohardaga 478 3,406 443 1,362 927 400 15. Gumla 857 4,478 298 3,502 348 782 16. Palamau 5,919 13,938 7,689 10,091 1,299 724 17. Garhwa 4,562 9,322 5,575 4,661 1,222 500 18. Simdega 591 333 206 134 349 400 19. Lathehar 3,600 9,959 4,676 8,216 1,299 825

Sub-Total Zone – II 17,979 21,341 1,187

III. Southern eastern plateau zone

20. East Singhbhum 136 1,723 119 1292 875 750

21. West Singhbhum 342 3,328 112 2927 327 879

22. Saraikela 144 3,257 47 1628 326 500

Sub-Total Zone III 622 278 447

Total 23,518 88,638 28,426 62,465 1,209 705

95

GRAM

Area, Production and Productivity of Gram in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity (kg/ha)

1999-00 19,060 16,724 877 2000-01 14,230 14,585 899 2001-02 16,370 14,997 878 2002-03 34,530 31,762 920 2003-04 36,720 37,523 1,022 2004-05 33,168 29,260 882

It is the third major pulse crop with respect to area. Gram is mainly grown in Western Plateau zone as 62% area falls in this zone.

96

Gram -Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( kg / ha) Sl. No. Districts

1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 49 2090 55 1693 1,122 810 2. Deoghar 254 1046 284 983 1,118 940 3. Godda 1,698 3196 1,941 3074 1,143 962 4. Pakur 722 1927 1,065 1927 1,475 1000 5. Sahebganj 859 2556 659 2224 767 741 6. Jamtara 23 810 26 860 1,130 1060 7. Hazaribag 920 2,328 910 2794 989 1200 8. Koderma 147 888 182 888 1,239 1000 9. Chatra 1,806 1344 1,373 1344 760 1000 10. Giridih 256 1148 490 1148 836 1000 11. Bokaro 71 761 59 761 831 1000 12. Dhanbad 45 620 45 620 1,000 1000

Sub-Total Zone–I 7,180 7089 987

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 868 1028 366 1046 422 1018 14. Lohardaga 208 1177 83 777 399 660 15. Gumla 514 411 194 495 377 1205 16. Palamau 3,723 3334 3,455 3734 928 1120 17. Garhwa 3,550 5011 3,142 4009 885 800 18. Simdega 355 350 134 420 377 1200 19. Lathehar 2,265 1533 2,102 6766 928 500

Sub-Total Zone–II 11,483 9,476 825

III. Southern eastern plateau zone

20. East Singhbhum 49 480 20 473 408 985

21. West Singhbhum 245 763 98 649 400 850

22. Saraikela 103 365 41 511 398 1400

Sub-Total Zone-III 397 159 401

Total 19,060 16,724 877

97

MUNG BEAN

Area, Production and Productivity of Mung bean in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity (kg/ha) Remark

1990-00 2,192 1,226 559

2002-03 9,870 4,961 346 Drought

2003-04 10,700 6,026 512

2004-05 8,592 4,398 512

2005-06 7,963 3,901 490

It is a minor pulse crop grown in 8,592 ha with production of 4,398 tons and average productivity of 512 kg ha -1 in Jharkhand State. Its 47% area is in Western plateau zone.

98

Mung bean - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( kg / ha) Sl. No. Districts

1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 79 90 43 40 544 438 2. Deoghar 172 110 98 70 570 580 3. Godda 185 130 105 50 568 367 4. Pakur 45 50 25 20 556 315 5. Sahebganj 37 20 21 10 568 480 6. Jamtara 38 80 21 50 553 600 7. Hazaribag 88 220 46 80 522 350 8. Koderma 76 10 40 30 526 300 9. Chatra 250 190 131 50 524 275 10. Giridih 99 120 46 40 465 375 11. Bokaro 84 30 39 10 464 300 12. Dhanbad - 100 - 30 - 300

Sub-Total Zone –I 1,153 615 553

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 529 950 324 570 612 600 14. Lohardaga 24 180 13 110 542 630 15. Gumla 12 240 7 130 583 530 16. Palamau 153 480 88 270 575 560 17. Garhwa 201 160 110 50 547 300 18. Simdega 9 360 4 110 444 300 19. Lathehar 93 60 54 20 581 325

Sub-Total Zone – II 600 588

III. Southern eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 13 680 8 540 615 790 21. West Singhbhum 4 3300 2 1750 500 529 22. Saraikela 1 950 1 400 1000 415

Sub-Total Zone III 18 11 611

Total 2192 8,590 1226 4400 559 512

99

KULTHI Area, Production and Productivity of Kulthi in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha) Production (tons) Productivity (kg/ha) Remark 1999-00 29,041 21,815 751

2000-01 8,820 4,230 479

2001-02 10,980 6,281 572

2002-03 13,100 6,233 402 Drought

2003-04 16,640 7,305 431

2004-05 12,374 5,445 440

2005-06 19,135 7,423 388

Kulthi is the most drought resistant pulse crop in Jharkhand., but its production and productivity has declined over the years.

100

Kulthi -Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area (ha) Production ( tons) Yield (Kg ha-1) Sl. No

Districts 1999-00 2004-

05 1999-00

2004-05 1999-00 2004-05

Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 2,998 517 2,371 315 791 610 2. Deoghar 2,177 935 1,722 533 791 570 3. Godda 548 2,086 433 1,031 790 494 4. Pakur 838 685 663 245 791 357 5. Sahebganj 273 689 192 210 703 305 6. Jamtara 1,417 536 1,121 321 791 598 7. Hazaribag 1,961 645 1,333 226 680 350 8. Koderma 488 - 332 - 680 - 9. Chatra 2,532 313 1,722 106 680 340 10 Giridih 2,575 - 1,751 - 680 - 11 Bokaro 538 126 366 49 681 390 12 Dhanbad 320 207 218 83 682 400

Sub-Total Zone–I 16665 12,224 734

II. Western Plateau Zone 13 Ranchi-Khunti 2,231 35 1,765 21 791 600 14 Lohardaga 334 259 264 141 790 545 15 Gumla 2,805 958 2,219 454 791 1.140 16 Palamau 994 1,175 400 667 702 568 17 Garhwa 3,223 809 2,972 243 922 300 18 Simdega 1,934 649 1,530 195 791 300 19 Lathehar 604 806 243 424 402 300

Sub-Total Zone-II 1,2125 9,393 775

III South- eastern plateau zone

20 East Singhbhum 220 228 174 140 791 650

21 West Singhbhum 22 716 17 215 773 300

22 Saraikela 9 - 7 - 778 -

Sub-Total Zone-III 251 198 789

Total 29,041 21,815 751

101

LENTIL (MASOOR)

Area, Production and Productivity of Lentil in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity (kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 4,768 3,619 759 2000-01 1,964 2,579 650 2001-02 6,357 4,133 650 2002-03 15,400 7,637 496 Drought 2003-04 16,716 11,508 688 2004-05 15,470 9,220 598

Lentil is grown in an area of 15,469 ha with total production of 9,220 tons and average productivity of 596 kg ha -1 in Jharkhand State . Its area has increased over the years. Pant L406 is the recommended variety for the State. Seed production has been the major constraint and it needs to be strengthened. Lentil (Masoor) is grown in the western plateau region comprising 45% of the total area sown.

102

Lentil - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( kg / ha) Sl. No. Districts

1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04

Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 2 670 1 449 580 670 2. Deoghar - 458 - 357 - 780 3. Godda 898 2347 636 1759 708 749 4. Pakur 706 1705 500 938 708 550 5. Sahebganj 540 1783 382 861 707 482 6. Jamtara 1 350 1 280 1000 800 7. Hazaribag 79 432 78 173 987 400 8. Koderma 54 1012 54 354 1000 350 9. Chatra 212 1242 119 559 561 450 10. Giridih 19 372 19 149 1000 400 11. Bokaro - - - - - - 12. Dhanbad - 73 - 26 - 350

Sub-Total Zone–I

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 48 445 48 199 1000 447 14. Lohardaga 1 179 1 74 1000 415 15. Gumla 70 551 70 430 1000 773 16. Palamau 780 551 728 430 933 773 17. Garhwa 794 1,350 450 1,439 567 1,066 18. Simdega 49 40 48 33 980 826 19. Lathehar 474 637 443 188 935 296

Sub-Total Zone–II

III. Southern eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 5 234 5 111 1000 494 21. West Singhbhum 25 394 25 197 1000 499 22. Saraikela 11 179 11 134 1000 750

Sub-Total Zone-III

Total 4768 15,469 3619 9220 759 596

103

FIELD PEA

Area, Production and Productivity of Pea in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity (kg/ha)

1999-00 29,740 21,340 718 2000-01 19,310 15,880 822 2001-02 28,550 22,200 777 2002-03 19,000 18,910 995 2003-04 23,000 25,130 1,092 2004-05 19,927 19,800 994

It is grown in 19,927 ha with production of 19,800 tons and average productivity of 718 kg ha -1 .Its area has declined over the years. Its 80% area is in Western Plateau Zone, and Ranchi district has the maximum area of 1,247 ha and production of 8,892 tons

104

Pea - Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( kg / ha) Sl. No Districts

1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 4 430 3 246 750 572 2. Deoghar - 544 - 343 - 630 3. Godda 251 1,255 179 1,379 713 1,099 4. Pakur - 331 - 928 - 600 5. Sahebganj 32 825 32 505 1000 613 6. Jamtara 2 850 1 1,275 500 1,500 7. Hazaribag 108 1,584 77 1,505 713 950 8. Koderma 3 1,049 2 734 667 700 9. Chatra 103 1,318 74 1,133 718 860 10. Giridih - 780 - 624 - 800 11. Bokaro 2 402 1 242 500 600 12. Dhanbad 532 - 386 - 726

Sub-Total Zone–I 505 369 731

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 1,247 2,000 892 2,319 715 1,157 14. Lohardaga 227 3,097 162 3,438 714 1,110 15. Gumla 177 871 127 974 718 1,118 16. Palamau 224 1,385 160 1,557 714 1,124 17. Garhwa 312 1,065 223 852 715 800 18. Simdega 122 265 87 351 713 1,324 19. Lathehar 137 542 98 268 715 495

Sub-Total Zone–II 2,246 1749 715

III. Southern eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum - 287 - 245 - 804 21. West Singhbhum 17 344 13 246 765 714 22. Saraikela 6 167 3 250 500 1,500

Sub-Total Zone-III 23 16 696

Total 2,974 19,927 2,134 19,800 718 994

105

MUNG BEAN It is a minor pulse crop grown in 8,592 ha with production of 4,398 tons and average productivity of 512 kg ha -1 in Jharkhand State. Its 47% area is in Western plateau zone. Ranchi district has maximum area of 529 ha, Its production is maximum in Ranchi district (324 tons).

Area, Production and Productivity of Urd bean in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha) Production (tons) Productivity

(kg/ha)

1999-00 40,107 27,805 693

2002-03 56,940 32,736 575

2003-04 78,940 42,155 509

2004-05 77,795 41,614 535

2005-06 85,931 45,221 526

106

Mung bean -Area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production ( tons) Yield ( kg / ha) Sl. No. Districts

1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04 1999-00 2003-04

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 79 90 43 40 544 438 2. Deoghar 172 110 98 70 570 580 3. Godda 185 130 105 50 568 367 4. Pakur 45 50 25 20 556 315 5. Sahebganj 37 20 21 10 568 480 6. Jamtara 38 80 21 50 553 600 7. Hazaribag 88 220 46 80 522 350 8. Koderma 76 10 40 30 526 300 9. Chatra 250 190 131 50 524 275 10. Giridih 99 120 46 40 465 375 11. Bokaro 84 30 39 10 464 300 12. Dhanbad - 100 - 30 - 300

Sub-Total Zone –I 1,153 615 553

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 529 950 324 570 612 600 14. Lohardaga 24 180 13 110 542 630 15. Gumla 12 240 7 130 583 530 16. Palamau 153 480 88 270 575 560 17. Garhwa 201 160 110 50 547 300 18. Simdega 9 360 4 110 444 300 19. Lathehar 93 60 54 20 581 325

Sub-Total Zone – II 600 588

III. Southern eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 13 680 8 540 615 790

21. West Singhbhum 4 3300 2 1750 500 529

22. Saraikela 1 950 1 400 1000 415

Sub-Total Zone III 18 11 611

Total 2192 8,590 1226 4400 559 512

107

KHESARI It is the fifth important pulse crop of the State with 33% grown in the Western plateau zone. Khesari is drought tolerant and it is also grown for cattle fodder.

108

URD BEAN

Urd is mainly grown in the Western plateau region where 90% of the total area is cultivated. Ranchi is one of the largest urd growing districts in the state and also has a high production of urd. Urd area, production and productivity in different districts of Jharkhand

Area ( ha) Production (tons) Yield ( kg ha-1)Sl. No Districts 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05 1999-00 2004-05

I. Central and north eastern plateau zone. 1. Dumka 48 1.961 39 1,225 810 625 2. Deoghar 4 0.392 3 235 750 600 3. Godda 61 1.068 47 485 770 454 4. Pakur 7 0.937 5 409 714 437 5. Sahebganj 73 0.863 57 475 781 550 6. Jamtara 23 1.600 18 960 783 600 7. Hazaribag 1,861 1.700 1,330 510 715 300 8. Koderma 378 1.174 260 411 688 350 9. Chatra 837 1.108 545 399 651 360 10. Giridih 123 2.292 93 1,077 756 470 11. Bokaro 215 0.072 146 18 679 250 12. Dhanbad - 0.736 - 239 - 325

Sub-Total Zone–I 3630 2,545 701

II. Western Plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 7,936 6.829 5,447 5,463 686 800 14. Lohardaga 1,319 3.809 891 2,133 676 560 15. Gumla 10,325 16.632 6,992 9,314 677 560 16. Palamau 4,596 8.754 3,438 5,095 748 582 17. Garhwa 1,656 6,090 1,058 1,827 639 300 18. Simdega 7,118 2.026 4,821 810 677 400 19. Lathehar 2,795 2.147 2,091 483 748 225

Sub-Total Zone–II 35,745 24,738 692

III South- eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 165 1.284 129 869 782 677 21. West Singhbhum 399 8.476 278 5,685 697 670 22. Saraikela 168 7.845 117 3,491 696 445

Sub-Total Zone-III 732 624 616

Total 40,107 27,805 693

109

OILSEED CROPS

Oilseeds have the fourth largest acreage after Cereals, Pulses and Vegetables and occupy only 3% cropped area. There are 7 Oilseed crops in the State, and Niger (Surguja) occupies maximum area, followed by Til, Rapeseed & Mustard, Linseed, Groundnut, Sunflower and Kusum . Area, Production and productivity of different Oilseed crops in Jharkhand (2004-05)

Sl.

No. Oilseed crops

Area

(ha)

Production

(tons)

Yield

(kg/ ha)

1. Rapeseed & Mustard 44,810 25,370 566

2. Groundnut 18,343 16,703 911

3. Linseed 16,150 6,120 379

4. Til 9,571 3602 376

5. Niger (Surguja) 4,426 894 202

6 Kusum ( Safflower) 280 130 473

7 Castor 230 94 481

8. Sunflower 290 170 586

9. Soybean 162 114 704

TOTAL OIL SEEDS 94,270 52,980 564

Area, Production and Productivity of Total Oilseeds in Jharkhand

Year Area

(ha)

Production

(tons)

Productivity

(kg/ -ha) Remark

1990-00 58,963 40,901 694

2000-01 50,100 34,300 685

2001-02 44,800 28,000 625 Drought

2002-03 94,610 53,670 567

2003-04 99,660 56,500 567

2004-05 94,268 52.98 564 Drought

2005-06 29,486 19,324 655 Drought

110

Niger (Surguja)

It is a major oilseed crop having maximum area of 22, 865 ha in Jharkhand State . Its production is 16,551 tons with average productivity of 724 kg ha -1. It is mainly grown in Western Plateau zone, where it is cultivated in 73% of total area (Mishra, 2004). Gumla, Ranchi, and Simdega are the major Surguja growing districts, cultivating 5,723 ha, 4,139 ha and 3,946 ha, respectively. BAU has developed two varieties viz., Birsa Niger 1 in 1995, and Birsa Niger 2 in 2003 has been released. They are suitable for contingency cropping in early drought in July when rice crop fails. Niger is also good for apiary and its oil is beneficial for heart patients. For increasing Niger production in Jharkhand, seed multiplication of Niger varieties, seed availability and technology dissemination in drought years as contingency planning must be done. Area, Production and Productivity of Rapeseed & Mustard in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha) Production (tons) Productivity(kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 8,200 6,010 733

2000-01 21,890 15,270 643

2001-02 21,420 15,590 727

2002-03 47,960 25,060 478

2003-04 47,920 24,740 518

2004-05 44,810 25,370 566

111

Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops - (1999-2000) Rape Mustard SI. No. Districts Area Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 644 496 770 2. Deoghar 57 41 719 3. Godda 866 638 737 4. Pakur 648 289 446 5. Sahebganj 866 708 818 6. Jamtara 305 235 770 7. Hazaribagh 349 427 1223 8. Koderma 58 59 1017 9. Chatra 423 356 842 10. Giridih 72 73 1014 11. Bokaro 6 6 1000 12. Dhanbad 2 2 1000 Sub-Total Zone-I 4296 3330 775 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 361 261 723 14. Lohardaga 300 161 537 15. Gumla 348 148 425 16. Palamau 1142 922 807 17. Garhwa 802 515 642 18. Simdega 240 102 425 19. Latehar 695 560 806 Sub-Total Zone-II 3888 2669 686 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 6 3 500 21. West Singhbhum 4 2 500 22. Saraikela 2 1 500 Sub-Total Zone-III 12 6 500 Total Jharkhand State 8196 6005 733

112

Linseed Area, Production and Productivity of Linseed in Jharkhand

Year Area (ha)

Production (tons)

Productivity(kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 7,220 4,050 560 2000-01 5,960 2,500 419 2001-02 8,410 3,630 431 2002-03 13,620 6,040 398 2003-04 17,010 6,880 404 2004-05 16,150 6,120 379

Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops -(1999-2000) Linseed SI.No. District Linseed Area Production Yield Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 2. Deoghar 3. Godda 1221 685 561 4. Pakur 282 158 560 5. Sahebganj 470 264 561 6. Jamtara - - - 7. Hazaribagh 269 166 617 8. Koderma 23 13 565 9. Chatra 248 139 560 10. Giridih - - - 11. Bokaro - - - 12. Dhanbad - - - Sub-Total Zone-I 2513 1425 567 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 21 12 571 14. Lohardaga 34 19 559 15. Gumla 80 45 563 16. Palamau 996 550 552 17. Garhwa 768 425 553 18. Simdega 55 31 564 19. Latehar 605 335 554 Sub-Total Zone-II 2539 1417 554 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 127 71 559 21. West Singhbhum 1424 798 560 22. Saraikela 600 337 562 Sub-Total Zone-III 2151 1206 561 Total Jharkhand State 7223 4048 560

113

Groundnut & Sarguja Area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Jharkhand

Year Area

(ha)

Production

(tons)

Productivity

(kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 5,030 6,160 1,224

2000-01 220 190 882

2001-02 150 120 813

2002-03 15,810 17,650 1116

2003-04 17,590 18,990 1080

2004-05 18,340 16,700 911

Area, Production and Productivity of Niger (Sarguja) in Jharkhand

Year Area

(ha)

Production

(tons)

Productivity

(kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 22,870 16,550 724

2000-01 880 450 508

2001-02 1,170 520 445

2002-03 5,910 1,330 296

2003-04 7,010 1,370 195 Drought

2004-05 4,430 890 202 Drought

Source: Department of Agriculture, Jharkhand

114

Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops - (1999-2000) Groundnut & Surguja SI.No. District Groundnut Surguja Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka - - - 3 2 667 2. Deoghar - - - - - - 3. Godda 1 1 1000 - - - 4. Pakur - - - 33 24 727 5. Sahebganj - - - 6 4 667 6. Jamtara - - - - - - 7. Hazaribagh 49 27 551 1677 1097 654 8. Koderma - - - 226 148 655 9. Chatra - - - 1798 1176 654 10. Giridih 23 13 565 191 118 618 11. Bokaro 1 1 1000 75 56 747 12. Dhanbad - - - - - - Sub-Total Zone-I 74 42 568 4009 2625 655 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 543 678 1248 4139 3067 741 14. Lohardaga 390 487 1249 374 277 741 15. Gumla 1672 2087 1248 5723 4241 741 16. Palamau 480 591 1231 1691 1224 724 17. Garhwa 389 428 1100 56 41 732 18. Simdega 1153 1439 1248 3946 2924 741 19. Latehar 292 359 1229 1028 745 725 Sub-Total Zone-II 4919 6069 1224 16957 12519 738 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East

Singhbhum - - - 11 8 727

21. West Singhbhum

27 33 1222 1328 984 741

22. Saraikela 11 14 1273 560 415 741 Sub-Total Zone-III 38 47 1237 1899 1407 741 Total Jharkhand State 5031 6158 1224 22865 16551 724

115

Til

Area, Production and Productivity of Til in Jharkhand

Year Area

(ha)

Production

(tons)

Productivity

(kg/ha) Remark

1999-00 14,780 7,390 500

2000-01 490 160 325 Drought

2001-02 630 230 370 Drought

2002-03 7,150 2,790 349

2003-04 8,760 3,630 422

2004-05 9,570 3,600 376

116

Area, Production and yield of Agricultural crops - (1999-2000) Til & Sunflower SI.No. District Til Sunflower Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 38 10 526 - - - 2. Deoghar 7 4 571 - - - 3. Godda 79 40 506 15 15 1000 4. Pakur 19 10 526 - - - 5. Sahebganj 16 8 500 - - - 6. Jamtara 19 9 474 - - - 7. Hazaribagh 12 5 417 66 63 954 8. Koderma 41 18 439 18 17 944 9. Chatra 362 156 431 4 4 1000 10. Giridih 56 24 429 1 1 1000 11. Bokaro 33 14 424 - - - 12. Dhanbad 3 1 350 1 1 1000 Sub-Total Zone-I 685 309 451 105 101 962 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 52 26 500 - - - 14. Lohardaga 6 3 500 - - - 15. Gumla 168 85 506 - - - 16. Palamau 4892 1595 326 07 07 1000 17. Garhwa 5881 4340 738 563 596 1058 18. Simdega 115 58 504 - - - 19. Latehar 2975 970 326 05 05 1000 Sub-Total Zone-II 14089 7077 502 12 12 1000 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East

Singhbhum 5 3 600 2 2 1000

21. West Singhbhum

4 2 500 1 1 1000

22. Saraikela 1 1 1000 1 1 1000 Sub-Total Zone-III 10 6 600 4 4 1000 Total Jharkhand State 14784 7392 500 121 117 967

117

HORTICULTURE

Ranchi district has great potential for developing and expanding floriculture, spices

and medicinal plants, these are all being promoted by the National Horticulture Mission and the state is setting up a strong support system for horticulture development. Various schemes have been taken up for this purpose during 2007-08 by the District administration, these are outlined below- 1. Integrated Horticultural development

a) Upland - Organic Tea cultivation - 50 units b) Establishment of tea processing unit - 1 unit

2. Impetus under support of vegetable production a) Establishment of poly house - 28 units

3. Production of planting material for fruit plants a) Mango - 35000 nos. b) Litchi - 25000 nos c) Guava - 30000 nos. 4. Development of organic farming - 500 acres 5. Development of medicinal and aromatic plants 3.1 Ha 6. Integrated farming - 18 units 7. Micro Irrigation system - - Drip irrigation system 100 units - Sprinkler irrigation system 221 units This will impact the following : Crop Initial area Area increase Total Area Production in Ha. in Ha. in Ha. in MT Fruit 2900 2400 5300 38193 Vegetables 32490 2260 34750 541057 Spices 546 214 760 912 Other Horticulture initiatives:

• In Ranchi district one plant resource centre for floriculture is being set up. These plant resource centers will provide flowering plants to the farmers at subsidised rates. They will provide training to farmers and organise buy back arrangements between the farmers and the company called Florence Flora as per MOU signed with the State Government.

118

Area and Production of Horticulture Crops.

Area (in lakh ha.) Production (in lakh MT) Sl.

No. Source Veg. Fruits Veg. Fruits

1. Status Report 2006 1.59 0.224 23.31 2.81 Chapter on Food Crops 1.44 0.327 22.10 4.05 2. BAU, Ranchi 2.236 0.275 37.77 3.82

Area, Production and Productivity of Fruits. Fruits Area (ha.) Production (MT) Productivity (MT) Mango 7574 89930(32.0) 11.87(7.0)

Citrus (Lemon) 5516 55160(19.7) 10.00(9.0)

Guava 5088 63000(22.4) 12.38(11.9)

Banana 2747 54945(19.6) 20.00(32.5)

Litchi 1528 17592(6.3) 11.51(7.6)

Total 22453 280627(100.0)

119

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2003-04)

Area in Ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/Ha

Area under different fruits Area under different vegetables

Area under different spices

Sl no

Name of District

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

1. Ranchi-Khunti 4300 54266 12.62 25476 390554 15.33 2140 28296 13.22

2. Lohardaga 1039 11242 10.82 5896 91038 15.44 673 9596 14.26

3. Gumla 1715 26102 15.22 3979 60639 15.24 478 6506 13.61

4. Simdega 1183 12836 10.85 2489 38977 15.65 346 4225 12.20

5 E.Singhbhum 1960 21345 10.89 13508 193569 14.33 981 13185 13.44

6 W. Singhbhum 1417 15743 11.11 7545 113175 15.00 630 9085 14.42

7 Saraikela 598 6578 11.00 3060 46574 15.22 355 5088 14.23

8 Garwa 1122 12567 11.20 5214 799130 15.33 650 9251 12.10

9 Palamu 1740 18896 10.85 6937 106205 15.30 746 9027 13.33

10 Latehar 978 10758 11.00 3734 57653 15.44 499 6652 15.15

11 Hazaribagh 2314 24483 10.58 13074 200425 15.33 785 11893 13.69

12 Chatra 1191 12029 10.10 6208 91693 14.77 554 7585 15.11

13 Koderma 749 8404 11.22 6862 104028 15.16 680 10275 15.10

14 Bokaro 952 10042 10.54 6627 100797 15.21 442 6679 14.38

15 Dhanbad 907 10164 11.20 12041 1848 15.31 1060 15243 13.62

16 Giridih 1448 16522 11.41 13589 209291 15.40 478 6511 13.62

17 Deoghar 2020 22422 10.00 4658 64654 13.88 763 9408 12.33

18 Jamtara 866 9752 11.26 5155 79851 15.49 361 5495 15.22

19 Dumka 1811 19722 10.89 10710 163006 15.22 674 10481 15.50

20 Pakur 869 9898 11.35 4644 71704 15.44 369 5410 14.60

21 Sahebganj 1284 14266 11.11 6221 84979 13.66 547 7412 13.55

22 Godda 2222 24687 11.11 6166 94525 15.33 537 7637 14.00

Total 32685 372724 246.33 173793 3164315 332.48 14748 204940 307.52 (Source department of horticulture and cane development GOI)

120

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2004-05)

Area in Ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/Ha

Area under different fruits Area under different vegetables Area under different spices Sl. No.

Name of District

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

1. Ranchi-Khunti 4300 55864 12.99 29272 453130 15.48 2154 32752 15.00

2. Lohardaga 1039 12016 11.56 6392 97286 15.22 715 11175 15.63

3. Gumla 1715 20768 12.11 4651 71299 15.33 522 7904 15.14

4. Simdega 1183 13144 11.11 2955 45306 15.33 378 5674 15.01

5. E.Singhbhum 1960 21776 11.11 14086 208051 14.77 1037 15120 14.58

6 W. Singhbhum 1417 15800 11.15 8055 121631 15.10 687 10305 15.00

7 Saraikela 598 6668 11.15 3199 48529 15.17 388 5832 15.03

8 Garwa 1122 11849 10.56 5934 90969 15.33 710 10729 15.11

9 Palamu 1881 19276 10.25 7847 119275 15.20 810 12329 15.22

10 Latehar 978 10710 10.95 4036 60984 15.11 572 8764 15.32

11 Hazaribagh 2314 24529 10.60 16266 246430 15.15 810 12272 15.15

12 Chatra 1191 12029 10.10 6684 98723 14.77 622 9818 14.98

13 Koderma 749 8651 11.55 7134 108081 15.15 713 10802 15.15

14 Bokaro 952 10169 10.68 6993 105735 15.12 457 6911 15.12

15 Dhanbad 907 10472 11.55 12407 187470 15.11 1108 16875 15.23

16 Giridih 1448 16988 11.73 13991 217281 15.53 514 7705 14.99

17 Deoghar 2020 22382 11.88 4800 76032 15.84 899 14241 15.84

18 Jamtara 880 9874 11.22 5643 87749 15.55 402 6256 15.56

19 Dumka 1811 20231 11.17 11698 180618 15.44 698 10854 15.55

20 Pakur 872 9880 11.33 5095 78107 15.33 394 5772 14.65

21 Sahebganj 1284 14548 11.33 6865 99131 14.44 610 8797 14.42

22 Godda 2222 24954 11.23 7038 108526 15.42 553 8596 15.54

Total 32843 372578 11.34 191041 2910343 15.23 15783 238983 15.14

121

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2005-06) Area in Ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/Ha

Area under different fruits Area under different vegetables

Area under different spices

Sl. No

Name of District

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

1. Ranchi-Khunti 4311 56732 13.16 31158 485130 15.57 2233 34745 15.56

2. Lohardaga 1039 12372 11.91 7102 112779 15.88 799 12688 15.88

3. Gumla 1715 20408 11.90 5064 77226 15.25 599 9134 15.29

4. Simdega 1183 13635 11.53 3362 51270 15.25 498 7589 15.24

5. E.Singhbhum 1960 21632 11.04 14546 215717 15.83 1089 16138 14.83

6. W. Singhbhum 1417 15891 11.21 8624 129704 15.04 748 11242 15.03

7. Saraikela 598 6701 10.21 3417 91391 15.75 439 6598 15.00

8. Garwa 1122 12256 10.92 6432 96544 15.01 758 11370 15.23

9. Palamu 1991 22259 11.18 9617 146466 15.23 831 12647 15.20

10. Latehar 978 10941 11.19 4920 74931 15.16 603 9177 15.22

11. Hazaribagh 2314 26784 11.57 18556 281308 14.99 963 14589 15.15

12. Chatra 1191 14184 10.91 7300 109427 15.16 661 9901 14.98

13. Koderma 749 8680 11.59 7314 110880 15.13 763 11559 15.15

14. Bokaro 952 11240 11.81 7693 116395 15.13 483 7302 15.12

15. Dhanbad 907 10657 11.75 12900 196596 15.24 1164 17727 15.23

16. Giridih 1448 17542 12.11 14462 224739 15.54 582 8735 15.01

17. Deoghar 2020 24160 11.96 4945 78378 15.85 959 15190 15.80

18. Jamtara 897 10476 11.68 6077 94618 15.57 457 7110 15.50

19. Dumka 1811 21177 11.69 12513 194827 15.57 739 11498 15.56

20. Pakur 879 10275 11.69 5234 81493 15.57 420 6535 15.56

21. Sahebganj 1284 16078 12.52 7581 118415 15.62 652 10145 15.58

22. Godda 2222 26196 11.79 7334 115437 15.74 646 10161 1575.

Total 32988 390276 11.83 206151 3203671 15.54 17086 261780 15.32

122

Area, Production and Productivity of Horticultural Crops (Year 2006-07)

Area in Ha, Production in MT, Productivity in MT/Ha

Area under different fruits Area under different vegetables

Area under different spices Sl no

Name of District

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

Area Production

Productivity

1. Ranchi-Khunti 5666 56732 13.15 31158 485130 15.56 2603 40502 15.56

2. Lohardaga 2559 12372 11.90 7102 112779 15.88 1114 17691 15.88

3. Gumla 1715 20408 11.90 5064 77226 15.25 599 9134 15.25

4. Simdega 1183 13635 11.52 3362 51270 15.25 498 7589 15.24

5. E.Singhbhum 2260 21632 11.03 14546 215717 15.82 1129 16732 15.82

6. W. Singhbhum 1417 15891 11.21 8624 129704 15.03 748 11242 15.03

7. Saraikela 1428 6701 11.20 3417 91391 15.03 479 7199 15.03

8. Garwa 1122 12256 10.92 4920 96544 15.00 758 11370 15.00

9. Palamu 2971 22259 11.17 18556 146466 15.22 831 12647 15.22

10. Latehar 1813 10941 11.18 7300 74931 15.22 643 9786 15.22

11. Hazaribagh 3164 26784 11.57 7314 281308 15.15 1213 18377 15.15

12. Chatra 2411 14184 11.90 7693 109427 14.99 661 9901 15.98

13. Koderma 749 8680 11.58 12900 110880 15.15 763 11559 15.15

14. Bokaro 952 11240 11.80 7693 116395 15.12 483 7302 15.12

15. Dhanbad 907 10657 11.74 12900 196596 15.24 1164 17727 15.23

16. Giridih 1448 17542 12.11 14462 224739 15.53 582 8735 15.01

17. Deoghar 2620 24160 11.96 4945 78378 15.84 1004 15903 15.84

18. Jamtara 897 10476 11.67 6077 94618 15.56 457 7110 15.56

19. Dumka 2171 21177 11.68 12513 194827 15.56 739 11498 15.56

20. Pakur 879 10275 11.67 5234 81493 15.56 420 6535 15.56

21. Sahebganj 1284 16078 11.52 7581 118415 15.61 652 10145 15.56

22. Godda 2222 26196 11.78 7334 115437 15.73 646 10161 15.73

Total 41838 402579 12.22 206151 3203671 15.35 18186 278845 15.32

123

From the above data related to Ranchi district of the last four years from 2003-04 upto 2006-07 the following analysis can be made: 1. The area under Fruit has grown from 4300 Ha to 5666 Ha in 2006-07 and the production has increased from 54266 MT to 56732 tons being an increase of 2466 MT and the productivity has gone up by a mere 0.56% from 12.62 MT per Ha to 13.16 MT per Ha in terms of productivity since 2003-04. 2. The area under vegetables has grown from 25476 Ha to 31158 Ha being an increase of 5682 Ha and the production has improved to 485130 MT from 390554 MT being an increase of 94576 MT. The productivity per Ha has increased marginally from 15.33 MT per Ha to 15.57 MT per Ha. 3. The area under spices has grown from 2140 Ha to 2603 Ha being an increase of 463 Ha and production has increased from 28296 MT to 40502 MT making it a sizeable increase of 12206 MT and the productivity per Ha has gone up from 13.22 MT to 15.56 MT per Ha.being an improvement of 16% in terms of increase in yield.

Mango: Mango has the highest area and production among all the fruits with a percentage share of 32.0 in production. It is grown mainly in the districts of Ranchi, which has the maximum area of 1493 ha. As far as productivity is concerned, the productivity of mango in Jharkhand is 11.87 MT/ha. as compared to the national average of 7.0 MT/ha., i.e. higher by 50% over national average. Even if we consider the leading mango growing States and neighboring States. Jharkhand is leading in productivity over all these States, except Bihar.

Banana : It is the fourth most important crop in the State with a production level of 54,945 MT and an area of 2747 ha. It is grown in all the districts of the State. Ranchi is one of the major banana growing districts, with an area of 206 ha. The productivity at the State level (20.0 MT/ha.) is much below the national average of 32.5 MT/ha. (almost 40 percent less).

124

Recommended horticulture crops for Ranchi District Climate Crops recommended

Fruit Litchi, mango, guava, strawberry, sapota, custard apple, jackfruit, papaya, bael

Vegetables Off season cabbage, capsicum, off season califlower, tomato, peas, French bean, Kharif potato, Kharif onion,leafy vegetables, vegetable jackfruit, cucurbits, carrot, beet root, baby corn and cowpea.

Moderate Temperature-summer rainfall 1300 – 1500mm No gaseous pollution

Flowers carnation, gerbera, rose, chrysanthemum, mari-gold.

Greenhouses The climate of Ranchi and adjoining region is quite favourable for growing high value vegetables, cut-flowers and nurseries round the year in greenhouses that would have low initial cost and would require minimum energy for operation..

125

Area under Horticulture crops in Ranchi district (Acres) 2006

Mango 2351.44

Jack fruit 177.84

Guava 129.89

Banana 0.36

Litchi 36.15

Fruit

others 204,41 Potato 5892

Onion 2137

Peas 2017.56

Ginger 2733

Tomato 1893.86

Cauliflower 2762

cabbage 1952

okra 3603

Vegetables

other 9500 Spices coriander 43.25 ginger 83.85 garlic 317.81 chilli 101.69

126

VEGETABLES

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Districts Cauliflower Cabbage Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 2221 35560 16.01 514 8173 15.90 2. Deoghar 856 13695 16.00 262 5792 16.00 3. Godda 858 13728 15.99 391 6256 16.00 4. Pakur 1066 17050 16.00 246 3989 16.22 5. Sahebgnaj 784 12544 16.01 462 7392 16.00 6. Jamtara 1050 16814 15.98 243 3886 15.99 7. Hazaribagh 820 13100 16.02 540 8804 16.30 8. Koderma 812 13012 16.00 568 8860 15.60 9. Chatra 454 7264 16.00 342 5472 16.00 10. Giridih 1148 18368 16.00 8181 13088 16.00 11. Bokaro 508 8128 16.00 377 6032 16.00 12. Dhanbad 1602 25632 16.00 768 12288 16.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 12179 194895 16.00 5631 90032 15.99 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 2762 44192 16.00 1952 31232 16.00 14. Lohardaga 586 9376 16.00 453 7248 16.00 15. Gumla 393 6289 16.00 266 4252 15.98 16. Palamau 372 5950 15.99 309 4935 15.97 17. Garhwa 392 6272 16.00 268 4288 16.00 18. Simdega 271 4335 16.00 187 3001 16.05 19. Latehar 226 3618 16.01 187 3001 16.05 Sub-Total Zone-II 5002 80032 16.00 3622 57957 16.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 762 12192 16.00 634 10144 16.00 21. West Singhbhum 468 7498 16.02 444 7102 16.00 22. Saraikela 498 3160 15.96 187 2994 16.01 Sub-Total zone-III 1428 22850 16.00 1265 20240 16.00 Total Jharkhand State 18609 297777 16.00 10518 168229 15.99

127

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Districts Potato Onion Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 1685 16393 9.73 560 11187 19.98 2. Deoghar 614 5980 9.74 418 8360 20.00 3. Godda 1860 18163 9.77 427 8540 20.00 4. Pakur 2519 27632 10.97 268 5363 20.01 5. Sahebgnaj 181 1783 9.85 526 10520 20.00 6. Jamtara 538 5239 9.74 264 5290 20.04 7. Hazaribagh 6480 61515 9.49 421 8420 20.00 8. Koderma 1268 11439 9.02 421 8420 20.00 9. Chatra 3252 28700 8.83 326 6520 20.00 10. Giridih 2552 24742 9.70 882 17640 20.00 11. Bokaro 1077 9375 8.70 364 7080 20.00 12. Dhanbad 93 918 9.87 907 18140 20.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 22119 211879 9.58 5784 115680 20.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 5892 52894 8.98 2137 42750 20.00 14. Lohardaga 1174 10506 8.95 489 9780 20.00 15. Gumla 2218 20080 9.05 288 5753 19.98 16. Palamau 1982 19260 9.72 371 7424 20.01 17. Garhwa 1672 16250 9.72 343 6860 20.00 18. Simdega 1529 13845 9.05 198 3967 20.04 19. Latehar 1205 11715 9.72 226 4516 19.98 Sub-Total Zone-II 15672 144550 9.22 4052 81040 20.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 208 1809 8.70 851 17020 20.00 21. West Singhbhum 119 912 8.29 466 9327 20.02 22. Saraikela 46 385 8.37 197 3953 19.96 Sub-Total zone-III 364 3106 8.53 1514 30330 20.03 Total Jharkhand State 38115 359535 9.42 11350 227050 20.00

128

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Districts Tomato Brinjal Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 745 14095 19.99 770 15396 19.99 2. Deoghar 659 13180 20.00 549 10980 20.00 3. Godda 646 12920 20.00 467 9340 20.00 4. Pakur 357 7142 20.01 369 7383 20.01 5. Sahebgnaj 571 11420 20.00 372 7440 20.00 6. Jamtara 352 7043 20.01 364 7281 20.00 7. Hazaribagh 686 13720 20.00 729 14580 20.00 8. Koderma 686 13720 20.00 729 14580 20.00 9. Chatra 561 11220 20.00 503 10060 20.00 10. Giridih 1781 35620 20.00 1722 344.40 20.00 11. Bokaro 572 11440 20.00 796 15920 20.00 12. Dhanbad 1348 26960 20.00 1177 23540 20.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 8364 179280 20.00 8547 170940 20.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 1817 36340 20.00 2733 54660 20.00 14. Lohardaga 538 10760 20.00 957 19140 20.00 15. Gumla 268 5351 19.97 378 7553 19.98 16. Palamau 528 10592 20.06 785 15694 19.99 17. Garhwa 458 9160 20.00 484 9680 20.00 18. Simdega 184 3689 20.05 260 5207 20.03 19. Latehar 321 6388 19.90 477 9546 20.01 Sub-Total Zone-II 4114 82280 20.00 6074 121480 20.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 1386 27720 20.00 1289 25780 20.00 21. West Singhbhum 637 12746 20.01 734 14673 19.99 22. Saraikela 269 5374 19.98 309 6187 20.00 Sub-Total zone-III 2292 45840 20.00 2332 46640 20.00 Total Jharkhand State 15370 307400 20.00 16953 339060 20.00

129

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. Sl No. Districts Lady’s Finger Chilli Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 928 12994 14.00 439 5262 11.99 2. Deoghar 478 6692 14.00 409 4908 12.00 3. Godda 471 6594 14.00 396 4752 12.00 4. Pakur 448 6230 14.00 220 2522 12.01 5. Sahebgnaj 497 6958 14.00 402 4824 12.00 6. Jamtara 439 6144 14.00 207 2488 12.02 7. Hazaribagh 877 12271 13.99 513 6156 12.00 8. Koderma 876 12271 14.00 513 6156 12.00 9. Chatra 668 9352 14.00 411 4932 12.00 10. Giridih 2250 31500 14.00 332 3984 12.00 11. Bokaro 945 13230 14.00 358 4296 12.00 12. Dhanbad 1934 27076 14.00 939 11268 12.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 10808 151312 14.00 5129 61548 12.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 3603 50442 14.00 1933 23196 12.00 14. Lohardaga 477 6678 14.00 549 6588 12.00 15. Gumla 411 5751 13.99 324 3885 11.99 16. Palamau 1063 14877 14.13 581 6969 11.99 17. Garhwa 838 11732 14.00 508 6096 12.00 18. Simdega 283 3965 14.01 223 2679 12.01 19. Latehar 646 9049 14.01 353 4239 12.01 Sub-Total Zone-II 7311 102494 14.02 4471 53652 12.00 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 2406 33684 14.00 839 10068 12.00 21. West Singhbhum 1539 21547 14.00 448 5377 12.00 22. Saraikela 649 9085 14.00 189 2267 11.99 Sub-Total zone-III 4594 64316 14.00 1476 17712 12.00 Total Jharkhand State 22713 318122 14.01 11076 132912 12.00

130

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crop 1999-2000. Sl No. Districts Pumpkin Sponge Gourd Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 429 6439 15.00 572 6859 11.99 2. Deoghar 146 2190 15.00 178 2136 12.00 3. Godda 102 1530 15.00 192 2304 12.00 4. Pakur 206 3087 14.99 274 3289 12.00 5. Sahebgnaj 103 1545 15.00 218 2616 12.00 6. Jamtara 203 3044 15.00 270 3244 12.01 7. Hazaribagh 286 4290 15.00 387 4644 12.00 8. Koderma 286 4290 15.00 387 4644 12.00 9. Chatra 168 2520 15.00 287 3444 12.00 10. Giridih 372 5581 15.00 628 7536 12.00 11. Bokaro 146 2190 15.00 296 3552 12.00 12. Dhanbad 232 3480 15.00 409 4908 12.00 Sub-Total Zone-II 2679 40185 15.00 4098 49176 12.00 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 393 5895 15.00 681 8172 12.00 14. Lohardaga 94 1410 15.00 162 1944 12.00 15. Gumla 72 1083 15.04 147 1761 11.98 16. Palamau 154 2304 14.96 231 2656 11.50 17. Garhwa 89 1335 15.00 239 2868 12.00 18. Simdega 50 747 14.94 101 1215 12.03 19. Latehar 93 1401 16.06 135 1616 11.97 Sub-Total Zone-II 945 14175 15.00 1696 20232 11.93 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 528 7920 15.00 993 11916 12.00 21. West Singhbhum 241 3619 15.02 467 5605 12.00 22. Saraikela 102 1526 14.96 197 2363 11.99 Sub-Total zone-III 871 13065 15.00 1657 19884 12.00 Total Jharkhand State 4495 67425 15.00 7451 89292 12.00

131

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crop 1999-2000. Sl No. Districts Ridge Gourd Bitter Gourd Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 65 390 52 314 39 6.0 2. Deoghar 66 396 58 348 19 6.0 3. Godda 52 312 71 426 29 6.0 4. Pakur 31 187 25 150 19 6.0 5. Sahebgnaj 54 324 78 468 27 6.0 6. Jamtara 31 185 25 148 19 5.9 7. Hazaribagh 49 294 55 330 30 6.0 8. Koderma 49 294 55 330 29 6.0 9. Chatra 70 420 59 354 44 6.0 10. Giridih 76 456 88 528 48 6.0 11. Bokaro 65 390 85 516 48 6.1 12. Dhanbad 79 474 108 648 54 6.0 Sub-Total Zone-II 687 4122 759 4560 405 6.0 II. Western plateau Zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 101 606 6.0 187 1122 6.0 14. Lohardaga 54 324 6.0 62 372 6.0 15. Gumla 31 185 6.0 60 359 6.0 16. Palamau 52 310 6.0 58 407 7.0 17. Garhwa 61 366 6.0 71 426 6.0 18. Simdega 21 127 6.1 41 247 6.0 19. Latehar 31 188 6.1 41 247 6.0 Sub-Total Zone-II 351 2106 6.0 520 3180 6.1 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East Singhbhum 194 1164 6.0 137 822 6.0 21. West Singhbhum 64 384 6.0 72 430 6.0 22. Saraikela 27 162 6.0 30 182 6.0 Sub-Total zone-III 285 1710 6.0 239 1434 6.0 Total Jharkhand State 1323 7938 6.0 1518 9174 6.0

132

Area, Production and yield rate of Vegetable Crops 1999-2000. SI.No. District Others Total Vegetables Area Production Yield

Rate Area Production Yield

Rate I. Central and north eastern plateau zone 1. Dumka 785 9416 11.99 8214 127895 15.57 2. Deoghar 408 4896 12.00 4683 74226 15.85 3. Godda 432 5184 12.00 4616 72668 15.74 4. Pakur 376 4515 12.01 3939 61326 15.57 5. Sahebganj 428 5136 12.00 4608 71973 15.62 6. Jamtara 371 4453 12.00 3884 60477 15.57 7. Hazaribagh 1030 12354 11.99 6628 100450 15.16 8. Koderma 1029 12354 11.99 6627 100450 15.16 9. Chatra 856 10272 12.00 4885 73086 14.99 10. Giridih 2288 27456 12.00 12794 198842 15.54 11. Bokaro 763 9156 12.00 5551 83972 15.13 12. Dhanbad 1945 23340 12.00 11824 180226 15.24 Sub-Total Zone-I 10711 128532 12.00 78253 1205591 15.41 II. Western plateau zone 13. Ranchi-Khunti 2258 27096 12.00 21158 329535 15.57 14. Lohardaga 538 6456 12.00 5102 81030 15.88 15. Gumla 309 3708 12.00 3064 46736 15.25 16. Palamau 639 7671 12.00 5312 80897 15.23 17. Garhwa 542 6504 12.00 4433 66539 15.01 18. Simdega 213 2556 12.00 2113 32224 15.25 19. Latehar 389 4665 11.99 3231 49204 15.23 Sub-Total Zone-II 4888 58656 12.00 44413 686165 15.45 III. South eastern plateau zone 20. East

Singhbhum 2028 24336 12.00 12546 186004 14.83

21. West Singhbhum

777 9319 11.99 6590 99138 15.04

22. Saraikela 327 3929 12.02 2779 41803 15.04 Sub-Total Zone-III 3132 37584 12.00 21915 326945 14.92 Total Jharkhand State 18731 224772 12.00 144581 2218701 15.35

133

Area, Production and Productivity of Vegetables. Vegetable Area (ha.) Production (MT) Productivity (MT) Potato 38115 359535 (15.43) 9.42 (17.6) Onion 11550 227000(9.74) 19.65(11.4) Chilli `11076 132000 (5.66) 11.91 (NA) Bhindi (Okra) 22713 318122 (13.65) 14.00 (10.0) Brinjal 16953 339000(14.55) 20.00(15.9) Tomato 15370 307000(13.17) 20.00(17.7) Cauliflower 18609 297000(12.74) 16.00 (18.4) Cabbage 10518 168000(7.21) 16.00(23.4) Pumpkin 4495 67425(2.89) 15.00(NA) Sponge gourd 7451 89292 (3.83) 12.00 (NA) Ridge gourd 1323 7938(0.34) 6.00 (NA) Bitter gourd 1518 9174(0.39) 6.04(NA) Pointed gourd 704 7040(0.30) 10.00(NA) Cow Pea 3761 2256(0.10) 0.60 (NA) Total 164156 2330782(100.00)

Productivity of Vegetables (MT/ha.). Vegetable Jharkhand AP Bihar MP Maharashtra Orissa UP WB KarnatakaPotato 9.42 - 8.8 15.3 22.6 21.0 - - - Onion 19.65 - 9.6 3.2 11.4 7.9 12.2 - - Okra 14.00 6.6 14.0 6.0 - 9.1 - 11.0 - Brinjal 20.00 14.4 20.0 15.0 - 12.6 - 10.5 - Tomato 20.00 21.2 20.0 15.0 - - - - 25.0 Cauliflower 16.00 16.0 16.0 13.9 - - - 30.3 - Cabbage 16.00 16.0 27.2 - - - - 29.3 24.6

Source : Indian Horticulture Data Base – NHB 2000. There is great scope for expansion of vegetable farming in Ranchi district. Potato : The productivity of potato in three States, viz. M.P., Maharashtra and Orissa, is higher than in Jharkhand, by as much as 62%, 14.0% and 12.3% respectively. Around 40% of potato in the state is grown in the Western Zone. Ranchi is one of the major potato growing areas. Onion: The productivity of onion in Jharkhand is the highest among all States. In fact, it is almost double the productivity of onion in Bihar. Around 37% of the area is in Western Zone and Ranchi has maximum area and production. Okra: In the case of Okra also, the productivity in Jharkhand is higher than all other States, more than double the productivity in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Ranchi is one of the major Okra growing districts Brinjal: Here too, the productivity is higher in Jharkhand than all other states, except Bihar,

134

Ranchi district has maximum area under brinjal and has maximum production as compared to other districts. Tomato: Karnataka has got the highest productivity of 22.00 MT/ha. which is 25% higher than the productivity in Jharkhand. One of the major tomato growing districts is Ranchi. Cauliflower: West Bengal has registered the highest productivity of 30.3% MT/ha. which is about 90% higher than Jharkhand. Ranchi district is one of the major producers of cauliflower. Cabbage : In the case of cabbage, Bihar has got a productivity level of 27.2 MT/ha. which is much higher than Jharkhand by 70%. One of the major cabbage growing districts is Ranchi.

135

SEED PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND STORAGE FACILITY (GOVT. OF

JHARKHAND) There are 6 (six) different districts producing seeds which have their own seed processing units of different capacities run by the Jharkhand Govt. Sl No

Districts Villages Processing capacity

Status Seed storage capacity

1 Ranchi-Khunti Ranchi 1 TPH Functioning

4000 Q.

2 Lohardaga Kuru 1 TPH Functioning

4000 Q.

3 Gumla H.Q. 1 TPH Functioning

4000 Q.

4 West Singhbhum

Chakradharpur 1 TPH Functioning

4000 Q.

5 Sahebganj H.Q. 1 TPH Functioning

4000 Q.

6 Dumka H.Q. 1 TPH Functioning

4000 Q.

Seed village established, Govt. of Jharkhand

1 Ranchi-Khunti

Sai Gram Beej Utpadak Sahyog Samiti, Lapung

1 TPH

Functioning 3000 Q.

2 East Singhbhum

Beej Gram Manush Maya Bahragora, Chakuliya

1 TPH

Functioning 3000 Q.

3 Garhwa Gram Lok Kalyan Kendra, Mandwania

0.4 TPH

Functioning 3000 Q.

4 Garhwa Attaula 0.4 TPH

Functioning 3000 Q.

5 Hazaribagh Barkagaon 0.4 TPH

Functioning 3000 Q.

136

6 Kodarma Jharitand 1 TPH

Functioning 3000 Q.

7 Dhanbad Sampurn Beej Gram,

0.4 TPH

Functioning 3000 Q.

8 Giridih Krishak Sawayam Swawlambi Sahkari Samiti, Nawadih

0.4 TPH

To be installed

3000 Q.

9 Chatra Bhadra Kali Beej Gram, Chatra

0.4 TPH

To be installed

3000 Q.

New seed villages (Group of atleast 50 farmers) during 2007-08 under other regional sub-scheme, Govt. of Jharkhand with the target to produce minimum 2000 Q. certified seed/year

14

Palamu, Bokaro, Hazaribagh and Godda

1 TPH each To be commissioned

Seed storage facility of 3000 Q. at each seed village is to be developed

5-8

Chatra, Palamu, Deoghar and Giridih

1 TPH each To be commissioned

Seed storage facility of 3000 Q. at each seed village is to be developed

9-17

Ranchi-Khunti, Gumla, West Singhbhum, Saraikela, Latehar, Dumka, Sahebganj, Pankur and Lohardaga

1 TPH each To be commissioned

Seed storage facility of 3000 Q. at each seed village is to be developed

137

FERTILIZER USE

Ranchi district has a fertilizer consumption of nitrogen higher than the average in the state being (101 kg) per ha (Mishra, 2004). Urea is the major fertilizer, followed by DAP and mixed fertilizer of 12:32:16. Inorganic Fertilizers

The consumption of fertilizers is abnormally low in the state of Jharkhand and in the year (2000-01), the total average consumption of inorganic sources of fertilizers was 51 Kg/ ha. Details of district- wise consumption both in Kharif and Rabi are given below.

138

Consumption of Inorganic Fertilizers in Ranchi District Jharkhand during 2000-01 (Figures in M.T.)

Consumption of Inorganic

Fertilizers

Sl. No.

District/ Region Total Crop Area

(In ‘ooo ha.) Kharif Rabi Total

Consumption of fertilizers in kg. /ha.

1. Dumka 119.88 1,900 1,568 3,468 29

2. Deoghar 61.99 12,100 6,800 18,900 160

3. Godda 81.00 2,300 2,100 4,400 54

4. Pakur 60.38 1,000 300 1,300 22

5. Sahebganj 45.53 2,000 2,000 4,000 88

6. Jamtara 56.68 1,000 632 1,632 29

7. Hajaribagh 113.29 6,100 3,500 9,600 85

8. Koderma 20.94 400 700 4,700 22

9. Chatra 49.61 300 300 600 12

10. Giridih 89.67 3,700 1,500 5,200 58

11. Bokaro 24.79 900 1,100 2,000 81

12. Dhanbad 38.65 200 200 400 10

Total Central & North Plateau Zone I

762.30 35,500 20,700 56,200 73

13. Ranchi-Khunti 260.87 15,900 10,500 26,400 101

14. Lohardaga 52.71 2,100 1,300 3,400 65

15. Gumla 162.67 800 500 1,300 8

16. Simdega 112.16 550 350 900 8

17. Palamu 113.86 3,046 1,680 4,726 42

18. Garhwa 85.57 1,500 1,100 2,600 30

19. Latehar 69.25 1,854 1,021 2,874 41

Total Western Plateau Zone II 857.11 25,750 16,451 42,200 49

20. E. Singhbhum 144.22 800 300 1,100 8

21. W. Singhbhum 156.31 630 280 910 6

22. Saraikela 65.91 270 120 390 6

Total SouthWestern Plateau Zone III

366.44 1,700 700 2,400 7

Total Jharkhand State 1985.86 62,950 37,850 1,00,800 51

Source: - Agricultural Development of Jharkhand At A Glance through figures – 2006 by R. K. Mishra & V. Jairam

139

Fertilizer Consumption in Jharkhand State (Tons)

Year N P K Total Consumption

2000-01 ------ ----- ------ 100,800 2001-02 109,200 42,150 15,670 167,020 2002-03 112,100 43,820 16,670 173,600 2003-04 66,980 41,900 4,840 113,720 2004-05 76,166 42,962 4,369 123,497 2005-06 97,138 67,122 17,094 171,354

Consumption of Fertilizers and Chemicals (In quintals)

Fertilizers 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Nitrogenous 7776 97877 117666 Phosphatic 34700 19700 34778 Potassic 6322 7674 8772 Micro-nutrients 340 380 310 Bio-fertilizers 870 877 769 Plant protection chemicals 422 318 377 Others 252 295 296

Note: In the above table amount of fertilizers is in terms of nutrients, and pesticides in active ingredients. Type of Fertilizer Consumption in different years

Fertilizer 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Remark Urea 100,293 135,470 163,378 150,927 DAP 81,685 75,500 106,358 66,321 SSP 6,503 18,113 341 4,036 MOP 6,008 6,715 3,235 4,064

Mixed (12:32:16) 924 9,212 21,050 24,897 Mixed (20:20:0) 1,840 4,764 6,573 1292

Mixed (15:15:15) -- 136 357 -

140

Consumption of Fertilizers and Other Chemicals across Crops in the district (Latest Agriculture Census)

Crops Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Micro- nutrients

Bio- fertilize

r

Bio- pesticides

Others

Paddy-S 142 122 41 210 164 288 178 Paddy-K 11774 2946 52 290 188 279 295 Paddy-B 177 186 114 210 126 174 198 Wheat-T 1417 3964 78 387 568 176 210 Wheat-L 141 176 64 181 196 244 149 Pulses-K 274 279 82 210 222 299 210 Pulses-R 174 196 94 232 118 214 310

Other pulses

229 296 52 212 118 301 292

Total 14328 8165 577 1932 1700 1975 1842Note: The amount of fertilizers is in nutrients, pesticides in active ingredients. Since the upland soil in the district is acidic resulting in poor crop yields, soil treatment with dolomite has been introduced in those areas to improve soil fertility.

141

LIVESTOCK

Demand for meat and meat product is high since the tribals consume meat as part of their diet. The state has a deficit in its milk, meat, eggs and fish requirements which means the level of production must be increased. The total live stock population in the state is 158.26 lakh which is 3.28% of the India’s live stock population. The dairy, poultry and fisheries industry has great scope for expansion and should be strengthened by providing inputs of better breeding stock, disease protection and availability of feed. Although the population of cattle in Ranchi is about 20% of the total in the state but the improved and cross bred animals are only about 2% so the milk yields are very low. The average milk production per dairy animal in ranchi district is 1.25 Kg per day whereas the the national production of milk is 3 kg per day

Organic Sources of Nitrogen Besides fertilizers, other sources of nitrogen have also to be tapped. The most important source, that may be largely available, is compost and there is great scope for developing this source in this state. Other means, e.g. nitrogen donation to the soil by pulses and other leguminous crops capable to fixing nitrogen from atmosphere, use of blue- green algae of proper strain or Azola and other microbial fertilizers should also be exploited. The potential of organic materials in the State and their annual production are given in the following table.

Pesticide Consumption in Jharkhand State (2004-05)

Sl. No. Season Quantity Tons Remarks

1. Kharif 55.0 2. Rabi 27.0 Total 82.0

Pesticides name for use in Jharkhand State Sl. No. Pesticides Name

i. Insecticides

Endosulphan, Monocrotophos, Methyl Demeton, Quinalphos, Endosulphan dust, Malathion, Fenvalerate, Chlorpyriphos, Phosalone, BT, Neem based insecticides.

ii. Fungicides Mancozeb, Carbendazim, Copper Oxychloride, Sulpher, Thiram

iii. Weedcides 2-4-D, Isoproturon, Fluchloration

iv Rodenticides Zinc Phosphide.

142

Estimated Annual Production of Animal Wastes In Jharkhand by the terminal year of Xth Plan (2006-07)

Note: Based on the Presumption that 60 % of total animal wastes are used for compost making and the rest 40% is used as fuel.

Categories of

Livestock

Number based on

2003 livestock

census (in lakhs)

Rate of Manure

Production Per

Animal (kg./

ha.)

Estimated

Production of

Animal Wastes

(Lakh M.T.)

Quantity of Animal

Wastes used as

manures (60% of

total Production)

(Lakh M.T.)

(a) Cattle 76.13 750 57.10 34.26

(b) Buffaloes 13.43 650 8.73 5.24

(c) Goats 50.31 75 3.77 2.26

(d) Sheep 6.80 80 0.55 0.33

(e) Pigs 11.08 25 0.28 0.17

(f) Poultry 144.29 20 2.89 1.73

Total …….. ……… 73.52 43.79

143

Livestock and Poultry Profile in Ranchi District Jharkhand All nos. in Thousands)

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Poultry S no

Distt No. % of

state No. % of

state No % of

state No. % of

state No. % of

state No. % of

state 1 Dumka 487.97 6.37 49.41 3.68 50.10 7.37 213.39 4.24 108.74 9.81 597.7 4.14 2 Deoghar 396.35 5.17 53.95 4.02 36.77 5.41 200.24 3.98 28.75 2.59 322.59 2.24 3 Godda 324.14 4.23 63.75 4.75 4.43 0.65 15.23 3.68 47.55 4.29 473.05 3.28 4 Pakur 224.65 2.93 30.93 2.30 17.13 2.52 136.54 2.71 69.04 6.23 656.02 4.55 5 Sahebganj 196.27 2.56 47.12 3.51 3.46 0.51 172.11 3.42 57.64 5.20 559.13 3.88 6 Jamtara 277.64 3.63 26.41 1.97 50.97 7.50 155.30 3.09 50.43 4.55 440.37 3.05 7 Hazaribagh 483.68 6.32 142.97 10.65 10.01 1.47 356.1 5.09 71.21 6.43 918.73 6.37 8 Koderma 144.75 1.89 144.75 1.89 0.73 0.11 90.92 1.81 6.28 0.57 95.57 0.66 9 Chatra 331.02 4.32 94.73 7.05 1.14 0.16 212.57 5.31 46.97 0.48 280.21 1.94 10 Giridih 588.16 7.68 119.09 8.87 22.42 3.30 372.54 7.4 51.29 4.63 429.97 2.98 11 Bokaro 327.23 4.27 61.3 4.56 34.49 5.07 207.16 4.12 43.21 3.90 600.14 4.16 12 Dhanbad 308.93 4.03 58.8 4.38 43.17 6.35 214.33 4.26 6.0.81 5.49 686.14 4.76 13 Ranchi-Khunti 671.17 8.76 155. 11.59 81.40 11.97 642.75 12.77 127.03 11.46 2105 11.46 14 Lohardaga 132.44 1.73 12.25 0.91 1.58 0.23 86.53 1.72 9.96 0.90 254.33 1.76 15 Gumla 438.60 5.73 62.05 4.62 10.09 1.48 283.59 7.29 73.84 6.66 705.17 4.89 16 Palamu 498.87 6.51 97.58 7.26 49.55 7.29 231.66 4.60 56 5.05 396 2.74 17 Garhwa 356.8 4.66 58.86 4.38 36.27 5.33 139.31 2.77 27.48 2.4 304.0 2.11 18 Simdega 323.77 4.22 21.1 1.56 10.57 0.64 244.64 4.86 60.46 5.46 563.45 3.90 19 Latehar 253.39 3.31 35.79 2.66 170.24 3.38 44.11 3.98 400.68 2.78 20 E. Singhbhum 276.26 3.61 3538 2.63 55.41 8.15 230.3 4.58 25.29 2.2 959.21 6.65 21 W. Singhbhum 393.77 5.14 50.38 3.75 97.73 14.37 293.79 5.84 32.04 2.89 1835.9

5 12.75

22 Saraikela 222.85 2.91 28.95 2.15 62.48 9.19 191.78 3.1 9.82 0.89 830.05 5.75 (Source- Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Ranchi)

144

There is only one District Animal Husbandry officer, one Sub Divisional Animal husbandry officer and one veterinary surgeon's hospital in Ranchi district. Details of Animal Hospitals, Clinics & A.I. Centers of the State

Sl. No. District No. of Hospitals/ Clinics

No. of A. I. Centers

1 Dumka 31 49 2 Jamtara - - 3 Deoghar 15 05 4 Godda 17 24 5 Sahebganj 30 50 6 Pakur - 10 7 Hazaribagh 47 27 8 Chatra - 03 9 Koderma - 03 10 Giridih 38 07 11 Dhanbad 27 13 12 Bokaro - 04 13 Ranchi-Khunti 48 143 14 Lohardaga 12 31 15 Gumla 26 45 16 Simdega - - 17 Chaibasa 49 79 18 Saraikela - - 19 Jamshedpur 21 51 20 Palamu 44 101 21 Garhwa - 06 22 Latehar - - Total 405 651 BAHO 211 - Total 616 651

145

Status of Poultry & Duck Farm up to March 2005 Poultry Farm, Ranchi Duck Farm, Hotwar, Ranchi Capacity No. of Poultry

available Capacity No. of Duck

available Layer Broiler Total Layer Broiler Total M

ale Female

Total

Male Female Total

2000 5000 7000 1721 542 2263 - - - 35 334 369

Poultry Development: There is one Regional Poultry Farm at Hotwar in Ranchi .

1. One Duck Breeding farm at Hotwar Ranchi 2. One Small Dressing Plant at Hotwar in Ranchi .

Livestock Research Institute: There is one Institute of Animal Health and production at Kanke in Ranchi. Pig Farming The state has a substantial pig population which constitutes around 10% of the country’s pig population and this is capable of playing an important role to improve the socio-economic status of poor farmers. Pig rearing is a traditional occupation in Jharkhand and was limited to the tribal population, but now a days due to their conversion efficiency, shorter generation interval, faster growth rate, low maintenance cost and ability to utilize agricultural byproducts and waste materials to produce high human value diet it has been taken up by other farmers too. Goat Development The Goat population in Jharkhand is about 5 million, comprising only about 4% of the total population of goats in the country. Despite the least attention from planners, the goat population in India has increased at the fastest rate among all major livestock species during the last two decades. However instead of increasing the goat population, emphasis should be laid on productivity per animal, organized marketing and prevention of emergence of new diseases like Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) which has led to higher mortality and abortion in goats. The goat improvement programme must be given a push through extending credit to poor landless farmers. The goat population is almost evenly distributed in all the districts of Jharkhand because it suits the natural habitat and the social status of the landless and marginal farmers. According to the census, the goat and sheep population in Ranchi is 6 lakhs and 1 lakh respectively.

146

FISHERY DEVELOPMENT

Freshwater aquaculture contributes more than 90% of the total fish production, most of the ponds and tanks are seasonal and dry up during the summer. The Department of Fisheries leases its ponds to the fishermen cooperative societies for short-term (3 years) and long-term (10 years). The Society in turn distributes these ponds to their members for fish culture activity.

In recent years fish production has improved due to digging of a large number of new ponds and renovation of old ponds through Government schemes to help growth in the fisheries sector. The Department is constructing 30 decimal (0.16 ha) ponds on cent percent subsidy basis for the ST beneficiaries under a centrally sponsored scheme.

District-wise fish production from aquaculture Sl No

DISTRICT Available area under ponds/ tanks (ha)

Annual Production (tonnes)

Average Annual production (t/ha)

1. Lohardaga 431 800 1.86 2. Giridih 860 1500 1.74 3. Ranchi-Khunti 2257 3700 1.64 4. Hajaribagh 2935 4322 1.47 5. Kodrama 460 678 1.47 6. Devghar 1813 2500 1.38 7. Godda 1180 1600 1.36 8. Dhanbad 1657 2100 1.27 9. Dhumka 1955 2374 1.21 10 Jamthada 721 876 1.21 11 Gumla 1982 2136 1.08 12 Simdega 430 464 1.08 13 Sahebganj 2011 1963 0.98 14 Pakur 857 837 0.98 15 Bokaro 2455 2000 0.81 16 Jamshedpur 3745 3000 0.80 17 Chaibasa 2091 1567 0.75 18 Saraikela 1511 1133 0.75 19 Palamau 1966 604 0.31 20 Lathehar 1286 396 0.31 21 Garhwa 875 220 0.25 22 Chatra 1060 200 0.19 Total 34106 32670 0.96

147

District-wise ponds/tanks resources

Total Pond/Tank Resources Sl. No.

District

Govt. ponds (ha) Private ponds (ha) Total (ha)

No Total

area Avg. size

No Total area

Avg. size No

Total area

Avg. size

1. Lohardaga 155 119 0.77 950 312 0.33 1105 431 0.39

2. Giridih 645 445 0.69 895 413 0.46 1540 860 0.56

3. Ranchi-Khunti 663 802 1.21 2345 1455 0.62 3008 2257 0.75

4. Hajaribagh 1274 1250 0.98 2546 1685 0.66 3820 2935 0.77

5. Kodrama 190 200 1.05 585 260 0.44 775 460 0.59

6. Devghar 1350 948 0.70 1433 865 0.60 2783 1813 0.65

7. Godda 815 378 0.46 1285 802 0.62 2100 1180 0.56

8. Dhanbad 1170 1345 1.15 846 312 0.37 2016 1657 0.82

9. Dhumka 705 430 0.61 2280 1525 0.67 2985 1955 0.65

10. Jamthada 435 395 0.91 655 326 0.50 1090 721 0.66

11. Gumla 406 297 0.73 2416 1685 0.70 2822 1982 0.70

12. Simdega 85 65 0.76 585 365 0.62 670 430 0.64

13. Sahebganj 802 846 1.05 2450 1165 0.48 3252 2011 0.62

14. Pakur 716 512 0.72 980 345 0.35 1696 857 0.51

15. Bokaro 1710 1621 0.95 745 402 0.54 2455 2455 1.00

16. Jamshedpur 959 1515 1.58 3515 2230 0.63 4474 3745 0.84

17. Chaibasa 750 916 1.22 1624 1175 0.72 2374 2091 0.88

18. Saraikela 600 546 0.91 1645 965 0.59 2245 1511 0.67

19. Palamau 400 706 1.77 2065 1260 0.61 2465 1966 0.80

20. Lathehar 155 95 0.61 2400 1191 0.50 2555 1286 0.50

21. Garhwa 300 410 1.37 850 465 0.55 1150 875 0.76

22. Chatra 510 615 1.21 845 445 0.53 1355 1060 0.78

Total 14795 14456 0.98 33940 19650 0.58 48735 34106 0.70

148

District wise reservoirs and check dam resources

Reservoir Check dams Sl. no

District

No. Area (ha) No. Area (ha) 1. Ranchi-Khunti 15 4512 115 485 2. Lohardaga 6 2452 50 125 3. Gumla 12 2500 120 540 4. W. Singhbhum 9 3254 95 315 5. E. Singhbhum 7 2450 55 160 6. Palamu 9 3514 90 285 7. Garwa 3 1200 45 130 8. Hazaribagh 9 12465 92 360 9. Chatra 6 2554 45 135 10. Koderma 5 10210 30 140 11. Dhanbad 4 11250 28 180 12. Bokaro 4 9650 24 135 13. Giridih 3 650 26 155 14. Deoghar 0 0 12 85 15. Dumka 2 4500 103 422 16. Godda 0 0 30 135 17. Sahahebganj 0 0 25 98 18. Pakur 0 0 22 102 19. Latehar 5 2845 68 265 20. Saraikela 2 18575 58 106 21. Jamtara 0 0 16 52

22. Simdega 3 2250 35 160

Total 104 94831 1184 4570

149

Fish Seed production and distribution (in lakhs) during 2001-2006

Sl No Name of District 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 1. Ranchi-Khunti 27.61 43.03 36.50 84.47 127.00 2. Gumla 20.80 32.85 32.60 87.50 150.00 3. Simdega Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 4. Lohardaga 10.22 8.60 Nil 14.00 33.00 5. Palamu 13.61 15.20 18.00 26.00 84.00 6. Lathehar Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 7. Garwa 2.75 1.57 Nil 7.00 10 8. Jamshedpur 17.10 18.20 17.0 140.00 46.00 9. Chaibasa 12.90 13.06 9.18 63.00 60.00 10. Saraikela Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 11. Sahebganj 14.45 8.84 12.21 35.00 77.8 12. Pakuda Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 13. Dhumka 20.32 21.00 28.04 70.00 1.59 14. Jamthada Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 15. Deoghar 17.00 25.00 10.81 17.50 12.80 16. Godda 1.70 4.95 1.20 52.50 3.90 17. Hajaribagh 50.69 44.34 47.56 55.00 58.41 18. Kodrama Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 19. Bokaro 1.52 7.01 7.55 17.50 30.00 20. Dhanbad 3.29 4.37 7.10 17.50 5.96 21. Giridih 3.85 10.17 13.03 17.50 46.50

22. Chatara Nil Nil 5.25 70.00 12.87

Total 217.81 258.19 246.03 774.47 787.08

150

Training to Fish Farmers through District Fisheries Office

Training Sl. No. District

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 1. Ranchi-Khunti 100 42 200 300 147 2. Gumla 75 42 50 300 125

3. Lohardaga 50 42 0 200 125

4. Palamu 50 42 200 300 125

5. Garwa 50 37 200 200 125

6. Jamshedpur 75 43 200 200 125

7. Chaibasa 37 48 200 200 125

8. Sahebganj 100 42 200 200 125

9. Dumka 100 42 200 200 125

10 Deoghar 41 59 300 300 150

11 Godda 62 39 136 200 65

12. Hazaribagh 140 71 307 300 150

13. Bokaro 121 54 248 250 0

14. Dhanbad 41 57 248 250 150

15. Giridih 140 47 216 250 135

16. Chatra 0 17 135 150 150

Total 1182 724 3040 3800 1947

151

New pond construction by Fisheries Department during 2001-2006 Sl. No.

District 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Total

1. Ranchi-Khunti 3 0 10 20 20 53 2. Gumla Nil 5 Nil 35 20 60 3. Lohardaga 4 0 0 15 15 34 4. Palamu 5 25 6 30 25 85 5. Garwa Nil 5 Nil 10 5 20 6. Jamshedpur Nil 15 25 20 15 75 7. Chaibasa 5 15 25 30 25 100 8. Sahebganj 25 60 50 20 20 175 9. Dumka 19 Nil 25 20 20 84 10. Deoghar Nil 12 7 10 10 39 11. Godda 5 19 25 10 10 69 12. Hazaribagh Nil 15 7 15 15 52 13. Bokaro Nil 5 7 10 10 32 14. Dhanbad Nil 5 7 10 10 32 15. Giridih Nil 5 7 10 5 27 16. Chatra Nil Nil 5 6 15 26 Total 66 186 206 271 245 977

Other Departments like DRDA, MESO, Soil Conservation, etc are also involved in construction of ponds under rural development schemes, for SC/ST members.

Besides, the Department of Fisheries, some NGOs are also involved in the development of fisheries, especially in imparting training to the farmers on fish seed production and demonstration of culture technology. The important NGOs are Ramakrishna Mission, Gram Vikas Trust, Jharkhand Tribal Development Society, Gieesa and Aviram Gramin Vikas Swayamsevi Sansthan.

152

Centralized fish hatcheries

Sl.No Centralized hatchery Covering District

1 Ranchi Jamshedpur Lohardaga Chaibasa Saraikela 2 Lathehar Palamu Garhwa

3 Hajaribagh Chatra Kodrama Giridih

4 Gumla Simdega

5 Bokaro Dhanbad

6 Deoghar Jamtara Godda

7 Dumka

8 Sahebganj Pakur

The number of fish hatcheries in the Government and private sector are insufficient to meet the requirement for fish seed. To meet the demand of fish seed of the state it will be necessary to motivate the private entrepreneurs to take up fish hatcheries In fact there is financial support for hatchery construction by the Government.

153

Proposed categorization of the districts of Jharkhand based on fish production

Targeted average production

(tonne/ha/yr)Groups Districts Present Avg.

Production (tonne/ha/yr) XI Plan XII Plan

p 1 Lohardaga, Giridih, Ranchi, Hajaribagh, Koderma, Deoghar, Godda

.86

p 2 Dhanbad, Dumka, Jamtara, Gumla, Simdega, Sahebganj, Pakur

.27

p 3 Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Chaibasa, Saraikela

0.81

p 4 Palamau, Lathehar, Garhwa, Chatra

0.31

There should be seed banks in each district for the fish seed so that the farmers can have yearlings year the round and stock their ponds by the first rain so that they could have more culture period and get better returns.

154

District-wise existing and proposed aquaculture area under ponds and tanks to be covered and expected production by the end of XI Five Year Plan (2011-12)

S No District

Area under Ponds / Tanks (ha)

Annual Production (tons)

Average Production (tons/ha)

Expected increase in area (ha)

Total area (ha)

Target Average production (t/ha)

Average production (tons)

1 Lohardaga* 431 800 1.86 25 456 2.5 1140 2 Giridih* 860 1500 1.74 10 870 2.5 2175 3 Ranchi-Khunti* 2257 3700 1.64 30 2287 2.5 5717.5 4 Hajaribagh* 2935 4322 1.47 20 2955 2.5 7387.5 5 Koderma* 460 678 1.47 5 465 2.5 1162.5 6 Deoghar* 1813 2500 1.38 15 1828 2.5 4570 7 Godda* 1180 1600 1.36 15 1195 2.5 2987.5 8 Dhanbadº 1657 2100 1.27 15 1672 2.0 3344 9 Dumkaº 1955 2374 1.21 20 1975 2.0 3950 10 Jamtaraº 721 876 1.21 10 731 2.0 1462 11 Gumlaº 1982 2136 1.08 35 2017 2.0 4034 12 Simdegaº 430 464 1.08 10 440 2.0 880 13 Sahebganjº 2011 1963 0.98 20 2031 2.0 4062 14 Pakurº 857 837 0.98 10 867 2.0 1734 15 Bokaro¤ 2455 2000 0.81 15 2470 1.5 3705 16 Jamshedpur 3745 3000 0.80 30 3775 1.5 5662.5 17 Chaibasa¤ 2091 1567 0.75 25 2116 1.5 3174 18 Saraikela¤ 1511 1133 0.75 15 1526 1.5 2289 19 Palamau# 1966 604 0.31 5 1971 1.0 1971 20 Lathehar# 1286 396 0.31 5 1291 1.0 1291 21 Garhwa# 875 220 0.25 5 880 1.0 880 22 Chatra# 1060 200 0.19 5 1065 1.0 1065 Total 34106 32670 0.96 345 34451 64643.5

155

Estimated district-wise carp spawn, fry and fingerlings requirement during XI Plan

Requirement of seed (in lakh) and area (ha) Sl. No.

District

No. of fingerling

Rearing Area

No. of fry Nursery area

No. of spawn

Area for broodstock

1. Lohardaga 34.2 22.8 57.0 3.2 190.0 0.5

2. Giridih 65.3 43.5 108.8 6.0 362.5 0.9 3. Ranchi-Khunti 171.5 114.4 285.9 15.9 952.9 2.3 4. Hajaribagh 221.6 147.8 369.4 20.5 1231.3 2.9

5. Kodrama 34.9 23.3 58.1 3.2 193.8 0.5

6. Devghar 137.1 91.4 228.5 12.7 761.7 1.8

7. Godda 89.6 59.8 149.4 8.3 497.9 1.2

8. Dhanbad 125.4 83.6 209.0 11.6 696.7 1.7

9. Dhumka 148.1 98.8 246.9 13.7 822.9 2.0

10. Jamthada 54.8 36.6 91.4 5.1 304.6 0.7

11. Gumla 151.3 100.9 252.1 14.0 840.4 2.0

12. Simdega 33.0 22.0 55.0 3.1 183.3 0.4

13. Sahebganj 152.3 101.6 253.9 14.1 846.3 2.0

14. Pakur 65.0 43.4 108.4 6.0 361.3 0.9

15. Bokaro 123.5 82.3 205.8 11.4 686.1 1.6

16. Jamshedpur 188.8 125.8 314.6 17.5 1048.6 2.5

17. Chaibasa 105.8 70.5 176.3 9.8 587.8 1.4

18. Saraikela 76.3 50.9 127.2 7.1 423.9 1.0

19. Palamau 98.6 65.7 164.3 9.1 547.5 1.3

20. Lathehar 64.6 43.0 107.6 6.0 358.6 0.9

21. Garhwa 44.0 29.3 73.3 4.1 244.4 0.6

22. Chatra 53.3 35.5 88.8 4.9 295.8 0.7

Total 2238.9 1492.6 3731.5 207.3 12438.2 29.6 Assumption:

• Stocking density: Nursery- 5.0 million spawn/ha/crop for 2 crops/season; Rearing- 0.3 million fry/ha; Brood pond- 1200 kg brood/ha

• Survival: Spawn to fry in nursery-30%; Fry to fingerlings in rearing pond-60%; and Fingerlings to table fish in grow-out ponds-70%

• Effective breeding success is 70% and 2 kg (male+female) produce 1 lakh spawn

156

Estimated seed deficit and proposed district-wise requirement of carp hatcheries during XI and XII Plan

Spawn deficit

(in lakhs)

Hatchery

requirement

Estimated spawn requirement (lakhs)

Sl. No.

Districts

XI Plan XII Plan

Present production

(in lakhs) XI Plan XII Plan XI Plan XII Plan

1. Lohardaga 190.0 281.1 300 -110 19 - -

2. Giridih 362.5 494.4 0 363 494 � �

3. Ranchi-Khunti 952.9 1303.9 900 53 404 - ��

4. Hajaribagh 1231.3 1663.9 600 631 1064 �� �

5. Kodrama 193.8 263.9 0 194 264 � -

6. Devghar 761.7 1032.2 300 462 732 �� �

7. Godda 497.9 680.6 0 498 681 �� �

8. Dhanbad 696.7 709.2 0 697 709 ��� -

9. Dhumka 822.9 839.6 300 523 540 �� -

10. Jamthada 304.6 312.9 0 305 313 � -

11. Gumla 840.4 869.6 0 840 870 ��� -

12. Simdega 183.3 191.7 0 183 192 � -

13. Sahebganj 846.3 862.9 0 846 863 ��� -

14. Pakuda 361.3 369.6 0 361 370 � -

15. Bokaro 686.1 1041.7 0 686 1042 �� 0

16. Jamshedpur 1048.6 1597.9 0 1049 1598 ���� ��

17. Chaibasa 587.8 902.5 0 588 903 �� �

18. Saraikela 423.9 648.3 0 424 648 �� �

19. Palamu 547.5 550.3 300 248 250 � -

20. Lathehar 358.6 361.4 300 59 61 � -

21. Gadva 244.4 247.2 0 244 247 � -

22. Chatara 295.8 298.6 0 296 299 � -

Total 12438.2 15523.3 3000 9658 12561 33�+3� 7�+3�

*- Group-1 districts; o- Group-2 districts; ¤- Group-3 districts; #- Group-4 districts

157

FORESTRY Forests cover a large portion of the district. They are scattered throughout the district, the major forest types are Sal forest with patches of mixed forest like Asan, Gamhar, Keund, Simul and Mahua. The tribals live in and around the forest areas and are solely dependent on the forest for fuel, fodder, food and timber. A faculty of forestry under Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi was opened in 1981 which is a pioneer in the country to develop education and awareness in the field of forestry with the prime objective to protect, preserve and propagate wild fauna and flora.

Forest resources of the State: Total forest area 23.60 lakh ha. % forest area 29.32 Reserved forests 04.38 lakh ha. Protected forests 19.18 lakh ha. Dense forests 11.11 lakh ha. Open forests 10.61 lakh ha. No. of forests division 26

Tasar and Lac Tasar /Lac culture holds great promise for forestry sector as a supplementary activity. The natural forests of Jharkhand are the store house of Tasar and Lac flora. Arjun, Asan and Sal (Shorea robusta) are primary Tasar host plants and Kusum (Schleichera oleora), Palas and Ber are the primary food plants of Lac insects. Jharkhand ranks first among Tasar and Lac producing States with a contribution of about 50-65% and 60% respectively. Food plants of both Tasar and Lac occur not only as isolated trees in association with other tree species but also grow abundantly in some of the forested areas of Jharkhand. For the conservation of Tasar/Lac host species, Tasar/Lac jungles need to be protected and preserved. Women SHGs are involved in sericulture work. The district administration is actively promoting mulberry plantation for ST and SC beneficiaries under the Tribal sub plan. The NGOs are involved in procurement of mulberry, reeling and weaving. Printing is presently done in West Bengal.This sector is experiencing a favourable growth and Women SHGs are earning Rs. 1200-1500 per annum.

Tasar Sericulture Jharkhand ranks first among the tasar producing states, with a contribution of about 50-65% of the country's production. Tasar culture is concentrated mainly in the tribal areas of the state such as Santhal Parganas and Chotanagpur regions in the districts of Ranchi. Over 47000 rearers are reported to be engaged in tasar silkworm rearing but only 50-60% of them are active and conduct rearings every year. Ranchi district has a large number of rearers. As per estimates, the food plants availability in the forest is spread over 9 lakh hectares but only 36000 hac. are presently being used for tasar silkworm rearing. Terminalis arjuna and T. tomentosa are two main species of tasar food plants available in abundance in the state.

158

The Central Silk Board (CSB) established the Central Tasar Research and Training Institutes (CTR & TI) at Ranchi. Non-mulberry silk worms and their host plants.

Variety Zoological name of silkworm

Food plants common name

Food plants Botanical name

Tropical Tasar Antheraea mylitta

Arjun Asan Sal

Terminalia arjuna T. tomentosa Shorea robusta

Oak Tasar A. proylei A. roylei Uyung

Quercus serrata Q. incana Q. semicarpifollia

Eri Philosamia ricini Kesseru Castor

Heteropanax fragrans Ricinus communis

Muga Antheraea Assama

Som Soalu

Machilus bombycina Litsaea polyantha

Trends in production of different kinds of raw silk and production of tasar raw silk in the different states of the country during last few years are indicated in the below:

Raw silk Production in India during last few years

Raw silk production in country (MT)

Non-mulberry

Year Mulberry

Tasar Muga Eri

1997-98 14048

(92.21)

312

(2.05)

32

(0.40)

814

(5.34)

1998-99 14260

(91.74)

242

(1.56)

72

(0.46)

970

(6.24)

1999-2000 13994

(91.68)

211

(1.38)

85

(0.56)

974

(6.38)

2000-2001 14432

(91.02)

237

(1.49)

99

(0.62)

1089

(6.87)

2001-2002 15823

(90.78)

245

(1.40)

103

(0.59)

1260

(7.23)

2002-2003 - 284 102 1316

2003-2004 - 315 105 1352

2004-2005 - 322 110 1448

* Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

159

State-wise Tasar silk production (MT)

State 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-01

Andhra Pradesh

3.00 3.00 1.80 1.00 1.00 2.00

Bihar 128.00 135.00

144.00 12.00 95.00 24.00

Jharkhand* - - - - - 96.00

Madhya Pradesh

15.00 33.00 96.00 68.00 79.00 2.00

Chhattish- garh*

- - - - - 73.00

Maharastra 1.00 Neg. Neg. 0.19 0.99 3.00

Manipur 2.00 1.00

2.00 0.68 1.00 1.00

Nagaland Neg. Neg.

0.05 0.12 0.13 -

Orissa 26.00 43.00

47.40 33.27 17.00 19.00

Uttar Pradesh

2.00 2.00 2.50 2.74 2.00 2.00

West Bengal 17.00 18.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 15.00

160

Production Capacity of Different Govt. Seed Production

Agency/Centre No. of Units Capacity/Unit (DFLS)

Cumulative capacity (DFLS)

Pilot project Centre (PPC)

24 40,000 9,60,000

Tasar stations 10 10,000 1,00,000

Tasar Sub-station 51 5,000 2,55,000

Block Plantation 4 15,000 60,000

Total 99 13,75,000

161

Lac Culture

The lac growers are mainly tribals, families living below poverty line and having low literacy . The tribal population mainly depends on rain-fed agriculture and forest produce for their livelihood and lac is an important source of cash. About 28% of their agricultural income is contributed by lac cultivation. Lac cultivation in India and Jharkhand S. No.

India Jharkhand % Share

1 Area under cultivation (approx.)

80,00 sq. km 40,000 50

2 No. of host trees (approx.) 200-250 million 110 million 50 3 No. of host trees exploited 70-80 million 35 million 50 4 Total production (2006-07) 23,229 t 7490 32 5 No. of families dependent on

lac 8-9 lakhs 4 lakhs 50

6 No. of Large (licensed) industries/ units

103 29 28

7 Employment generation 80-90 million mandays/ year

35-40 million mandays / year

35-50

8 Value of lac exploited (2003-04)

Rs. 1, 300 million 600 45

9 Contribution to lac growers income

25-32% -

` Potential of lac cultivation in income and employment generation

Income generation by cultivation of lac on major lac-host trees (Rs. / ha).

Lac-host (No./ ha)

Lac insect strain

Expenditure involved

Income generated Net profit

Kusum (70) Kusmi 1,17,000 5,47,000 4,30,000 Ber (494) Kusmi 1,60,000 6,93,000 5,33,000 Ber (494) Rangeeni 1,19,000 2,54,000 1,35,000 Palas (770) Rangeeni 37,000 76,000 39,000

162

Employment (man-days/ ha) generated by cultivation of lac on major lac-host trees.

Man-days generated Lac-host (No./ ha)

Lac insect strain Male Female Total

Kusum (70) Kusmi 268 212 480

Ber (494) Kusmi 67 58 125

Ber (494) Rangeeni 47 110 157

Palas (770) Rangeeni 45 35 80

Major Lac Processing Industry Centres

S. No. Districts Market Place

1 Ranchi Ranchi, Bundu

2 Palmau Daltonghunj, Latehar (Total-3)

3 W. Singhbhum Chakradharpur (1)

4 Garhwa Garhwa(1)

Total 14

163

WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT

The state of Jharkhand is characterized by denudational land forms with plateau of different heights, upland and undulating valleys and plains. The wastelands in the state occur in the form of gullied and ravinous land, rocky areas with or without vegetation and degraded lands in mining areas. Wastelands in these areas are result of intense rainfall which causes sheetwash and mass washing. Degradation of land in mining areas is the result of overburden deposit, digging of pits, land subsistence and water logging and mine fires.

There are large tracts of wasteland in Gumla district and this can be utilised for plantation of bio fuel trees like Jatropha, Neem and karanj. Bamboo plantation can also be promoted on wastelands.

Oil Seed Yielding Trees in Jharkhand Some of the important oil seed yielding trees in Jharkhand forests are Karanj (Derris indica), Mahua (Madhuca latifolia), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Kusum (Schleichera oleora). These are found in abundance in Jharkhand forests as well as on community lands and road side plantations. Jatropha (Jatropha curcus) and Castor (Ricinus communis) are other plants which have high potential to meet the oil seed needs of the tribal population.

164

MEDICINAL PLANT CULTIVATION

Gumla is eminently suited to grow Medicinal plants.Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic plants can make a significant contribution in boosting the economy of the people in the forest region and the farmers of Gumla district as growing of cash crops can provide them with a better income as a shift from their traditional mono cropping.

Safed Musli cultivation

Safed Musli is an annual herb having many medicinal properties. It can be grown as a cash crop since it has a big demand both in national and international markets. It starts giving a return from the first year of cultivation. Brahmanand Farms and Research Center BFRC along with DRDA provided the quality planting material and training to the farmers. They have also undertaken 100% buy back guarantee for the crop. A 100 ST and SC beneficaries were selected in villages of Bharno block and the first year crop should have come up in March 2007.

Stevia Cultivation

Stevia is a herbal sugar alternative and its demand has grown rapidly in recent years. There is a huge market for this herb and it is a very profitable cash crop.

DRDA Gumla has involved Brahmanand Farms and Research Center BFRC to provide the quality planting material and training to the farmers. They have also undertaken 100% buy back guarantee for the crop. The Agriculture Department has provided the necessary technical support to the farmers by organising training programs and field trips. They have also monitored the project at site. A 100 ST and SC beneficaries have successfully begun stevia cultivation and the first year crop should have come up in March 2008. This has opened a new avenue for cash crop farming in the district. Banks are also coming forward to finance stevis cultivation projects.

165

CREDIT, INSURANCE AND MARKET REFORMS To make the rural credit system development oriented and efficient, the following steps should be undertaken.

• The lending rate for agricultural loans extended by co-operatives should be subsidized and fixed at 4 per cent for loans upto Rs. 25,000 and at 6 per cent for loans exceeding Rs. 25,000.

• ‘Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) should be issued to farmers so that they can procure

agriculture inputs in a timely fashion.

• Housing Loans for farmers for construction or repairing of houses may be extended at a lending rate of 6 per cent per annum.

• Self Help Groups should be provided adequate credit to take up production and

processing of agricultural commodities. SHGs comprising farmers should be assisted to adopt new farm technologies and to establish agro- based processing units for value-addition. Subsidies should be provided to SHGs to cover part of the cost of growing horticultural crops, fodder crops, agro-forestry and silvi-pasture in waste lands.

• Liberal institutional credit should be provided to SHGs to take up piggery, poultry and

sheep / goat and establish retail outlets in urban, semi urban areas and also in farmers’ markets.

• Introduce weather based crop insurance programs

Climate change leading to adverse changes in temperature, precipitation and sea level is likely to result in more frequent droughts and floods. Jharkhand has witnessed fluctuations in the onset and intensity of the SW Monsoon in recent years, accompanied by storms and un-seasonal rain.

Metrological data should be compared for the last ten years to detect trends in rainfall pattern and continuing plant should be made to adjust for varying rainfall. Computer simulation models can be used to make contingency plans and alternative land and water use strategies for the different agro climatic zones in the state. Metrological data should be used to generate location- specific land use advice, based on cropping patterns and water availability. Panchayat Level Farm Science Managers, trained to give appropriate land use suggestions, can use the Agro-meteorological Advisories issued by the Indian Agromet Advisory Service Centre, Pune. Also, the National Land Use Advisory Service, recommended by the National Commission on Farmers would help to make the information relevant to farm families. This should be linked to the Gyan Chaupal network

• The economic viability of farming depends heavily on assured markets and

remunerative prices. Direct sale by farmers and absence of farmers’ organizations to reach volumes and protect the interests of the small producers result in reduced income to the farmers. Organized marketing should be promoted through a network of

166

regulated markets. A massive programme for creation of the marketing network needs to be taken up. The State Government should bring into force the APMC Act to enable the development of agriculture produce markets.

167

ANNEXURES

168

Annexure I

SOIL SURVEY REPORT OF RANCHI BY NBSS & LUP & BAU

1. INTRODUCTION

Reliable information on the location, extent and quality of soil and land resources is the first

requirement in planning for the sustainable management of land resources. The components of

land i.e., soils, climate, water, nutrient and biota are organised into eco-system which provide

a variety of services that are essential to the maintenance of the life support system and the

productive capacity of the environment. Our land mass is fixed, but the competition among

different kinds of uses for this land is increasing because of rapidly rising global population.

Therefore, integrated land resource planning and management are required to resolve these

conflicts and soil resource survey seems to be a viable means in this process and knowledge

of soil fertility status and problems of soils like soil acidity/alkalinity become essential for

sustainable land use plan.

Soil fertility is an aspect of the soil-plant relationship. Fertility status of the soils is

primarily and importantly dependent upon both the macro and micronutrient reserve of that

soil. Continued removal of nutrients by crops, with little or no replacement will increase the

nutrient stress in plants and ultimately lowers the productivity. The fertility status of the soils

mainly depends on the nature of vegetation, climate, topography, texture of soil and

decomposition rate of organic matter. Optimum productivity of any cropping systems depends

on adequate supply of plant nutrients. GIS is a versatile tool used for integration of soil

database and production of a variety of users specific and user-friendly interpretative maps.

This further leads to accurately and scientifically interpret and plan some of the aspects like

conservation of organic matter, soil reaction (pH) control and fertilization.

Keeping in view NBSS & LUP, Regional Centre, Kolkata in collaboration with

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand undertook a

project entitled “Assessment and mapping of some important soil parameters including soil

acidity for the state of Jharkhand (1:50,000 scale) towards rational land use plan” from

Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Jharkhand. The major objectives of the project were

169

• Preparation of districtwise soil acidity maps

• Preparation of districtwise soil fertility maps (Organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and

available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B)

The above maps will provide information regarding soil nutrients and soil acidity status for

the districts, which will be very useful in identification of site specific problems for planning

purposes. The present report deals with the above mentioned objectives of the Ranchi district,

Jharkhand.

170

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

2.1 Location and Extent

Ranchi district is located in the centre of the state. It is bounded by the districts of

Hazaribag and Chatra in the north, West Singhbhum in the south, Latehar, Lohardaga and

Gumla in the west and Bokaro and Saraikela in the east. It has an area of 7698 sq. km and

population of 27,83,577 persons (Census of India, 2001). The district comprises three

subdivisions namely Ranchi Sadar, Bundu and Khunti and twenty development blocks.

2.2 Physiography, Geology and Drainage

Ranchi consists of tabular landmass. It has even flat surface with isolated hillocks

known as Tongri. Hills lying on west have elevation above 800 metres and those lying in east

have elevation less than 75 metres. The average elevation of the district is 650 metres but

western portion is relatively higher than eastern part. The entire area is full of tanrs and Dons

on account of rolling topography. Tanrs are the comparatively highlands and Dons are lower

lands. Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites, gneisses and schists.

Important rivers in the district are Subarnarekha, South Koel and Shankh.

2.3 Climate

The district experiences pleasant climatic condition though tropic of capricorn passes

over it due to higher elevation. Relative humidity also remains low, so summer season is also

not uncongenial. December is the coldest month with minimum temperature of 10.30C and

May is the hottest month with maximum temperature of 37.20C. Average annual rainfall of

the district is 1375 mm and more than 80 percent precipitation received during monsoon

months.

2.4 Agriculture and Land Use

The lower area provide suitable condition for paddy cultivation. The higher elevations

provide condition for orchards and cultivation of pulse, millet and vegetables. The forest

cover 20.99 % of total area of the district. Major crops grown in the district are rice and

pulses. Only 8.30 percent area of agricultural use have irrigation facility and major source of

irrigations are well and canals.

171

Land Use in Ranchi District (1997-98)

Ranchi Jharkhand

1. Forest 20.99 29.2 %

2. Net sown area 33.18 22.7 %

3. Barren and unculturable waste 5.21 7.2 %

4. Non agricultural use 10.95 9.9 %

5. Orchards 1.39

6. Pasture 0.27 2.5 %

7. Culturable wasteland 3.47 3.5 %

8. Current and other fallow 24.54 25.0 %

Source: Fertilizer and Agriculture Statistics, Eastern Region (2003-2004)

2.5 Soils

The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource

mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely

Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Ranchi district (Fig.1 and table 1). Alfisols

were the dominant soils covering 71.0 percent of TGA followed by Inceptisols (17.2 %) and

Entisols (9.6 %).

Table 1. Soils of the district and their extent

Map unit Taxonomy Area (‘00ha)

% of TGA

15 Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs

354 4.60

17 Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

134 1.74

19 Loamy-skeletal, mixed hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

85 1.10

24 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

4 0.05

33 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

1800 23.38

34 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

1316 17.10

36 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

910 11.82

172

37 Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs

77 1.00

38 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

256 3.33

39 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Rhodic Paleustalfs Fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

835 10.85

40 Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

657 8.53

41 Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs

37 0.48

42 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents

26 0.34

44 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

345 4.48

48 Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

293 3.81

50 Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

190 2.47

54 Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

2 0.03

64 Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs

11 0.14

67 Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

108 1.40

71 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

35 0.46

78 Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Ultic Haplustalfs

55 0.71

Miscellaneous 168 2.18 Total 7698 100.00

173

3. METHODOLOGY

The base map of the district was prepared on 1:50,000 scale using Survey of India

toposheets (73A/14,15,16, 73B/13, 73E/2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12,,15,16 and 72F/1,2,5,9,13) and all the maps were demarcated with grid points at 2.5 km interval.

Surface soil samples from demarcated grid points and other related informations were collected through field survey. Soil samples were air dried, processed and analysed for pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous and potassium (Page et al., 1982), available nitrogen (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956), available sulphur by using 0.15 percent CaCl2 as the extractant (William and Steinbergs, 1959), available (DTPA extractable) Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) and available B (hot water soluble) by Carmine method (Hatcher and Wilcox, 1950).

The soils are grouped under different soil reaction classess viz extreamely acidic (pH<4.5), very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 – 5.0 ), strongly acidic (pH 5.1 – 5.5), moderately acidic (pH 5.6-6.0), slightly acidic (pH 6.1-6.5), neutral (pH 6.6-7.3), slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9.0) according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970).The soils are rated as low (below 0.50 %), medium (0.50-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) in case of organic carbon, low (<280 kg ha-1), medium (280 to 560 kg ha-1) and high (>560 kg ha-1) in case of available nitrogen, low (< 10 kg ha-1), medium (10 to 25 kg ha-1) and high (> 25 kg ha-1) for available phosphorus, low (< 108 kg ha-1), medium (108 to 280 kg ha-1) and high (> 280 kg ha-1) for available potassium and low (<10 mg kg-1), medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (> 20 mg kg-1) for available sulphur (Singh et. al. 2004, Mehta et. al.1988). Critical limits of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B, which separate deficient from non-deficient soils followed in India are 4.5, 2.0, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.5 mg kg-1 respectively. (Follet and Lindsay, 1970 and Berger and Truog, 1940).

The maps for the above mentioned parameters have been prepared using Geographic Information System (GIS) from data generated by analysis of grid soil samples.

174

4. SOIL ACIDITY AND FERTILITY STATUS 4.1 Soil Reaction

Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant

nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of base saturation. The

soils of the district have been grouped under seven soil reaction classes according to Soil

Survey Manual (IARI, 1970).

The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. The soil reaction classes with area are given in

table 2 and figure 2. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA), in

which 41.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 28.6 percent ver strongly acidic, 18 percent

moderately acidic, 5.2 percent slightly acidic and 2.7 percent extremely acidic in reaction.

Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly alkaline

in reaction.

Table 2. Soils under different reaction classes

Soil reaction Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Extremely acidic (pH <4.5) 206 2.7

Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) 2205 28.6

Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) 3226 41.9

Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) 1388 18.0

Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) 400 5.2

Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) 90 1.2

Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) 15 0.2

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.2 Organic Carbon

The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil organic

matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil

aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity.

The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %. They are

mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75

%) (Table 3 and Figure 3). From table 3 it is seen that 43.8 percent area of the district shows

175

high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 28.7 and 25.3

percent area respectively.

Table 3. Organic carbon status

Organic carbon

(%)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 0.50 %) 1945 25.3

Medium (0.50-0.75 %) 2211 28.7

High (above 0.75 %) 3374 43.8

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.3 Macronutrients

Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as

primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper

growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in

large quantity.

4.3.1 Available Nitrogen

Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and

enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is

building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourage aboveground

vegetative growth and deep green colour to leaves. Deficiency of nitrogen decreases rate and

extent of protein synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis.

Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and 638 kg/ha and details are given in table 4 and figure 4. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1).

Table 4. Available nitrogen status in the surface soils

176

Available nitrogen

(kg ha-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 280) 2012 26.1

Medium (280-560) 5171 67.2

High (above 560) 347 4.5

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.3.2 Available Phosphorus

Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine

tri-phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential

component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and

animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation,

crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of

phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In

acidic condition it get fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium.

Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha and

their distribution is given in table 5 and figure 5. Data reveals that majority of the soils are

medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of 40.1 percent area are low

and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content.

Table 5. Available phosphorous status in the surface soils

Available phosphorous

(kg ha-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 10) 3091 40.1

Medium (10-25) 4323 56.2

High (above 25) 116 1.5

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

177

4.3.3 Available Potassium

Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like

energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely

mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake

of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and

encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases.

Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha and

details about area and distribution is given in table 6 and figure 6. The data reveals that

majority of the soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg

ha-1). Soils of 27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low

(below 108) in available potassium content.

Table 6. Available potassium status in the surface soils

Available potassium

(kg ha-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (below 108) 1004 13.0

Medium (108-280) 4396 57.1

High (above 280) 2130 27.7

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.3.4 Available Sulphur

Sulphur is essential in synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine

and methionine), chlorophyll and metabolites including co-enzyme A, biotin, thiamine, or

vitamin B1 and glutathione. It activates many proteolytic enzymes, increase root growth and

nodule formation and stimulate seed formation.

The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.64 to 72.13 mg kg-1 and details

about area and distribution is given in table 7 and figure 7. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area

are low (<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 30.5 and 30.6 percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1)

and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively.

178

Table 7. Available sulphur status in the surface soils

Available sulphur

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Low (<10) 2825 36.7

Medium (10-20) 2350 30.5

High (>20) 2355 30.6

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.4 Micronutrients

Proper understanding of micronutrients availability in soils and extent of their

deficiencies is the pre-requisite for efficient management of micronutrient fertilizer to sustain

crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to know the micronutrients status of soil before

introducing any type of land use.

4.4.1 Available Iron

Iron is constituent of cytochromes, haems and nonhaem enzymes. It is capable of

acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction

reactions in plants. It promotes starch formation and seed maturation.

The available iron content in the surface soils is ranges between 11.4 and 301.2 mg kg-

1. As per the critical limit of available iron (> 4.5 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in

available iron. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of the soils (50.0 % of

TGA) have available iron content between the range of 25 to 50 mg kg-1. The details of area

and distribution is presented in table 8 and figure 8.

Table 8. Available iron status in the surface soils

Available iron

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA Rating

<15 199 2.6

15-25 550 7.1

Sufficient

179

25-50 3846 50.0

50-100 2774 36.0

100-200 108 1.4

200-400 53 0.7

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.4.2 Available Manganese

Manganese is essential in photosynthesis and nitrogen transformations in plants. It

activates decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase enzymes.

The available manganese content in surface soils ranges between 9.2 and 179.2 mg kg-

1. As per the critical limit of available manganese (> 2 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in

available manganese. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of 78.3 % area of

district have available Mn content between 25 and 50 mg kg-1. The details of area and

distribution are presented in table 9 and figure 9.

Table 9. Available manganese status in the surface soils

Available manganese

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA Rating

<10 90 1.2

10-25 895 11.6

25-50 6025 78.3

50-100 463 6.0

100-200 57 0.7

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.4.3 Available Zinc

Zinc plays role in protein synthesis, reproductive process of certain plants and in the

formation starch and some growth hormones. It promotes seed maturation and production.

180

The available zinc in surface soils ranges between 0.26 and 4.86 mg kg-1. They are

grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of Majority of soils (93.7 % of TGA) are

sufficient (>0.5 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 4.1 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg-1) in

available zinc. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 10 and figure 10.

Table 10. Available zinc status in the surface soils

Available zinc

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA Rating

<0.5 316 4.1 Deficient

0.5-1.0 1740 22.6

1.0-2.0 3829 49.7

2.0-3.0 1174 15.3

3.0-5.0 471 6.1

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.4.4 Available Copper

Copper involves in photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate metabolism and in the use

of iron. It stimulates lignifications of all the plant cell wall and is capable of acting as electron

carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants.

The available copper status in surface soils ranges between 0.14 and 5.80 mg kg-1.

They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of soils (92.2 % of TGA) have

sufficient amount of available copper (>0.2 mg kg-1) and soils of 5.6 % area are deficient in

available copper (<0.2 mg kg-1). The details of area and distribution are presented in table 11

and figure 11.

Table 11. Available copper status in the surface soils

Available copper

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA Rating

<0.2 433 5.6 Deficient

0.2-0.5 731 9.5 Sufficient

181

0.5-1.0 1645 21.4

1.0-2.0 2366 30.7

2.0-4.0 2035 26.4

4.0-6.0 320 4.2

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

4.4.5 Available Boron

Boron increases solubility and mobility of calcium in the plant and it act as regulator

of K/Ca ratio in the plant. It is required for development of new meristematic tissue and also

necessary for proper pollination, fruit and seed setting and translocation of sugar, starch and

phosphorous etc. It has role in synthesis of amino acid and protein and regulates carbohydrate

metabolism.

The available boron content in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 3.52 mgkg-1 and details

about area and distribution is given in table 12 and figure 12. The critical limit for deficiency

of the available boron is <0.5. Soils of 42.8 percent area of district are deficient (<0.50 mgkg-

1) whereas 55.0 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in available boron content.

Table 12. Available boron status in the surface soils

Available boron

(mg kg-1)

Area (‘00ha)

% of the TGA

Rating

<0.25 1523 19.8

0.25-0.50 1774 23.0 Deficient

0.50-0.75 1807 23.5

>0.75 2426 31.5Sufficient

Miscellaneous 168 2.2

Total 7698 100.0

182

5. SUMMARY The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.6. Majority of the area is acidic (96.4 % of TGA) in

reaction. Soils of 1.2 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.2 percent area is slightly

alkaline in reaction. The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.14 to 3.76 %.

Soils 43.8 percent area of the district have high organic carbon content. Medium and low

organic carbon content constitute 28.7 and 25.3 percent area respectively.

Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 109 and

638 kg/ha. Majority soils (67.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability of nitrogen

(280-560 kg ha-1) whereas soils of 26.1 percent area have low available nitrogen content

(<280 kg ha-1).Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.5 and 26.6 kg/ha.

Majority of the soils are medium (56.2 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content. Soils of

40.1 percent area are low and 1.5 percent area are high in available phosphorous content.

Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 49 and 941 kg/ha. Majority of the

soils (57.1 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of

27.7 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) and 13.0 percent area are low (below 108) in

available potassium content. Available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.6 to 72.1 mg

kg-1. Soils of 36.7 percent of the area are low in available sulphur, whereas soils of 30.5 and

30.6 percent area are medium and high in available sulphur content respectively.

Soils are analysed for available (DTPA extractable) micronutrients and seen that all

the soils are sufficient in available iron and manganese whereas soils of 4.1 and 5.6 percent

area are deficient in available zinc and copper respectively. Available boron content in the

soils ranges between 0.02 and 3.52 mg kg-1 and 42.8 percent area of district is deficient (<0.50

mg kg-1).

183

REFERENCES

Berger, K. C. and Truog, E.(1940) J. Am. Soc. Agron. 32,297 Census of India (2001) Primary Census Abstract. FAI (2003 – 2004) Fertiliser and agriculture statistics, Eastern Region. Follet, R. H. and Lindsay , W. L.(1970) Tech. Bull. Colo. Agric. Exp. Station 110. Haldar, A. K., Srivastava, R., Thampi, C. J., Sarkar, D., Singh, D. S., Sehgal, J and Velayutham, M.

(1996) Soils of Bihar for optimizing land use. NBSS Publ. 50b. (Soils of India Series), National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, India, pp. 70+4 sheets soil Map (1:500,000 scale).

Hatcher, J. T. and Wilcox, L. V. (1950) Analyt. Chem. 22, 567 I.A.R.I. (1970). Soil survey manual, All India Soil and Land Use Organization, Indian Agricultural

Research Institute, New Delhi. Lindsay , W. L. & Norvell, W.A.(1978). Development of a DTPA micronutrients soil test for Zn, Fe,

Mn and Cu. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proceedings: 42, 421-428 Mehta, V. S. , Singh, V and Singh, R. P. (1988) J. Indian Society of Soil Science, 36, 743 Mishra, R. K. (2004) Planning for Food and Nutritional Security in Jharkhand, Published by

Agricultural Data Bank, BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand, p. 275 Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R.(1982) Method of Soil Analysis, Part-II, Chemical and

Microbiological Properties, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. And Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Singh Dhyan, Chhonkar, P. K. and Pandey, R. N.(2004) Soil Plant and Water Analysis, A Manual,

IARI, New Delhi. Subbaiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for determination of available nitrogen in

soil. Current Science 25, 259-260 Tandon, H. L. S. (Ed) (1999) Methods of analysis of soils, plants, waters and fertilizers. Fertilizer

Development and Consultation Organisation, New Delhi, India.

William, C. H. and Stainbergs, A. (1959) Aust. J. Agric. Res. 10, 342

184

Annexure II

AMELIORATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ACID SOIL

Extent of Acid Soil: The acid soils are Sedimentary in nature belonging to lateritic ferruginous red and

other red soil groups. They are developed mainly by the influence of relief, acidic parent

material and wet climate.The acid soils are found in the Himalayan region, the eastern and

north eastern plains, peninsular India and the coastal plains under varying agro- climatic

conditions. About 25 M ha of cultivated land (pH <5.5) is suffering from acidity in the states

of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar ,Chhattisgarh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, J & K,

Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya,

Mizorum, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamilnadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, West Bengal. Details

are given at Annexure-I.

Effects of Acidity on Soil Fertility:

The acid soils have poor supply of calcium and magnesium and more concentration

of iron & aluminium. The soils, therefore, suffer due to deficiencies of phosphorous, calcium,

magnesium, molybdenum and boron and toxicities of aluminium and iron. The soils have low

organic carbon and available nitrogen. The productivity, therefore, suffers due to poor

availability of nutrients, toxicities of iron and aluminium, poor biological activity of soil and

frequent moisture stress.

Management of Acid Soil: The ICAR have conducted 871 experiments on farmer’s field and recommended

the package for reclamation of acid soil .It can be managed two ways viz. either by

growing crop suitable for a particular soil pH or by ameliorating the soil though the

application of amendment.

(a) Crop Suitable for Acid Soils. (b) Amelioration of Acid soils (A) Crop suitable for acid soils: Pigeon pea, soyabean, Groundnut, Lentil, Gram, Pea, Cotton, Maize, Sorghum,

Wheat, Linseed and mustard etc. are suitable for acid soils. These crops could be grouped

according to their responses to acidity as given below.

(i) High response group- Pigeon pea, Soyabean, Cotton.

185

(ii) Medium response group- Gram, Lentil, Groundnut, Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, pea.

(iii) Low response group- Barley, Minor millet and Paddy. The ICAR has suggested different varieties of suitable crops for acid soils as

given below.

Sl

.No. Acid response group Crops Varieties

Soyabean

Bragg, Pb-1, Harosoya 1. High response group Pigeon pea UPAS-120

Gram K-851, Sonmuge Wheat K-9107, PBW343

2. Medium response group

Groundnut Smruti Paddy Madhukar, Jassuria Barley

Azad, K-125 3. Low response group

Bajra

Co-1, Co-2.

(B) Amelioration of acid soils:

The slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5-6.5) could be managed by appropriate cropping

system. However, moderately acidic soils (pH 5.5- 4.5) and strongly acidic soils (pH <4.5)

would need amelioration i.e. treating by lime (Sources of lime are given as annexure- II),

application of fertilizer and suitable cropping system. Liming should be practiced only to

neutralize the low magnitude active acidity due to hydrogen and aluminium ions in the soil

solution and part of exchange acidity. Liming is not recommended to neutralize the reserve

acidity. The application of lime @ 1/10 th of lime requirement in furrows alongwith the

fertilizers is economical. The lime at the rate of 2-4 q/hac is applied in furrow alongwith basal

dose of fertilizers (50 % of Nitrogen + Full dose of Phosphorous and full dose of Potash) at

the time of sowing of crops.

Cost of Treatment:

The unit cost of treatment will vary from state to state and other conditions.

However an average cost of Rs. 7000.00 per hac. Would be required as per details at

Annexure-III

186

Extent of Acid Soils in different States of India (million ha)

Extent of area of acid soils Name of the states

Strongly acidic

Moderately acidic

Slightly acidic

Total area

Arunachal Pradesh

4.78 1.74 0.27 6.79

Assam 0.02 2.31 2.33 4.66 Bihar - 0.04 2.32 2.36 Chhattisgarh 0.15 6.30 4.39 10.84 Goa - 0.11 0.19 0.30 Himachal Pradesh

-- 0.09 1.48 1.57

Jammu & Kashmir

-- 0.09 1.48 1.57

Jharkhand -- 1.00 5.77 6.77 Karnataka -- 0.06 3.25 3.31 Kerala 0.14 2.87 0.75 3.76 Madhya Pradesh

-- 1.12 10.60 11.72

Maharashtra -- 0.21 4.33 0.54 Manipur 0.43 1.44 0.32 2.19 Meghalaya -- 1.19 1.05 2.24 Mizorum -- 1.27 0.78 2.05 Nagaland 0.12 1.48 0.05 1.65 Orissa -- 0.26 8.41 8.67 Sikkim 0.28 0.32 -- 0.60 Sikkim 0.28 0.32 -- 0.60 Tamilnadu 0.21 0.35 4.29 4.85 Tripura 0.06 0.75 0.24 1.05 Utteranchal --- 1.18 2.30 3.48 West Bengal

-- 0.56 4.20 4.76

Total

6.19 24.81 58.94 89.94

187

Liming Materials available in India:

Sl.No.

Acid Soil Region/ States

Liming material

Quality available (m tonnes)

Cost/Tonne (Rs.)

1.

Assam Limestone 15.0 4000

2.

H.P. Marketable lime

-- 4000

3.

Jharkhand Limestone 1.0 1000

4.

Kerala Lime shells 4.0 6000

5.

Maharashtra Marketable-lime

14.0 1000

6.

North-Eastern Hill Region

Limestone 14.0 1000

7.

Orissa Paper mill sluge 0.2 500

8.

West Bengal Basic Sluge 0.3 1000

9.

Others Basic Slag 3.0 1000

Amelioration of Acid Soil (pH (< 5.5)

Sl.No.

Components Unit Cost Rs /ha

GOI Beneficiaries

1.

Survey, Project preparation and soil testing of acid soils

500 500 -

2.

On Farm Developmental activities- Bunding, Ploughing & mixing of lime with fertilizer in furrows.

2500 - 2500

3.

Cost of Soil amendment including transportation --@ (3-4 qs/ha.

2000 1500 500

4.

Supply of Agricultural input like seeds, insecticide, fertilizer.

1500 - 1500

5.

Demonstration and Transfer of technology

500 500 -

Total 7000 2500 4500

188

Annexure III

ORGANIC MANURES AND ORGANIC FARMING Organic manure improves soil physical condition including soil porosity and

water holding capacity and microbial environment, replenishes essential micronutrients in

soil, increases the utilisation efficiency of applied fertilizers and favours micronutrient

availability to the plant. Organic manure is of paramount importance not only in

augmenting the crop production but also for making the agriculture sustainable as an eco-

friendly means of soil health management. Unlike chemical fertilizers that supply only the

major nutrients, FYM is a store house of several plant nutrients and acts as a good soil

conditioner. Estimates suggest that a 40-50 days old green manure crop can supply up to

80-100 kg. N/ha. Even at halh rate, a green manure crop can be a substitute to 50-60 kg.

fertilizer N/ha. Some of the potential green manuring legumes are dhanicha, sunhemp,

cowpea, mung, bean, guar and berseem etc. Dhanicha, sunhemp, mung bean and guar

grown during kharif season as green manure crops have been reported to contribute 8-21

tones of green matter and 42-95 kg. of N/ha. Similarly, Khesari, cowpea and berseem

grown during rabi season can contribute 12-29 tons of green matter and 67-68 kg of N/ha.

Vermicomposting Vermicomposting is a mixture of worm casts enriched with macro and

micronutrients (N, P, K, Mn., Fe, Mo, B, Cu and Zn.), some growth regulating substances

such as gibberellins and auxins) and useful micro flora (Azospirillum, Actinomyces and

Phosphobacillus) etc. The nutrient level of vermicompost (1-1.5%N, 0.6-0.8% P and 1.2-

1.5 K) is higher than any other compost. The earthworms can consume all types of organic

matter and convert them into available form of nutrients. Vermicompost improves the

physical and biological condition of soil, improves soil fertility and pulverizes it through

their churning and turning action in addition to contributing plant nutrients, improves

aeration and water holding capacity.

Exploitation of Biological Nitrogen Fixation BNF is a natural system of biological mobilization of atmospheric nitrogen

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which can be easily available to and utilized by plants mediated by microorganisms like

some eubacteria, cynobacteria, actinomyces and a few archaebacteria which are

commonly called diazotrophs. They have the ability to convert atmospheric elemental

nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) with the help of nitrogenase enzyme system. The

efficacy of true bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and cynobacteria like

Anabaena, Aulosira, Nostoc, Plectonema and Tolypothrix

etc. have gained wide acceptance due to their high nitrogen fixing potentiality. Minimum or Zero Tillage

It is well established that in stead of frequent tillage operations minimum/zero

tillage is more useful not only because it offers cost effectiveness but also contributes to

conservation of soil and moisture. This has led to necessity of stubble mulching due to

which the soil is protected by the crop residues left on the soil surface during fallow

periods. Available information reveals that it gives as good as or even better yield than the

conventional tillage practices. It aims at reducing tillage to the minimum, necessary for

ensuring a good seed bed, rapid germination, satisfactory crop stand and favorable

growing conditions.

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Annexure IV

MAIN PROGRAMMES /SCHEMES OF CENTRAL GOVT.

Centrally Sponsored Programme of Ministry Of Agriculture 1. Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) MMA scheme comprised the following 17 components, or sub-

schemes, focusing on rice, wheat, coarse cereals, sugarcane, soil health, nutrient and pest

management, farm mechanization and watershed development:

i. Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Rice Based

Cropping System Areas ii. Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Wheat Based

Cropping System Areas iii. Integrated Cereal Development Programmes in Coarse Cereals

Based Cropping System Areas iv. Special Jute Development Programme v. Sustainable Development of Sugarcane Based Cropping System

vi. Balanced and Integrated Use of Fertilizer vii. Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization among Small Farmers

viii. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas ix. Scheme for Foundation and Certified Seed Production of Vegetable

Crops x. Soil Conservation in Catchments of River Valley Projects and Flood

Prone Rivers xi. Reclamation and Development of Alkali Soils

xii. State Land Use Board xiii. Assistance to Cooperatives of Weaker Section xiv. Assistance to Women Cooperatives xv. Non-overdue Cover Scheme

xvi. Agriculture Credit Stabilization Fund xvii. Special Scheme for SC/ST

2. Horticulture Mission

A National Horticulture Mission has been launched as a Centrally Sponsored

Scheme to promote holistic growth of the horticulture sector through an area based

regionally differentiated strategies. The scheme is fully funded by the Government and

different components proposed for implementation financially supported on the scales

laid down in the guidelines.

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3. Technology Mission for Oil Seed and Pulses

The following schemes have been implemented under TMOP: a) Oilseeds Production Programme (OPP)

b) National Pulses Development Project (NPDP)

c) Accelerated Maize Development Programme (AMDP)

d) Post Harvest Technology (PHT)

e) Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP)

f) National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development (NOVOD) Board.

g) UNDP Sub-Programme on Maize based Cropping System for Food Security in India (EAP)

4. National Food Security Mission 5. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)

Ministry of Rural Development i. Bharat Nirman includes road, drinking water, irrigation etc

ii. watersheds programme viz. DPAP, DDP, IWDP

iii. NREGA/NREGP

iv. Emlpoyment Generating Schemes

Ministry of Water Resources Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Project (AIBP) A large number of river valley projects, both multipurpose and irrigation have

spilled over from Plan to Plan mainly because of financial constraints being faced by the

State Governments. As a result of this, despite a huge investment having already been

made on these projects, the country is not able to derive the desired benefits. There were

171 Major, 259 Medium and 72 ERM on-going Irrigation projects in the country at

various stages of construction at the end of VIII Plan(i.e. end of March,1997) with

spillover cost of Rs. 75690 crore. This was a matter of grave concern for the Union

Government and remedial measures for expeditious completion of some of the projects

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which were in advanced stage of completion became necessary.

The AIBP was conceived in the year 1996 by the Government of India in order

to provide financial assistance to States to complete various ongoing projects in the

country so that envisaged irrigation potential of the project could be created and thereby

extend irrigation to more areas. Since its formulation, the terms of the programme have

been widened and liberalized over the time.

Only those projects are considered under the Programme, which have the

investment clearance of the Planning Commission. The Projects which are already

receiving assistance from domestic agencies such as NABARD etc. are not eligible for

assistance under the Programme. However, the components of such projects which are

not covered under such assistance by NABARD are considered for inclusion under the

AIBP. Assistance to large projects is given for their phased completion so that benefits

could start flowing early with comparatively smaller investments.

Presently, major, medium and Extension, Renovation and Modernization (ERM)

projects are eligible for Central Assistance under AIBP. The surface water minor

irrigation schemes of Special Category States as well as such schemes satisfying specified

criteria in Non-Special Category States are also eligible for Central Assistance under

AIBP. AIBP was started as Central Loan Assistance (CLA). Initially 50% of the project

outlay was provided as CLA and the balance 50% was to be met by State i.e. on 1:1 basis.

Subsequently Special Category States were provided CLA on 3:1 basis whereas non-

Special Category States on 2:1 basis. Later, it was decided that 30% of the CLA to non-

Special Category States and 90% for Special Category States be converted into grant. In

March, 2005 in order to accelerate the provision of irrigation to drought prone areas and

tribal area, the project providing irrigation benefits to such area (in consultation with

Planning Commission) were extended the same facility as allowable to the Special

Category States. From April, 2005 the Centre is providing only grant assistance to the

projects under AIBP and rest of the finances are to be raised by States themselves either

through Plan allocations or State resources or loans.

National Project for Repair, Renovation & Restoration (RRR)

The Government of India sanctioned a Pilot Scheme for “National Project for

Repair, Renovation & Restoration (RRR) of Water Bodies directly linked to Agriculture”

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in January, 2005 with an estimated cost of Rs.300 crore to be shared by Centre and State

in the ratio of 3:1 to be implemented during the remaining period of Xth Plan. The

objectives of the Scheme were to restore and augment storage capacities of water bodies,

and also to recover and extend their lost irrigation potential. The water bodies having

culturable command area of more than 40 hectares and upto 2000 hectares were included

under the pilot scheme. The Scheme had been approved for 26 district projects in 15

States, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya

Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Gujarat,

Kerala and Maharashtra at an estimated cost of Rs.299.92 crore and Central Share of

Rs.197.30 crore has been released to the states so far.