MICRO ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR AND PERSONALITY

Prepared By:

Ramesh Raman Kameshwar SwamyRajhan A.N Noor Mohammad Rohan. S. Koipallil Ratanlal Gorain Rinju Thomas Roshan. P. Jacob

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR – ABILITYHOW MUCH EVER MOTIVATED WE ALL MAY BE, WE MAY

NOT ACT AS WELL AS SHAH RUKH KHAN / HRITHIK ROSHAN, BAT AS WELL AS SACHIN TENDULKAR, WRITE AS WELL AS J.K.ROWLING, OR PLAY GUITAR AS WELL AS JIMI HENDRIX.

EVERYONE HAS CERTAIN STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES IN TERMS OF ABILITY, THAT MAKE HIM/HER SUPERIOR/INFERIOR TO OTHERS IN PERFORMING CERTAIN TASKS OR ACTIVITIES.

THE MANAGEMENT’S ROLE IN AN ORGANISATION IS TO KNOW HOW PEOPLE DIFFER IN THEIR ABILITIES AND USING THIS KNOWLEDGE TO IMPROVE THE EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE.

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR IS MAJORLY MEASURED BY ONE’S ABILITY.

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR – ABILITY“Ability” means an individual’s capacity to do

the various tasks in a job.It’s a current assessment of what one can do.Ability is basically of two types – a)Intellectual – for mental activities like

thinking, reasoning and problem-solving. b)Physical – for physical activties.

INTELLECTUAL ABILITY Numerical Aptitude – Do speedy and accurate arithmetic (Eg.:

Accountant – computing Sales Tax on a set of items) Verbal Comprehension – Understand what is read/heard and the relation

between two or more words ( Eg. : Plant Manager – following / implementing corporate policies)

Perceptual Speed – Identify visual similarities quickly & accurately( Eg.: Fire/Accident Investigators – while identifying clues at the site of the fire/accident)

Inductive Reasoning – Identify logical sequence in a problem ( Eg.: Market Researcher – to forecast future demand for a product )

Deductive Reasoning – Use logic and assess the implications of an argument ( Eg.: Plant Supervisor – choosing among different suggestion given by employees )

Spatial Visualization – Imagine how an object would look, if its spatial orientation were changed ( Eg.: Interior Decorator, CAD Designer )

Memory – Retain and recall past experiences ( Eg.: Salespersons – remembering customer names, product list and specifications etc.)

PHYSICAL ABILITY Dynamic Strength – Exert muscular force repeatedly over a period of time

( Eg.: Daily Wage Labourers ). Trunk Strength – Exert muscular strength using the trunk, particularly the

abdominal muscles ( Eg.: Professional body-builders). Static Strength – Exert force against external objects ( Eg.: Home re-locating

assistants ). Explosive Strength – Expend maximum energy in one or a few explosive acts.

( Eg.: Professional Wrestlers ) Extent Flexibility – Move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible ( Eg.:

Yoga Experts ). Dynamic Flexibility – Make rapid, repeated flexing movements ( Eg.:

Dancers) Body C0-ordination – Coordinate actions of different parts of the body ( Eg.:

Circus Jugglers ). Balance – Maintain equilibrium despite action of disruptive external forces.

(Eg.: Tightrope walkers ) Stamina – Exert prolonged effort over a period of time.(Eg.: Long distance

runners/cyclists )

PERSONALITY

Mrs.Indira Nooyi, CEO and chairperson of PepsiCo. (worldwide), scores very highly on all aspects of

personality. She is described as Sociable, Agreeable, Emotionally Stable, Conscientious and open to experiences, which helps her to be highly

successful and well-performing at her job.She joined the company in 1994, as Senior Vice-

President, Strategy & Development and was promoted to President & CFO, before moving into

the top post at PepsiCo.

PERSONALITYWhy are some people quiet and passive, while

others are aggressive? Are certain personality types better suited for some jobs rather than others?

It is a well known fact that our personalities shape our behaviours.

A better understanding of one’s personalities can help to understand their behaviour

PERSONALITYDynamic concept describing the growth and

development of a person’s psychological system.

Gordon Allport – “ Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual, o those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.”

Sum Total of all the ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

PERSONALITY Ways to measure personality: a)Self-Report Surveys: These are undertaken by the individual

himself/herself. He/She is expected to give honest and conscientious answers. The drawback of this is that the person may not give a true picture or “fake good” to create a good impression on the management. Also, he/she may also have been in a good/bad mood while giving the survey, affecting the survey’s accuracy.

b)Observer Rating Surveys: Instead of the person himself/herself taking the survey, another un-biased person, like a co-worker, is asked to take the survey. One drawback is that the person may not know so much about the subject of the survey to comment on him. Moreover, if the subject’s close friend/enemy takes the survey, he may again “fake good / fake bad”.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY

JUNG’S TYPOLOGY

KRETSCHMER’S TYPOLOGY

SHELDON’S TYPOLOGY

SPRENGER’S TYPOLOGY

JUNG’S TYPOLOGY Envisaged by Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist. He theorised that there were basically two types of personalities – Introverts & Extroverts.

Introverts tend to be more reserved and less outspoken in large groups. They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, music, drawing, tinkering, playing video games, watching movies and plays, and using computers, along with some more reserved outdoor activities such as fishing. The archetypal artist, writer, sculptor, engineer, composer, and inventor are all highly introverted. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people, though he or she may enjoy interactions with close friends. Trust is usually an issue of significance: a virtue of utmost importance to an introvert choosing a worthy companion. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents.

Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious. They take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. Politics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fields that favor extraversion. An extraverted person is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energized when around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves.

Ambiversion is a term used to describe people who fall more or less directly in the middle and exhibit tendencies of both groups. An ambivert is normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the crowd.

KRETSCHMER’S TYPOLOGYEnvisaged by Ernst Kretschmer, a German psychiatrist.Kretschmer divided personality into two "constitutional

groups": Schizoid and CycloidThe Schizoids consist of the Asthenic and the Cycloids

consist of the Atheletic & Pycnic types of personality. Persons with Asthenic Personality will have chronic

weakness, easy fatigability, sense of vulnerability, little ambition or aggression.

Persons with Pycnic Personality will have chronic obesity, perpetual laziness and resist from any physical activity/exercise.

Persons with Athletic Personality are neither too thin nor obese. They have a fit /trim body and undertake regular physical activity and are always healthy.

SHELDON’S TYPOLOGYEnvisaged by William Herbert Sheldon, an American

Psychologist.Sheldon assigned people into three categories Endomorphic,

Mesomorphic, and Ectomorphic.Ectomorphic: characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs

and low fat storage; usually referred to as slim. Ectomorphs are not predisposed to store fat or build muscle.

Mesomorphic: characterized by medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred to as muscular. Mesomorphs are predisposed to build muscle but not store fat.

Endomorphic: characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as fat. Endomorphs are predisposed to storing fat.

SPRENGER’S TYPOLOGY There are 5 types of Sprenger personalities – Theoretical, Economic, Aesthetic,

Political, Social & Religious. Economic personalities are very money-minded. All they think about is MONEY –

how to make more & more money. Stock-brokers are an example of this type. Theoretical personalities are always theory/fact oriented. All they think about are

FACTS/THEORIES. They are inquisitive by nature and try to always learn new things. Scientists are an example of this type.

Aesthetic personalities are always beauty-oriented. All they think about is BEAUTY. Painters are an example of this type.

Political personalities are always politics-oriented. All they think about is POLITICS. They always take part in political rallies/demonstrations and show keen interest in the political scenario of their country/the world.

Social personalities are always society-oriented. All they think about is SOCIETY. They always take part in issues concerning the social development and always think of the benefit of the society at large. Anna Hazare is an example of such a person.

Religious personalities are always religion-oriented. All they think about is RELIGION. They always take part in religious rallies and want to learn more about other religions.

MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)Psychometric questionnaire designed to measure

psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.

Originally developed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, during World War II.

MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, namely:

1.Extraverted(E) Vs Introverted (I) 2.Sensing(S) Vs Intuitive (N) 3.Thinking(T) Vs Feeling(F) 4.Judging(J) Vs Perceiving(P)

MBTI People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect,

then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion expend energy through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity.

The Individuals who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere”. They prefer to look for details and facts. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is more abstract or theoretical, that can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. They tend to trust those flashes of insight that seem to bubble up from the unconscious mind.

Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved.

Judging personalities want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured.Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITSFive broad domains or dimensions of human personality.The Big five factors are Openness, Conscientiousness,

Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN)Openness – Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual

ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. Conscientiousness – Tendency to show self-discipline, act

dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behaviour.

Extraversion - Tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.

Agreeableness – Tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.

Neuroticism – Tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.

OTHER MISC.PERSONALITY TYPESMachiavellianismNarcissmSelf-MonitoringRisk-TakingType A & Type BPro-ActiveHigh-Flyers

MISC. PERSONALITY TYPESMachiavellianism - Used to describe a person's tendency to

deceive and manipulate other people for their personal gain.Narcissism - Willingness to exploit others, and an inflated sense

of self-importance and selfishness.Self-Monitoring - Tendency to closely monitor oneself in order to

ensure appropriate or desired public appearances.Risk-Taking – Willingness to take chances, fully aware of the

consequences. Such people take quick decisions.Pro-Active - Anticipatory, change-oriented and self-initiated

behavior in the work place. Proactive behaviour involves acting in advance of a future situation, rather than just reacting. It means taking control and making things happen rather than just adjusting to a situation or waiting for something to happen.

High-Flyers – People with executive potential. They may take up critical leadership positions/roles.

TYPE A & TYPE B PERSONALITIESType A individuals are ambitious, aggressive,

business-like, controlling, highly competitive, impatient, preoccupied with his or her status and time-conscious. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics" who multi-task, push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence,which causes stress and an achievement-driven mentality.

Type B individuals are a perfect contrast to those with Type A personalities. People with Type B personalities are generally patient, relaxed, easy-going, and at times lacking a sense of urgency.

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITYDETERMINANTS OF

PERSONALITY

BIOLOGICAL OR INNATE

SOCIAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL

BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS Heredity Brain Physical features Glands( Thyroid, Adrenal, Pituitary,

Pineal etc.) Non hereditary biological factors: Food deprivation Drugs

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

I. First five years of lifeII. Home influenceIII. NeighbourhoodIV. SchoolV. Economic factorVI. Cultural factors

CONCLUSIONWe have thus seen the various types of

personalities.We have realised the importance of the

management making a correct assessment of an employee’s personality type.

Correct identification of the personality type will lead to both individual and organisational growth.

THANK YOU !!