RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

by

Project based Learning

Rajashri Dinkar Dahibhat & Priyanka Sampat Datir

Guide

Prof. Rajashri Bam

RAIN WATER HARVESTING RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMSYSTEM

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for

collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such as as more complex techniques such as underground check dams. underground check dams.

NEED OF RAIN WATER NEED OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMHARVESTING SYSTEM

   This is perhaps one of the most frequently asked question, as to why one should harvest rainwater. There are many reasons but following are some of the important ones. To arrest ground water decline and augment ground To beneficiate water quality in aquifers.To conserve surface water runoff during monsoon.To reduce soil erosionTo inculcate a culture of water conservation

DesignDesign Selected surface AreaSelected surface Area

Collection SystemCollection System

Storage systemStorage system

Design of storage tanksDesign of storage tanks

The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors: The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors: Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons, the greater Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons, the greater

the storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of fewer people under the storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of fewer people under the same roof area.the same roof area.

Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household based on Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household based on habits and also from season to season. Consumption rate has an impact on the habits and also from season to season. Consumption rate has an impact on the storage systems design as well as the duration to which stored rainwater can last.storage systems design as well as the duration to which stored rainwater can last.

Average annual rainfall Average annual rainfall Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of rainfall -Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of rainfall -

whether evenly distributed through the year or concentrated in certain periods will whether evenly distributed through the year or concentrated in certain periods will determine the storage requirement. The more distributed the pattern, the lesser the determine the storage requirement. The more distributed the pattern, the lesser the size.size.

Type and size of the catchment:Type of roofing material determines the selection Type and size of the catchment:Type of roofing material determines the selection of the runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by measuring the area of the runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by measuring the area covered by the catchment i.e., the length and horizontal width. Larger the covered by the catchment i.e., the length and horizontal width. Larger the catchment, larger the size of the required cistern (tank). catchment, larger the size of the required cistern (tank).

Dry season demand versus supply Dry season demand versus supply approachapproach

For determining the volume of storage: For determining the volume of storage: Matching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roofMatching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roof Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its

usersusers Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and

construction methods. construction methods. In practice the costs, resources and the construction methods tend to limit In practice the costs, resources and the construction methods tend to limit

the tanks to smaller capacities than would otherwise be justified by roof the tanks to smaller capacities than would otherwise be justified by roof areas or likely needs of consumers. For this reason elaborate calculations areas or likely needs of consumers. For this reason elaborate calculations aimed at matching tank capacity to roof area is usually unnecessary. aimed at matching tank capacity to roof area is usually unnecessary. However a simplified calculation based on the following factors can give a However a simplified calculation based on the following factors can give a rough idea of the potential for rainwater collection.rough idea of the potential for rainwater collection.

IllustrationIllustration

Suppose the system has to be designed for Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting drinking water requirement of a five-meeting drinking water requirement of a five-member family living in a building with a member family living in a building with a rooftop area of 100 sq. m. The average annual rooftop area of 100 sq. m. The average annual rainfall in the region is 600 mm (average rainfall in the region is 600 mm (average annual rainfall in Delhi is 611 mm). Daily annual rainfall in Delhi is 611 mm). Daily drinking water requirement per person drinking water requirement per person (drinking and cooking) is 10 litres.(drinking and cooking) is 10 litres.

Design procedure:Design procedure:

Following details are available:Following details are available:Area of the catchment (A) = 100 sq. m.Area of the catchment (A) = 100 sq. m.Average annual rainfall (R) = 611 mm (0.61 m)Average annual rainfall (R) = 611 mm (0.61 m)Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85 1.Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85 1.

1.1. Calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that can be Calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that can be harvested from the rooftop:harvested from the rooftop:Annual water harvesting potential = 100 x 0.6 x 0.85Annual water harvesting potential = 100 x 0.6 x 0.85                                               = 51 cu. m. (51,000 litres)                                               = 51 cu. m. (51,000 litres)

2.2. Determine the tank capacity:Determine the tank capacity: This is based on the dry period, i.e., the period between the This is based on the dry period, i.e., the period between the

two consecutive rainy seasons. two consecutive rainy seasons. For example, with a monsoon extending over four months, the For example, with a monsoon extending over four months, the

dry season is of 245 days.dry season is of 245 days.

3. Calculate drinking water requirement for the family 3. Calculate drinking water requirement for the family for the dry seasonfor the dry season         = 245 x 5 x 10        = 245 x 5 x 10        = 12,250 litres         = 12,250 litres

As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent larger than required, i.e., 14,700 litres. This tank can larger than required, i.e., 14,700 litres. This tank can meet the basic drinking water requirement of a 5-meet the basic drinking water requirement of a 5-member family for the dry period. A typical size of a member family for the dry period. A typical size of a rectangular tank constructed in the basement will be rectangular tank constructed in the basement will be about 4.0 m x 4.0 m x 1.0 mabout 4.0 m x 4.0 m x 1.0 m

Design of groundwater recharge Design of groundwater recharge structuresstructures

In places where the withdrawal of water is more than the rate of recharge In places where the withdrawal of water is more than the rate of recharge an imbalance in the groundwater reserves is created. Recharging of an imbalance in the groundwater reserves is created. Recharging of aquifers are undertaken with the following objectives: aquifers are undertaken with the following objectives:

To maintain or augment natural groundwater as an economic resourceTo maintain or augment natural groundwater as an economic resource To conserve excess surface water undergroundTo conserve excess surface water underground To combat progressive depletion of groundwater levels To combat progressive depletion of groundwater levels To combat unfavorable salt balance and saline water intrusion To combat unfavorable salt balance and saline water intrusion                 = 4.25 cu. m. (4,250 litres)= 4.25 cu. m. (4,250 litres) In designing a recharge trench, the length of the trench is an important In designing a recharge trench, the length of the trench is an important

factor. Once the required capacity is calculated, length can be calculated by factor. Once the required capacity is calculated, length can be calculated by considering a fixed depth and width. considering a fixed depth and width.

Design of an aquifer recharge systemDesign of an aquifer recharge system

The proper design will include the following considerations:The proper design will include the following considerations:

Selection of site:Selection of site: Recharge structures should be planned out after conducting proper hydro-Recharge structures should be planned out after conducting proper hydro-geological investigations. Based on the analysis of this data (already geological investigations. Based on the analysis of this data (already existing or those collected during investigation) it should be possible to:existing or those collected during investigation) it should be possible to: 1) Define the sub-surface geology. 1) Define the sub-surface geology.   2)Determine the presence or absence of impermeable layers or lenses   2)Determine the presence or absence of impermeable layers or lenses

that can impede percolationthat can impede percolation  3) Define depths to water table and groundwater flow directions   3) Define depths to water table and groundwater flow directions   4) Establish the maximum rate of recharge that could be achieved at   4) Establish the maximum rate of recharge that could be achieved at the the site.site.

Design of recharge structures and Design of recharge structures and settlement tanksettlement tank

For designing the optimum capacity of the tank, For designing the optimum capacity of the tank, the following parameters need to be the following parameters need to be considered:considered:

1.) Size of the catchment1.) Size of the catchment 2.) Intensity of rainfall 2.) Intensity of rainfall 3.) Rate of recharge, which depends on the 3.) Rate of recharge, which depends on the

geology of the sitegeology of the site

The capacity of the tankThe capacity of the tank The capacity of the tank should be enough to retain the runoff occurring The capacity of the tank should be enough to retain the runoff occurring

from conditions of peak rainfall intensity. The rate of recharge in from conditions of peak rainfall intensity. The rate of recharge in comparison to runoff is a critical factor. However, since accurate recharge comparison to runoff is a critical factor. However, since accurate recharge rates are not available without detailed geo-hydrological studies, the rates rates are not available without detailed geo-hydrological studies, the rates have to be assumed. The capacity of recharge tank is designed to retain have to be assumed. The capacity of recharge tank is designed to retain runoff from at least 15 minutes rainfall of peak intensity. (For Delhi, peak runoff from at least 15 minutes rainfall of peak intensity. (For Delhi, peak hourly rainfall is 90 mm (based on 25 year frequency) and 15 minutes peak hourly rainfall is 90 mm (based on 25 year frequency) and 15 minutes peak rainfall is 22.5 mm/hr, say, 25 mm, according to CGWB norms).rainfall is 22.5 mm/hr, say, 25 mm, according to CGWB norms).

IllustrationIllustrationFor an area of 100 sq. m.,For an area of 100 sq. m.,volume of desilting tank required in Delhi = 100 x 0.025 x 0.85 volume of desilting tank required in Delhi = 100 x 0.025 x 0.85                                                             = 2.125 cu. m. (2,125 litres)                                                            = 2.125 cu. m. (2,125 litres)

Design of a recharge trenchDesign of a recharge trench

The methodology of design of a recharge trench is similar to that for a The methodology of design of a recharge trench is similar to that for a settlement tank. The difference is that the water-holding capacity of a settlement tank. The difference is that the water-holding capacity of a recharge trench is less than its gross volume because it is filled with porous recharge trench is less than its gross volume because it is filled with porous material. A factor of loose density of the media (void ratio) has to be material. A factor of loose density of the media (void ratio) has to be applied to the equation. The void ratio of the filler material varies with the applied to the equation. The void ratio of the filler material varies with the kind of material used, but for commonly used materials like brickbats, kind of material used, but for commonly used materials like brickbats, pebbles and gravel, a void ratio of 0.5 may be assumed.pebbles and gravel, a void ratio of 0.5 may be assumed.

Using the same method as used for designing a settlement tank:Using the same method as used for designing a settlement tank:

Assuming a void ratio of 0.5, the required capacity of a recharge tank Assuming a void ratio of 0.5, the required capacity of a recharge tank         = (100 x 0.025 x 0.85)/0.5         = (100 x 0.025 x 0.85)/0.5

Ways of harvesting  rainwaterWays of harvesting  rainwater

Ways of harvesting  rainwaterWays of harvesting  rainwater Roof top rain water harvesting systemRoof top rain water harvesting system

Surface runoff rain water harvesting systemSurface runoff rain water harvesting system

Rainwater harvesting in SingaporeRainwater harvesting in Singapore

The average annual rainfall of Singapore is The average annual rainfall of Singapore is 2400 milimeters. Inspite of 50% of the 2400 milimeters. Inspite of 50% of the land area being used as a water land area being used as a water catchment, almost 40-50 percent of its catchment, almost 40-50 percent of its water requirement are imported.water requirement are imported.

Research and development Research and development workwork

Research and development work had been done forResearch and development work had been done for 1) Utilization of the roofs of high-rise buildings, 1) Utilization of the roofs of high-rise buildings, 2) Use of run-off from airports for non-potable uses,2) Use of run-off from airports for non-potable uses, 3) Integrated systems using the combined run-off from 3) Integrated systems using the combined run-off from

industrial industrial complexes, aquaculture farms and educational complexes, aquaculture farms and educational institutions. institutions.

Singapore has a rising demand for water and is on the lookout Singapore has a rising demand for water and is on the lookout for alternative sources and innovative methods of harvesting for alternative sources and innovative methods of harvesting water. water.

Rooftop water collection systemsRooftop water collection systems::1. Changi Airport:1. Changi Airport: Changi Airport system collects and treats rainwater, which Changi Airport system collects and treats rainwater, which

accounts for 28 to 33% of its total water used, resulting in accounts for 28 to 33% of its total water used, resulting in savings of approximately S$ 390,000 per annum. The potential savings of approximately S$ 390,000 per annum. The potential for using these rooftops as catchments are high. The system for using these rooftops as catchments are high. The system developed have been result of intensive research. A simple developed have been result of intensive research. A simple computer programmed was developed and monogram computer programmed was developed and monogram prepared relating the roof area, tank size and roof water prepared relating the roof area, tank size and roof water available. available.

1 .Changi Airport:1 .Changi Airport:

2. High Rise Buildings:2. High Rise Buildings: In this system implemented in a 15 storey building, the In this system implemented in a 15 storey building, the

collected roof water was diverted to two rainwater tanks and collected roof water was diverted to two rainwater tanks and the water was used only for flushing. The water quality was the water was used only for flushing. The water quality was acceptable in terms of color, turbidity and bacteriological acceptable in terms of color, turbidity and bacteriological content though the total solids and chloride levels were content though the total solids and chloride levels were marginally higher. A simple dual mode system was marginally higher. A simple dual mode system was incorporated in the collection tanks which were placed on the incorporated in the collection tanks which were placed on the roof of the building. An economic appraisal established that roof of the building. An economic appraisal established that there was an effective saving of 13.7% of the water. The cost there was an effective saving of 13.7% of the water. The cost of the rainwater was s$0.395 (us$0.25) per cubic meter (cum) of the rainwater was s$0.395 (us$0.25) per cubic meter (cum) as against the cost of potable water which was s$0.535 (us$ as against the cost of potable water which was s$0.535 (us$ 0.33). 0.33).

3. Urban Residential Area:3. Urban Residential Area: In an urban residential area of about 742 hectares In an urban residential area of about 742 hectares

having a total of 49,000 flats, rainwater harvesting having a total of 49,000 flats, rainwater harvesting was very effective. Using further modified computer was very effective. Using further modified computer programmed, it was possible to compute the volume programmed, it was possible to compute the volume of potable water to be pumped when there was no of potable water to be pumped when there was no stored rainwater and also determine the frequency of stored rainwater and also determine the frequency of such pumping. such pumping.

4. Capturing Urban Runoff:4. Capturing Urban Runoff: By 1986, the growing need for water led to the establishment By 1986, the growing need for water led to the establishment

of the lower Seletar-Bedok water scheme where almost nine of the lower Seletar-Bedok water scheme where almost nine per cent of the total land area was used. The most important per cent of the total land area was used. The most important feature of this scheme is that almost one-quarter of this feature of this scheme is that almost one-quarter of this catchment is in urban area having high rise buildings and catchment is in urban area having high rise buildings and industries and surface run-offs were subject to a wide verities industries and surface run-offs were subject to a wide verities of contaminants. Hence the control of the water pollution and of contaminants. Hence the control of the water pollution and relevant technologies were the main priorities of the scheme. relevant technologies were the main priorities of the scheme. The lower involved the damming of the Sungei Seletar The lower involved the damming of the Sungei Seletar estuary, which has a catchment area of 3200 ha, and forming estuary, which has a catchment area of 3200 ha, and forming of lower Seletar reservoir. The reservoirs are interconnected of lower Seletar reservoir. The reservoirs are interconnected and raw water from Bedok reservoir is treated to potable levels and raw water from Bedok reservoir is treated to potable levels before distribution. The rest of the catchment of 2,625 ha was before distribution. The rest of the catchment of 2,625 ha was primarily urban and both the runoffs are directed to Bedok primarily urban and both the runoffs are directed to Bedok reservoir. reservoir.

AdvantagesAdvantages Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to install and Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to install and

operate. operate. Local people can be easily trained to implement such Local people can be easily trained to implement such

technologies, and construction materials are also readily technologies, and construction materials are also readily available.available.

It is convenient in the sense that it provides water at the It is convenient in the sense that it provides water at the point of consumption, and family members have full point of consumption, and family members have full control of their own systems, which greatly reduces control of their own systems, which greatly reduces operation and maintenance problems.operation and maintenance problems.

Running costs, also, are almost negligible. Running costs, also, are almost negligible. Water collected from roof catchments usually is of Water collected from roof catchments usually is of

acceptable quality for domestic purposes. acceptable quality for domestic purposes.

It is collected using existing structures not specially It is collected using existing structures not specially constructed for the purpose.constructed for the purpose.

It has few negative environmental impacts compared to It has few negative environmental impacts compared to other water supply project technologies. other water supply project technologies.

Although regional or other local factors can modify the Although regional or other local factors can modify the local climatic conditions, rainwater can be a continuous local climatic conditions, rainwater can be a continuous source of water supply for both the rural and poor.source of water supply for both the rural and poor.

Depending upon household capacity and needs, both the Depending upon household capacity and needs, both the water collection and storage capacity may be increased as water collection and storage capacity may be increased as needed within the available catchment area.  needed within the available catchment area.  

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Disadvantages of rainwater harvesting technologies are mainly Disadvantages of rainwater harvesting technologies are mainly

due to the limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall. due to the limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall. Adoption of this technology requires a *bottom up* approach Adoption of this technology requires a *bottom up* approach

rather than the more usual *top down* approach employed in rather than the more usual *top down* approach employed in other water resources development projects.other water resources development projects.

This may make rainwater harvesting less attractive to some This may make rainwater harvesting less attractive to some governmental agencies tasked with providing water supplies in governmental agencies tasked with providing water supplies in developing countries, but the mobilization of local government developing countries, but the mobilization of local government and NGO resources can serve the same basic role in the and NGO resources can serve the same basic role in the development of rainwater-based schemes as water resources development of rainwater-based schemes as water resources development agencies in the larger, more traditional public development agencies in the larger, more traditional public water supply schemes. water supply schemes.

Tips to ensure quality of harvested rainTips to ensure quality of harvested rainFor high quality performance. Following aspects should be taken care For high quality performance. Following aspects should be taken care of: of:

Just before the arrival of monsoon, the rooftop/catchmet area has to be Just before the arrival of monsoon, the rooftop/catchmet area has to be cleaned properly.cleaned properly.

The roof outlet on the terrace should be covered with a mesh to prevent The roof outlet on the terrace should be covered with a mesh to prevent entry of leafs or other solid waste into the system. entry of leafs or other solid waste into the system.

The filter materials have to be either replaced or washed properly before The filter materials have to be either replaced or washed properly before the monsoon.the monsoon.

The diversion valve has to be opened for the first 5 to 10 minutes of rain to The diversion valve has to be opened for the first 5 to 10 minutes of rain to dispose off the polluted first flush.dispose off the polluted first flush.

All polluted water should be taken away from the recharge structures.All polluted water should be taken away from the recharge structures. The depth of bores (of recharge structures) shall be finalised depending on The depth of bores (of recharge structures) shall be finalised depending on

the actual site condition the actual site condition

Do's and Don'tsDo's and Don'ts

Harvested rainwater is used for direct usage or for recharging aquifers so Harvested rainwater is used for direct usage or for recharging aquifers so following precautionary measures should be taken while harvesting following precautionary measures should be taken while harvesting rainwater:- rainwater:- 

Roof or terraces uses for harvesting should be clean, free from dust, algal Roof or terraces uses for harvesting should be clean, free from dust, algal plants etc.plants etc.

Roof should not be painted since most paints contain toxic substances and Roof should not be painted since most paints contain toxic substances and may peel off.may peel off.

Do not store chemicals, rusting iron, manure or detergent on the roof.Do not store chemicals, rusting iron, manure or detergent on the roof. Nesting of birds on the roof should be prevented.Nesting of birds on the roof should be prevented. Terraces should not be used for toilets either by human beings or by pets.Terraces should not be used for toilets either by human beings or by pets. Provide gratings at mouth of each drainpipe on terraces to trap leaves Provide gratings at mouth of each drainpipe on terraces to trap leaves

debris and floating materials.debris and floating materials.

Do's and Don'tsDo's and Don'ts Provision of first rain separator should be made to flush off first rains.Provision of first rain separator should be made to flush off first rains. Do not use polluted water to recharge ground water.Do not use polluted water to recharge ground water. Ground water should only be recharged by rainwater.Ground water should only be recharged by rainwater. Before recharging, suitable arrangements of filtering should be provided.Before recharging, suitable arrangements of filtering should be provided. Filter media should be cleaned before every monsoon season.Filter media should be cleaned before every monsoon season. During rainy season, the whole system (roof catchment's, pipes, screens, During rainy season, the whole system (roof catchment's, pipes, screens,

first flush, filters, tanks) should be checked before and after each rain and first flush, filters, tanks) should be checked before and after each rain and preferably cleaned after every dry period exceeding a month.preferably cleaned after every dry period exceeding a month.

At the end of the dry season and just before the first shower of rain is At the end of the dry season and just before the first shower of rain is anticipated, the storage tank should be scrubbed and flushed off all anticipated, the storage tank should be scrubbed and flushed off all sediments and debris. sediments and debris.