BrasílicaRegular · Italic · Bold · Extrabold · Sans

Brasílica is a text typeface developed to the needs of bilingual publications in Portuguese and Brazilian indigenous languages. ¶ Named after lingua Brasilica, a language originated in the 17th century and used across indigenous and europeans, still spoken in northern Brazil.

Designed by Rafael Dietzsch

ä

ţb

y

ṹ

π

čΰ

ď

z

g

ήh

e

k

a

aß

þ

d

Spoken by minorities, most of the Brazilian indigenous languages are endangered and many of them require a specific set of diacrit-ics for the Latin alphabet not easily found on fonts commercially available. ¶ Taking this scenario into account, Brasílica provides an assortment of accented letters that supports particularities of many Brazilian native languages, as well as most of the European idioms that use the Latin script. ¶ As an addition, the Greek script was developed to harmonize with its Latin counterpart, although is perfectly suitable to be used on its own. ¶ The family also compris-es bold and italic weights for emphasis and a matching sans serif, which allows more flexibility and levels of hierarchy on document design. ¶ This is the beginning of a developement that hopely will grow in the near future, expanding its character set and language support, weights and styles.

A typeface with a tone

Brazilian languages

About the indigenous peoples in Brazil

Scholars agree that the oldest records of human presence in Brazil date from 11,000 years ago. The migrations of these populations from Asia reached North America by the Bering Strait and spread through the central and southern parts of the continent.

According to the 2010 census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, there are around 230 indigenous groups in Brazil. Among this population of 817,963 people, 38.5% live in cit-ies and 61.4% live in rural areas. These figures correspond to 0.42% of the total population of the country, even though millions of citizens have Amerindian ancestry. Great parts of the indigenous community live in collective lands delimited by the government for their exclu-sive use and known as the Indigenous Lands.

The indigenous population has largely decreased since the European colonisers arrived in the country. Before the colonisa-tion, more than 1000 different groups existed in Brazil, a population of between 2 and 4 million people. As factors for their extermination studies point to diseases introduced by the Europeans and the condi-tions of oppression to which they were submitted. Infections such as lung and venereal diseases, measles and smallpox exterminated half of the population in the first contact with the white men. There are records from the 16th century which report a situation when 40,000 natives, unwisely grouped by missionaries, were decimated leaving only 3000 survivors.

Regular, 10/14

About Brazilian indigenous languages

Portuguese is the official, but not the only, spoken language in Brazil. On the contrary, there are around 181 languages spoken by the indigenous people in the Brazilian territory. Before colo-nisation, the number of languages would have been around 1200. Furthermore, along the course of five centuries, the languages of the African slaves and of the European immigrants were also intro-duced. Only 34 native languages are well documented, 114 are par-tially documented and 23 are not documented at all.

Nowadays, 43 families of native languages can be identified in Brazil. Some of them are big groupings and others are composed of a single language, characterising the “isolated languages”. This iso-lation is due to the process of colonisation which exterminated the other languages of the same family. Although documentation ex-ists of specific families from past centuries, all the languages that belong to these families are extinct, meaning that the family is also extinct.

On the other hand, some linguistic families share very similar structural properties that can only be explained by a more remote common origin and which justifies a more comprehensive class, the linguistic stock. In Brazil, a well established stock, the Tupi, com-prises ten families and a second, the Macro-Jê, comprises 12 fami-lies. Many families are not part of any of these stocks and some are composed of only one language.

Brazil is characterised by a great linguistic plurality: a great number of languages for a population of low-density. Tikuna, for instance, is the language with the greatest number of speakers, around 30,000. More than 76% of the languages are spoken by pop-ulations of less the 1000 people. Therefore, the documentation and preservation of these languages has a sense of urgency, taking into account that nowadays, as a general concern, endangered languages are that ones spoken by a population of less than 100,000 people.

From the phonetical, phonological and grammatical point of view, there are remarkable and unique characteristics about the in-digenous languages in Brazil. These characteristics include: lan-guages with an abundant number of phonemes, as well as the lan-

guage with probably the lowest number of phonemes in the world; sounds not observed anywhere else in the world; and uncommon and singular grammatical structures.

Furthermore, it is important to highlight the occurrence of more than one lingua franca spoken in different periods and localities in Brazil, the “General Languages”. This is the case of Tupinambá, which, in the 16th and 17th centuries, was spoken along the enor-mous extension of the Brazilian coast and was the predominant lan-guage in the contact between the Portuguese and the natives. Many of these Portuguese settlers were single men who had children with native women, Tupinambá being the mother tongue of these children. In order to communicate with other native peoples, the Portuguese relied on indigenous interpreters.

Two different General Languages were used during the co-lonial period: Língua Geral Paulista (Paulista: from São Paulo) and Nheengatu or Língua Geral Amazônica (Amazônica: from the Amazon). The first has its origins in the language spoken by the Tupi natives from the region of the actual São Paulo state and in the 17th century was used by the bandeirantes that explored the inlands of Brazil. The latter originated from the Tupinambá between the 17th and 18th centuries at the actual states of Maranhão and Pará in the North and is still in use nowadays in the Amazon.

In 2002, Nheengatu, jointly with Baniwa and Tukano, was for-malised as an official language at the city council of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, in the extreme Northwest of Brazil.

References

CUNHA, Rodrigo Bastos, 2008. Políticas de línguas e educação escolar indígena no Brasil. Educar em Revista [online] ISA. Povos Indígenas no Brasil [online] RIBEIRO, Darcy, 1995. O povo brasileiro: a formação e o sentido do Brasil. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras RODRIGUES, Aryon Dall’Igna, 1970. Línguas ameríndias. In: Grande Enciclopédia Delta-Larousse. Rio de Janeiro: Delta ――――, 1986. Línguas brasileiras: para o conhecimento das línguas indígenas. São Paulo: Loyola ――――, 2001. A originalidade das línguas indígenas brasileiras. ComCiência [online] ――――, 2005. Sobre as línguas indígenas e sua pesquisa no Brasil. Ciência e Cultura [online]

Heavy shoulders that stress the horizontality of the typeface.

Design features

With open counters and wide proportions, Brasílica assimilates influences both from old style and modern types, with a lot of personality. While the presence of the humanist axis ensures comfort to reading, its moderate contrast and robust serifs make it suitable to different conditions of printing. The sharp corners, as well as the abrupt connections and terminals are remarkable features of this typeface, that renders a sturdy and crispy texture, with a distinct aspect.

Cuts that help to increase contrast and the depth of the incisions.

The effect of expansion in the end of the strokes is an interesting feature, showing oldstyle and modern structural characteristics.

Sharp connections on the joining of the stems with the serifs, both slightly bent.

Sharp and strong terminals, slightly curved.

Corners, a feature that emphasise the humanist axis.

Terminals that share similarities across diferent letters.

Structural similarities across styles and scripts

hnauv

hηαυν

hnauv

Much of Brasílica was based on the calligraphic principle of the broad-nib pen, a feature that can be noticed across styles and is more evident in the italic, inspired by humanistic cursive models. Besides that, all the styles share similarities such as a strong horizontality and sharp terminals.

As Greek lowercase letters are not supposed to have foot serifs, something must be done in the end of the strokes to make things look uniform, respecting the nature of the script. Many of this features were borrowed from the italic, as can be seen in the comparison between the Latin n and the Greek eta. In terms of constructive principles, the Greek script in this typeface lies somewhere between the Latin upright and italic styles.

Latin a and Greek alpha have distinct shapes, to differentiate each script according to its own peculiarities. The same happens with other Greek letters like upsilon and nu, that resembles the Latin u and v respectively.

alpha

eta

regular italic sans

upsilon

nu

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψω ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΪΫ ΐάέήίΰϊϋόύώ

ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞĀĂĄĆĈĊČĎĐĒĔĖĘĚĜĞĠĢĤĦĨĪĮİIJĴĶĹĻĽĿŁŃŅŇŌŎŐŒŔŖŘŚŜŞŠŢŤŦŨŪŬŮŰŲŴŶŸŹŻŽȘȚẀẂẄẼĬƗṸɄỸ

àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïñòóôõöøùúûüýÿāăąćĉċčďđēĕėęěĝğġģĥħĩīįıijĵķĺļľŀłńņňʼnōŏőœŕŗřśŝşšţťŧũūŭůűųŵŷźżžșțȷẁẃẅĭẽɨṹʉỹßðþĸſ `¨̄´¸ˆˇˉ˘˙˚˛˜˝ư

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fl ffi ffl ff fi

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LATIN

GREEK

EXTENDED LATIN

GLYPHS FOR BRAZILIAN LANGUAGES

LIGATURES

NUMERALS

PUNCTUATION AND SYMBOLS

MATH SORTS

Character Repertoire

Brasílica Regular, 11pt.

ABCDEFGHIJK LMNOPQRSTU VWXYZÆŒØÞabcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyzßðåçđěğħïłñōŗśűŷż����������&@{[(¶*«•»./;|­!?)]}#+/<>^≤≥°×÷≠Brasílica Regular, 48pt.

After the above processed, the erva-mate may be brewed. If the straw was inserted into dry

leaves, the mate must first be filled once with cool water as above, then be allowed to absorb

it completely (which generally takes no more than two minutes). Treating the leaves with

cool water before the addition of hot water is essential, as it protects the erva-mate from be-

ing scalded and from the chemical breakdown of some of its desirable nutrients. Hot water

may then be added by carefully pouring it, as with the cool water before, into the cavity op-

posite the leaves, until it reaches almost to the top of the gourd when the erva-mate is fully

Kid Mumuπορτογαλικά: Português

mancomunare

china quälen lager

oceanariumΝαμίμπια και την Παραγουάη

unanime huldigen

REGULAR

BOLD

EXTRABOLD

ITALIC

SANS

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Weights and styles

Brasílica comprises a range of weights and styles developed to allow more possibilities to document design. Italic and Bold were originally conceived to be used for emphasis in a block of text set in the Regular weight. The Extrabold is useful to highlight information with more stress and create hierarchy in a document. The sans-serif, initially planned as an auxiliary face, proved to have life on its own.

Dak� ena lakaTanmamte nole metxi, man mïget omorï woknopop

 ÑEHKɄSɄMɄANHEMONOONGA SUI IGARA PUPÊ PAUM MONHANGA TATÁ MOYCU

wenʉkanow� karaxu wãʼẽ dak�ta, suyãhã wãbi da iya awi sehaha

THËKƗPËÃ HĨRĨMUUBueiñare nia. Ama, iñabese, saiña tiya apeye woritire piseri

�h� makii napë thããxoÜxü hexüãkaĩ Hãi nupulukahuwepe-eu weku. ẽhe atu pupukahuweniu

ãataw� �utsiuvorengarekokuaápe

Brazilian indigenous languages, text samples

¶ GUARANI Ko jehecha kóva niko ohechaukaitévoi ñandéve pe ñasêvo ñande jehegui ha jaha mombyryete, ñanderesaraípaha opa mbaʼe oîva ñande jeréregui haʼetehánte avei jakéva ha nañañangarekovéi mbaʼevére. Ko ñemonguʼepa kóva niko ogueru ondive heta ñemoambue ñane vorengarekokuaápe guarâ. ¶ GUARANI-KAIOWA Kovaʼe oheka ojapo pyahu jevy omombeʼu hagwã teʼýi kwẽry reko-rehe. Ndahaʼevéi-ma ojuru rupi ouhemombeʼu vaʼerã, há omombeʼu porá haguã, gwemimombeʼu ao teʼyi remiʼmoude yna vaʼekwe ondaipori-gwi ohái kwaa vaʼe ndojeháiry vaʼe kwe teʼyi kwévy rekoha rehegwa upéa rupi nonhe. ¶ IKPENG Pïrïngopnole morenmapnoptxi, kerup mien man omorï wongna, putek ewïnpïn man mien omu ewrïpe mien, kerup mwot man petkom, menamtït man tutporoge. Tanmamte nole metxi, man mïget omorï woknopop. ¶ KAIABI Jasiuũ ‘wira yupawa pype roʼyaiwa rerekwara. Isĩ mukuu maʼeramũ. Aʼeramũ ‘ya opytaw ojemongyaw aʼe pype nanenũ itywamu. Wupiʼa manuruka yupaʼwi pype. Arata pype nanenũ wupiʼa manurugi saʼã ‘y jemongyramu ipype teerũĩ ijemongyi kaʼaʼwyre kwaete pewe futat ijemongyi. Tapyʼỹjã wyripe jaw. Ajeeʼã na jue jue ete futat roʼyaiwa. ¶ MEHINAKU Ükahü üwekehünãu ia pai nakai ükahü kuhã. Üxü hexüãkaĩ, küxumapü, tulũtü, wananaĩ ükahü ia küna pai nakai ükahü kuhã. Kuxüma inipiu üxü weruyá pai hã, iukakepei küxu inihitxutümapü kata muh� pai hã, ünehetse kata tulũtü. ¶ NHEENGATU Aicoreme teapu jaky sapo pupé baê onhengara pituna bo. Oatassaba ojepotámo igapucábo popyatã. Assapyá nheranacábo xeretaetê aan amoiirê, apu cuaba aicoreme apó baê, nhemonoonga sui igara pupê paum monhanga tatá moycu breu oiucikináu rainha baê. Moputuna atãrupi opá. ¶ SUYA Nẽn kê, wa mbet na kwê wa re ajmẽ mã wa wi kẽ me, ngô kãm wa hrõjẽ me wa twârâ me itadjê. Ne nhy kê wa re ajkrákatxi me wa re ajmẽn ndo wa káptĩ me itadjê. Nhyrỹ ran kwê wa mberi. Nẽn kê wa re ngô nhõ ra kê kãm wa kĩnĩ. ¶ TUKANO Pehkasaye diakʉ merã marĩ buekamirãta, marĩ ñehkʉsʉmʉa, pahkʉsʉmʉa, mahsisere siape merã ahkoborã wesa nirã atiro wenʉkanow�. Mahsã wiorã, mahkari kahrã, mahsã kurari, dahsea, wirã, neroã, peorã, nerẽkea ukũnow�. ¶ TUYUKA Atie ʉsã bue tiñarige niw�, bapakeo kenokũwʉ atipi woritiripi Bekara kʉã suaripire. Bueiñare nia. Ama, iñabese, saiña tiya apeye woritire piseri, apeye padera kʉã suarigere. Siro bapakeo bue kenokũ tiya añure wori suakameyʉoarige wʉpirĩ nipetire. ¶ WAUJA Hãi nupulukahuwepe-eu weku. ẽhe atu pupukahuweniu. H�na, punupa yamukutai iya kalaka atat�g�u, kalakata atat� ahanap�tãi, yesixa, punupa, putaw� �uwiu, patuwa teme ãataw� �utsiu, putapata �u atui. ¶ XAVANTE Ãhã itepãiwatsi hã daʼama itisiwãriʼwada hã, dadzépuʼu na romhuriʼwa nori ama, aʼuwe romhuriʼwa nori ama, duré dama romhuriʼwa ‘wa nori te aiʼ uté höiba na iromhuri dzaʼra mono. ¶ YANOMAMA �h� makii napë thããxo, yanomama thããxo thëkɨpëã hĩrĩmuu kuwë totihiimi yaro, ai napë yama thãã yanomamapramaɨ tëhë, yama thë xĩrõ wapama kutayonɨ, ai wamakɨnɨ hei thëkɨpëã weano wei wama sikɨ taaɨ tëhë, yamakɨ kanasi yakëhë taari tëhë, ai wama thãã waato totihi hĩrĩpuu. ¶ YUDJA Sudade iya bitïhu anu dakïĩ si xaa ibïibïta, ĩ esi ipaʼi epa txade ĩmïnamïna te, ĩ karaxu wãʼẽ dak�ta, suyãhã wãbi da iya awi sehaha anu ĩ karaxu ta. Dak� ena laka pïtxikaka, laka de kade ena kaneaʼua djua. Dak� ena abï wãʼẽ karaxu, parata, kaneku ĩ xaa abï idjuaha ibïibïtabïta. Idjaa kade ena kaneaʼua.

FærøbådPříliš žluťoučký kůň úpěl ďábelské ódy

Hei thëkɨpëãHeizölrückstoßabdämpfung

Räksmörgås ζαφείρι δέξου πάγκαλοSævör grét áðan því úlpan var ónýt

BlåbærsyltetøyŞişli'de büyük çöp yığınları

ñehkʉsʉmʉaPäťtýždňové vĺčatá nervózne štekajú na môjho ďatľa v tŕní

Törkylempijävongahdus

Language support

CATALAN Jove xef, porti whisky amb quinze glaçons d'hidrogen, coi! CROATIAN Gojazni đačić s biciklom drži hmelj i finu vatu u džepu nošnje. CZECH Červený střízlíček a špinavá žlůva ďobali šťavnaté ocúny. DANISH Høj bly gom vandt fræk sexquiz på wc. DUTCH Max boft: z'n vrouw is qua type degelijk. ENGLISH Mostly Maui Waui man, but it's got some Labrador in it. ESTONIAN Põdur Zagrebi tšellomängija-följetonist Ciqo külmetas kehvas garaažis. FILIPINO Ang buko ay para sa tao dahil wala nang pwedeng mainom na gatas.FINNISH Albert osti fagotin ja töräytti puhkuvan melodian. FRENCH Monsieur Jack, vous dactylographiez bien mieux que votre ami Wolf.WEST FRISIAN Alve bazige froulju wachtsje op dyn komst. GERMAN Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den großen Sylter Deich. GREEK Τάχιστη αλώπηξ βαφής ψημένη γη, δρασκελίζει υπέρ νωθρού κυνός.HUNGARIAN Egy hűtlen vejét fülöncsípő, dühös mexikói úr Wesselényinél mázol Quitóban.ICELANDIC Svo hölt, yxna kýr þegði jú um dóp í fé á bæ. INDONESIAN Muharjo seorang xenofobia universal yang takut pada warga jazirah.ITALIAN Quel vituperabile xenofobo zelante assaggia il whisky ed esclama: alleluja!LATIN Sic fugiens, dux, zelotypos, quam Karus haberis. LATVIAN Muļķa hipiji turpat brīvi mēģina nogaršot celofāna žņaudzējčūsku.LITHUANIAN Įlinkdama fechtuotojo špaga sublykčiojusi pragręžė apvalų arbūząNORWEGIAN Jeg begynte å fortære en sandwich mens jeg kjørte taxi på vei til quizPOLISH Jeżu klątw, spłódź Finom część gry hańb! PORTUGUESE Ele é um pouco maluquete. Foi pro Vietnã e voltou de lá todo esquisitão.ROMANIAN Muzicologă în bej vând whisky și tequila, preț fix. SCOTTISH GAELIC Mus d'fhàg Cèit-Ùna ròp Ì le ob. SERBIAN Gojazni đačić s biciklom drži hmelj i finu vatu u džepu nošnje. SLOVAK Kŕdeľ ďatľov učí koňa žrať kôru.SLOVENIAN Hišničin bratec vzgaja polže pod fikusom. SPANISH Es extraño mojar queso en la cerveza o probar whisky de garrafa. SWEDISH Flygande bäckasiner söka hwila på mjuka tuvor. TURKISH Fahiş bluz güvencesi yağdırma projesi çöktü.

Η Βραζιλία (πορτ. Brasil), ή επίσημα η Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Βραζιλίας (República Federativa do Brasil) είναι η μεγαλύτερη και πολυπληθέστερη χώρα της Λατινικής Αμερικής, στη Νότια Αμερική. Επίσης, είναι η πέμπτη μεγαλύτερη σε έκταση χώρα στον κόσμο, και πέμπτη σε πληθυσμό. Καλύπτει μια τεράστια έκταση μεταξύ των Άνδεων και του Ατλαντικού ωκεανού, ενώ συνορεύει με όλες τις χώρες της Νότιας Αμερικής, εκτός από τη Χιλή και το Εκουαδόρ. Διαδοχικά, και από νότο προς βορρά, συνορεύει με την Ουρουγουάη, την Αργεντινή, την Παραγουάη, τη Βολιβία, το Περού, την Κολομβία, τη Βενεζουέλα, τη Γουιάνα, το Σουρινάμ και τη Γαλλική Γουιάνα.

Η Πορτογαλική γλώσσα (πορτογαλικά: Português) είναι ρο-μανική γλώσσα της ινδοευρωπαϊκής γλωσσικής οικογένειας. Εμφανίστηκε στη σημερινή Γαλικία (Ισπανία) και τη βόρεια Πορτογαλία. Είναι η επίσημη γλώσσα στην Πορτογαλία, αλλά και σε οχτώ ακόμα χώρες που είναι πρώην πορτογαλι-κές αποικίες. ¶ Είναι η δεύτερη από τις ρομανικές γλώσσες από άποψη αριθμού ομιλητών, μετά την Ισπανική γλώσσα. Με 200 εκατομμύρια ομιλητές τα Πορτογαλικά είναι η έκτος πλέον ομιλούμενη γλώσσα στον κόσμο και η δεύτερη από τις λατινογενείς γλώσσες. Αποτελεί επίσης βάση κρεολών γλωσσών. Η Βραζιλία είναι η πολυπληθέστερη πορτογαλό-φωνη χώρα. ¶ Γεωγραφική κατανομή Η πορτογαλική γλώσσα είναι η επίσημη γλώσσα του Ανατολικού Τιμόρ, της Ανγκόλα, της Βραζιλίας, της Γουινέα-Μπισσάου, της Μοζαμβίκης, της Πορτογαλίας, του Πράσινου Ακρωτηρίου, του Σάο Τομέ και Πρίγκιπας, μαζί με την κινεζική του Μακάο (Κίνα) και μαζί με την τέτουμ του Ανατολικού Τιμόρ. Μιλιέται ευρέως χωρίς να είναι επίσημη στην Ανδόρρα, το Λουξεμβούργο, τη Ναμίμπια και την Παραγουάη (στην τελευταία χώρα υπάρχουν 112.520 φυσικοί ομιλητές της γλώσσας σύμφωνα με την απογραφή του 2002). Κρεολές γλώσσες με βάση την πορτογαλική είναι οι μη-τρικές γλώσσες στο Πράσινο Ακρωτήριο και τη Γουινέα-Μπισ-σάου. Στο Πράσινο Ακρωτήριο οι περισσότεροι μιλούν και την πρότυπο πορτογαλική και το επίπεδο γνώσης της γλώσσας είναι σαν να ήταν μητρική.

ΠΟΡΤΟΓΑΛΙΚΗ ΓΛΩΣΣΑ

Regular, 9/12

Acknowledgements

Rafael Dietzsch is a type designer and typographer based in Brasília, Brazil. Before attending the MATD program, he studied graphic design at the University of Brasília, where he also worked as a lecturer and researcher. In the last 10 years, he has been designing identities, publications and album covers.

www.rafaeldietzsch.comrafael.dietzsch@gmail.com

I would like to express my gratitude to:

Gerry Leonidas, Fiona Ross, Gerard Unger, Victor Gaultey, Michael Twyman, James Mosley and all visiting lecturers.

Aline, Arthur, João, Zeni and Laura, my lovely family

All my classmates and colleagues.

Fernando Mathias, Instituto Socioambiental Susana Guimarães, Ministério da Educação, BrasilPablo Cosgaya, Universidad de Buenos AiresHenrique Nardi, André MayaCarolina Giovagnoli, Huerta TipográficaRaquel Guirardello and Sebastian Drude, Museu Emilio GoeldiLaboratório de Línguas Indígenas, Universidade de Brasília

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Typeface Design Department of Typography and Graphic Communication The University of Reading, UK June 2012