MS Nepal - Radio Lumbini partnership programme

who is listening?

Radio Lumbini audience survey

Table of contents

SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................................2

FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................4

1. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................6

1.1 SAMPLE SIZE AND SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS .................................................................................6 1.2 DESIGN OF QUESTIONNAIRE AND COLLECTION OF DATA.....................................................................6

2. PEOPLE’S USAGE OF MEDIA ............................................................................................................8

2.1 INFORMATION ABOUT LOCAL ISSUES....................................................................................................8 2.2 USAGE OF MEDIA.................................................................................................................................12

2.2.1 Television.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2.2 Newspaper ...................................................................................................................................14 2.2.3 Internet.........................................................................................................................................15

3. USAGE OF RADIO................................................................................................................................18

3.1 CONSUMPTION.....................................................................................................................................19 3.2 RECEPTION AND QUALITY OF SIGNAL.................................................................................................22 3.3 PREFERENCE OF RADIO STATION ........................................................................................................22 3.4 PREFERENCE OF RADIO PROGRAMS ....................................................................................................25 3.5 PROGRAMS BROADCASTED BY RUPANDEHI RADIO STATIONS...........................................................27

3.5.1 Local news, local reports and community affairs .....................................................................27 3.5.2 National news ..............................................................................................................................28 3.5.3 International news.......................................................................................................................29 3.5.4 Educational programs ................................................................................................................30 3.5.5 Music programs ..........................................................................................................................32

4. RADIO LUMBINI LISTENERS COMPOSITION ..........................................................................34

4.1 WHO LISTENS TO RADIO LUMBINI......................................................................................................34 4.2 PEOPLE NOT LISTENING TO RADIO LUMBINI ......................................................................................36 4.3 CONSUMPTION.....................................................................................................................................37 4.4 PERCEPTION OF RADIO PROGRAMS .....................................................................................................39

4.4.1 The popular programs ................................................................................................................40 4.4.2 The unpopular programs ............................................................................................................43 4.4.3 The unknown programs ..............................................................................................................45 4.4.4 MS Nepal supported radio programs ........................................................................................46

4.5 SUGGESTED CHANGES FROM LISTENERS ............................................................................................50 4.6 LISTENERS’ RELATIONSHIP WITH RADIO LUMBINI ............................................................................51

5. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................54

6. RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................56

2

Summary From the perspective of Radio Lumbini, this survey pursues to find out to

what extent the common perception is viable that radio is the most popular

and useful media to disseminate information media in rural communities. At

the time the data for the survey was collected, media in Nepal experienced

severe suppression from the royal regime. It is therefore no surprise when

the survey concludes mouth to mouth still is the most important mean of

communication on local issues among the large majority although a very high

number of people trust the information from the media. The fact that most

stories are told from mouth to mouth allows rumours easily to flourish

although the likelihood increases people will search additional information or

discuss it with others for triangulation, as they get more educated.

The literate, people in the urban areas, as well as most mainstream media

speak in Nepali and people in this language group are to a large extent

satisfied with their access to - and representation in the media. Half the

population in Radio Lumbini’s home district Rupandehi, however, has Bhojpuri

as their mother tongue, and is an idiom together with the languages Tharu

and Awadi commonly spoken in the lower belt of Nepal, Terai. The survey

concludes these communities remain largely outside the reach of the media.

Radio Lumbini seems not to sufficiently have embraced the Bhojpuri

community, which is why a large proportion of listeners from this language

group tune into Rupandehi FM, which has a larger selection of programs

available for this community, news and educational programs included. The

survey provides data that challenges and to some degree also contradicts the

Bhojpuri community’s ‘hostile’ position towards Radio Lumbini as Bhojpuri is

the language group, which has the highest ownership feeling of Radio Lumbini

and is also the language group, which has expressed most interest to become

more involved with Radio Lumbini.

The Tharu community, which has close cultural ties with the Bhojpuri

language community, are committed listeners of Radio Lumbini and prefers

its local news and educational programs. Tharu people not listening to Radio

Lumbini is likely because they do not know of Radio Lumbini.

A large proportion from the Bhojpuri and Tharu communities also belongs to

the uneducated segment of Nepal as well as many from these populations

work as labourers. For these people are television, newspaper and the

internet hardly an option available and only 50-60 percent have a radio

receiver in their home. Although Radio Lumbini is talented in attracting

uneducated listeners compared to the other radio stations, the findings of the

survey give indications that the radio programs of Radio Lumbini has limited

appeal to listeners with no or little education. The fact the uneducated

segment has many people not knowing of Radio Lumbini and/or limited

ownership feeling of Radio Lumbini makes it challenging to establish points of

encounter with this group of people. Although the survey concludes one of

Radio Lumbini’s assets compared to other radio stations is their educational

program, the uneducated people have preference for Rupandehi FM when it

comes to educational programs.

The survey concludes Radio Lumbini’s strengths are its programs attracting

educated listeners age 20 to 39, its balanced composition of male and female

listeners, its news programs for the Nepali and Tharu communities, as well as

its educational and folk music programs. Another of Radio Lumbini’s strengths

3

is the fact it is deeply rooted in its community as a noticeable high proportion

of society has ownership feeling of Radio Lumbini and more than half of the

respondents expressed interest in becoming more involved in the work of

Radio Lumbini, in particular through the listener clubs.

Radio Lumbini’s challenge is to expand or change its programs to sustain the

children/teenage listeners and to truly penetrate the excluded groups

currently outside the reach of media. The findings of the survey indicates

there is a linkage between the fact programs targeted for marginalised

groups in large are unknown and these groups of people have expressed

most interest in becoming more involved with Radio Lumbini.

4

Foreword and acknowledgements Generally, there is a widespread perception that radio is the most popular and

suitable media in Nepal in particularly the rural communities due to high

levels of illiteracy, the many different languages, and a radio receiver’s

comparatively cheap price. But is it true? We actually have only little

knowledge on hand about citizens’ media usage; if people prefer radio

compared to other media, if radio is seen as a reliable source of information,

what programs people prefer, if the programs meet their needs and

expectations, and what the listeners actually do with the information they

receive.

The survey is conducted within the MS Nepal – Radio Lumbini partnership

programme, and its objective is to provide Radio Lumbini (RL) a platform to

carry out their operations, in terms of:

• Ability to develop radio programs that meet people’s needs and

expectations,

• Providing criteria for distribution of listening equipment and

opening of new listener clubs in areas according to needs and

demands, and

• MS as well as other donors can measure the impact of their support

to RL.

As the statistical material generated in the survey is immense, choices and

priorities have been made by the author to narrow down the scope of the vast

material. Although what might have been stated and concluded in this report,

fortunately a society remains much richer and complex than the percentages

in the statistics can show. The reader is therefore also requested to take all

necessary precautions and only read the material in the survey as ideas and

suggestions as to how RL can become even more an inclusive community

radio.

The structure of the report is as follows. The following chapter 1 will describe

the methodology used in the survey. Chapter 2 will outline people’s usage of

media, and chapter 3 will focus on people’s usage of media. Chapter 4 is an

in-depth analysis of RL and its listeners’ listening habits, and chapter 5

concludes the report. Finally, chapter 6 will outline the recommendations

from the findings in the survey. A number of annexes can be found at the end

of the report.

Before proceeding with the report itself, some acknowledgements should be

mentioned. The accomplishment of the survey would not have been possible

if people along the path would not have been contributing. The former

coordinator of the RL Listener Club Unit, Durga Aryal, was giving a valuable

contribution, helping in the initial phase of the survey in the preparation and

coordination of the collection of data. Umesh Rijal, head of the Department

for Sociology, Geography and Population studies at Bhairahawa Multiple

Campus, was very kind and supportive in coordinating the student’s field

visits for the collection of data. All the forty students from Bhairahawa

Multiple Campus collecting the data should also be recognised. Yamkala and

Radhika are two volunteers of RL and should also be appreciated as they did

the hard work processing all the questionnaires in SPSS software. And finally

Goma Ghimire, the new coordinator of the RL Listener Club Unit, was kind in

5

assisting analysing all the raw data and did together with Sharda Gaire and

Shyam Basyal, social mobilisors at the RL Listener Club Unit, the teeny-weeny

work mapping the reception and quality of signal in annex 7. Also thanks to

them.

Jacob Thorsen

Community radio advisor to MS Nepal-Radio Lumbini partnership programme

October 2006

6

1. Methodology This chapter introduces the methodology used in the survey and how

respondents have been selected, how the questionnaire has been designed,

and how data has been collected and processed.

1.1 Sample size and selection of respondents

The sample size of the audience survey is 1,529 people from the coverage

area of RL. RL management was initially provided a complete list (annex 3)

with the names of all the VDC’s in the districts of Rupandehi, Kapilbastu,

Palpa, Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, Nawalparasi and Chitwan. From this list 193

VDC’s were selected, assuming the broadcasting signal of RL potentially can

reach these areas. In numbers 1,540,797 people live in the coverage area of

RL.

Two criteria were set for the proportional selection of respondents (annex 8):

I. Geography, including number of people in the districts/VDC’s, and

II. The socio economic characteristics of the RL broadcasting area, defined

in the survey as: gender, age, ethnicity/caste and mother tongue.

The 2001 census published in the “District Development Profile of Nepal

2004” by Informal Sector Research & Study Centre (www.isrsc.org) is used to

set the benchmarks for the selection of respondents. As for the first criteria

the actual collected data from the defined respondents is accurate and with

only minor variation compared to the set benchmarks.

In terms of the second criteria, inaccuracy is found compared to the set

benchmarks. The overall accuracy is 74.5 percent (annex 1) and the largest

variation is seen in the following segments:

• Ethnicity/caste Brahman 171 too many,

• Gender male 162 too many,

• Gender female 135 too few,

• Age 60+ years 111 too few, and

• Age 20-24 years 101 too many.

The inaccuracy tilts the result and gives a distorted picture, not fully reflecting

the pluralistic reality of the RL broadcasting area. This happened although the

researchers were instructed to carefully select the respondents (annex 6).

The way the statistics is used in the survey, however, will balance the

inaccuracy.

1.2 Design of questionnaire and collection of data

A questionnaire containing a total of 56 questions was initially drafted in

English (annex 4) and subsequently discussed and adjusted for subsequent

approval by RL management. Finally, the questionnaire was translated into

Nepali (annex 5).

40 students from Bhairahawa Multiple Campus, Department of Sociology,

Geography and Population studies were prepared to go into the field as

researchers with the questionnaires. The period for the collection of data was

in 2005 from July to August in Rupandehi district and October to November in

the neighbouring districts. After the collection of data, the data was processed

into SPSS statistical software for computerised analysis.

7

60 questionnaires were randomly checked after processing the data. Out of

the 56 questions many mistakes were found in the processing of questions

number 46 and 49. These questions have been left out of the analysis. In

question number 6, one of the time options (5PM to 8PM) was for some

reason left out in the Nepali questionnaire. The question has, however,

remained in the survey but the mistake has to be kept in mind when reading

the report.

When data subsequently was analysed, clusters of respondents with less than

20 answers are left out of the analysis. This has sometimes been done when

analysing data from ethnic minorities and small language groups, for

example, as collected data from these segments at times are insignificant in

numbers. Including their data in the survey would in some cases have made

the tables disproportional.

In the period the data was collected, Nepal experienced severe suppression

by the royal regime on media and other democratic forces, including various

media ordinances striving to control the media. At that time news and

information was banned from the radio stations, which obviously also has

influenced the survey as there are a number of questions related to news and

likeminded topics. This is also quite clear in the answers people give to the

questions related to these issues, and has to be taking into account by the

reader. It will also be discussed in greater details later in the report.

8

2. People’s usage of media From this chapter and onwards the findings from the survey will be

presented. This chapter will outline how people obtain information about local

issues and describe peoples’ usage of the various media available: television,

newspaper and the internet. The usage of the radio will be dealt with

separately in the following chapter.

2.1 Information about local issues

Nepal does not have a long history of free and independent media. After the

introduction of democracy in 1990, independent radio stations, television and

newspapers started to mushroom and has ever since been an important

ingredient in assisting people framing their perception of the world.

A variety of media is accessible in RL’s broadcasting area, Rupandehi district.

Four radio stations, three cable television operators, eleven newspapers and

internet in urban areas is available.

Yes 92.9% No 7.1%

Table 1: Trust in information from media. 1,416 respondents.

According to findings a remarkable high percentage trusts the information

they get from the media. A quite high number if we take into consideration

independent media was severely challenged at the time the data for the

survey was collected. In the survey we asked people what their main source

of information on local issues is.

Friends and family 55.4%

Newspaper 23.1% Television 10.0%

Radio 9.5% Internet 1.0%

Table 2: People’s main source of information about local issues. 1,434 respondents.

Stories, news and rumours from friends and families still are the most

important source of information for more than half of the respondents.

Among the media options available, newspaper is the most used source,

whereas only 10 percent utilises television and radio respectively.

Although trust in the media is high, people still prefer accessing information

from friends and family when it comes to issues of local content. For sure the

instable political situation at the time data was collected also has influenced

people’s answer.

9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Rup

ande

hi

Kap

ilbas

tu

Palpa

Naw

alpa

rasi

Gulm

i

Argha

khan

chi

Chitw

an

Internet

Radio

TV

Newspaper

Family/friends

Table 3: Main source about local issues, district. 1,489 respondents.

District vice family and friends are noticeable important sources on local

issues in Kapilbastu and Chitwan districts, whereas Palpa differs and widely

utilises the different varieties of media available. Palpa is also the district

where the radio is mostly used as a main source for information on local

issues.

Radio is not a popular source of information on local issues in RL’s home

district Rupandehi. Only 3.9 percent consider radio as the most appropriate

media for this purpose.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

29

30-

34

35-

39

40-

44

45-

49

50-

54

55-

59

60+

Internet

Radio

TV

Newspaper

Family/friends

Table 4: Main source about local issues, age. 1,468 respondents.

If we look at people’s selection of media from an age perspective some

interesting figures appear. The younger (except from childhood) the more

open people are towards the different media - particular the newspapers.

Radio is most popular among people in their late thirties, and has in average

10 percent listeners from children to people in their mid-forties. Television

has almost an equal amount around 10 percent of viewers in all ages.

10

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

No

educ

ation

Prim

ary

Sec

onda

rySLC

Inte

rmed

iate

Internet

Radio

TV

Newspaper

Family/friends

Table 5: Main source about local issues, education. 1,294 respondents.

Education is a significant factor that determines people’s main source of

information about local issues. The more educated people are the more likely

they obtain their information from the media.

An interesting thing to observe is the fact radio seems to peak in popularity

among people with secondary education. Newspapers, in comparison,

increases nearly proportionally in popularity as people get more educated.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bhojpuri Tharu Magar Urdu Nepali

Internet

Radio

TV

Newspaper

Family/friends

Table 6: Main source about local issues, language. 1,481 respondents.

Particularly the Bhojpuri and Tharu language communities rely to at high

degree on family and friends as their main source of information on local

issues. These are also the communities who significantly little utilises the

radio for this purpose.

In the other language communities, however, radio and newspaper have

gained more space, whereas television is almost at the same level among all

language groups. The internet is hardly noticeable.

11

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Hou

se w

ife

Farm

er

Labo

ur

Stu

dent

Teac

her

Gov

. em

p.

Internet

Radio

TV

Newspaper

Family/friends

Table 7: Main source about local issues, occupation. 1,385 respondents.

Physical work (house wife, farmer and labourer) also influences people’s

usage of media, as these groups only to a low degree utilise the media to

obtain information on local issues. Television is most popular among the

housewives and radio is significantly most popular among the teachers.

Once information from the media is obtained two-third of people will discuss

it with friends and relatives, one-tenth will keep the information for

themselves, and again one-tenth search additional information on the

subject.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

No

educ

ation

Prim

ary

Sec

onda

rySLC

Inte

rmed

iate

Search additional

information

Keep it for myself

Discuss it with relatives

and friends

Table 8: Utilisation of obtained information, education. 1,399 respondents.

People’s educational background is an influential factor as to what people do

with the information they obtain. The less educated, the more there is a

tendency to withhold the information and thereby allow rumours easier to

flourish, whereas the more educated people are the more likely they will

discuss the issues with others and/or search additional information for

triangulation.

Education stimulates people’s critical perception as to the information they

obtain.

12

2.2 Usage of media

The following pages will describe people’s media usage of the various media

available. The usage of radio will, as mentioned, be dealt with separately in

the following chapter.

2.2.1 Television

Local, national and international television is available in Rupandehi district.

Cable television is supplied by three different providers and is mostly

available in the urban areas, whereas the rural areas depend on antenna

connection

In RL’s coverage area 53.6 percent of the respondents answered they have a

television at home. In the following paragraphs we will look at who most

likely has a television and how they utilise this media.

Table 9: TV at home, education. 1,310 respondents.

One factor that influences to what extent people have a television at home is

education. The higher education, the more likely people have a television.

Compared to average, secondary education is breakeven for having a

television at home.

Table 10: TV at home, language. 1,500 respondents.

Language also indicates where you most likely can find a television in

people’s home. The Bhojpuri and Tharu communities less likely have a

television set, whereas the Urdu community is at level with average. Magar

and Nepali language communities quite likely have a television at home.

13

Table 11: Never watch television, education. 767 respondents.

An average of 3.7 percent never watches television. However, as the graph

above illustrates, the number of non-viewer’s increase significantly among

people without an educational background.

At home 96.3% At work 0.4%

At my friends, relatives home 3.1%

Table 12: Where people mostly watch television. 790 respondents.

There is no practice of significance to watch television outside home. The vast

majority watches television at home.

Table 13: Hours of watching television. 800 respondents.

People mostly watch television 1-2 hours a day, and will mostly do it in the

evening from 8 to 11PM (38.1 percent).

Soaps and films 21.0% Documentary 16.8%

National news 15.9% Educational programs 13.9% International news 13.2%

Local news 10.5% Sports 6.3% Music programs 0.4%

Table 14: Most popular television programs. 859 respondents.

Most popular television programs are soaps and films, followed by

documentaries and news programs. Music programs and sports are not

appreciated as much.

14

2.2.2 Newspaper

There are eleven local and national newspapers available in Rupandehi

district.

Table 15: Freq. reading newspaper. 1,428 respondents.

Half the population never read newspaper, whereas 15 percent read

newspaper every day. Among people reading newspaper, the majority do it

almost every day.

Kantipur 48.0%

Annapurna Post 12.2% Gorkhapatra 10.7% Lumbini 5.5%

Mechikali Sandesh 5.0% Janasangharsa 4.5% Sapatahik Bhairahawa 3.7%

Samachar Patra 2.6% Bhawana 1.9% Rajdhani 1.0%

Rajayasatta Sapthik 1.0%

Table 16: Read newspaper during last week. 658 respondents. The local newspaper ‘Butwal Today’ is

by mistake left out from the survey.

The two major media houses in Nepal significantly dominate the sale of

newspapers. The three top newspapers are all national newspapers, whereas

the remaining local newspapers struggle for the fourth and remaining

positions. There is a significant difference in popularity between the local and

the national newspapers.

The fact the national newspapers are most popular seems contradictory to

what previously stated that newspaper is the most important media-source

on local issues (table 2, page 8). An explanation to this occurrence could be

that radio was the media most suppressed by the royal regime, which

influenced the radio stations ability to deliver stories and news with local

content. Newspapers were the most stable source of stories at the time the

data for the survey was collected.

15

Table 17: Read newspaper every day, language. 1,474 respondents.

The Bhojpuri and Tharu language communities less likely read newspaper

every day. The Urdu and Nepali language communities, in comparison, are

more likely to read newspaper every day.

Table 18: Read newspaper every day, education. 1,292 respondents.

Breakeven for reading newspaper is somewhere between a secondary and

SLC education.

2.2.3 Internet

The internet has increasingly become available in Nepal as broadband lines

gradually connect more areas. An average of 14.6 percent in the coverage

area of RL uses the internet somehow, whereas 1.4 percent of the

respondents have internet in their home.

Among people using the internet 48.4 percent would use the internet once a

week. Only 2.5 percent of the people using the internet would use it every

day.

Female 12.0%

Male 15.8%

Table 19: Use of internet, gender. 1,497 respondents.

16

The use of the internet is a fairly balanced between the two sexes, although

slightly dominated by the males.

Table 20: Usage of internet, age. 1,475 respondents.

No surprise is it mainly the youth using the internet as it mainly has been

exposed to this age group.

Table 21: Usage of internet, education. 1,299 respondents.

While breakeven for radio is a primary education, television a secondary

education, and the newspaper somewhere between a secondary education

and a SLC, for the internet SLC is breakeven. The number of internet users,

however, significantly increases as people get an intermediate education.

17

Table 22: Usage of internet, language. 1,487 respondents.

Language is a very determinant factor as to who uses the internet. It is

mainly the Nepali language community who is exploring the internet, whereas

the Bhojpuri and Tharu language communities are way behind; in particular

the Tharu community.

Table 23: For what usage of internet. 204 respondents.

A vast majority of people with access to the internet use it for e-mails. Chat

comes second. Only 5 percent of the people with access to the internet would

use it to seek information.

18

3. Usage of radio Radio Sagarmatha was the first independent radio station in Nepal and

started its broadcasting in 1997. Shortly after followed the foundations of RL

and Radio Madan Pokhara in 1999 as the first radio stations outside the

Kathmandu valley. Today, 19 community radios are broadcasting all over

Nepal and an equal number of commercial radio stations. Of these 14 radio

stations can be tuned in Rupandehi.

Among the 95 percent of the respondents who answered the question if they

have a radio at home, 84.8 percent answered yes to the question.

Table 24: Ownership of radio. 1,455 respondents.

The table above speaks for itself and expresses a general assumption as to

who most likely would have a radio set at home. In the following pages we

shall look more into details as to peoples usage of radio.

Table 25: Radio at home, education. 1.312 respondents.

As the table before and graph above illustrates, the more educated the more

likelihood there is to have a radio. Breakeven to have a radio set compared to

average is somewhere between primary and secondary education. Only 60

percent among the uneducated people have a radio at home, which is

significantly lower compared to people with an educational background.

District Gender Age Education Ethnicity/caste Language Occupation

Highest Palpa

93.9%

Male

85.5%

20-24

89.1%

Intermediate

95.5%

Brahman

90.9%

Nepali

88.4%

Teacher

96.4%

Lowest Chitwan

68.2%

Female

82.2%

35-39

76.9%

No education

60.2%

Chamar

73.7%

Tharu

75.4%

Labourer

53.1%

Average 84.1% 84.1% 84.3% 88.6% 84.5% 84.4% 83.7%

19

Table 26: Radio at home, language. 1,503 respondents.

The Nepali language community would most likely have a radio at home in

comparison with the other language communities. In particular the Tharu and

Urdu communities are behind when it comes to having a radio at home.

Whether the reason for these communities do not have a radio at home is

related with the fact fewer radio programs are available in these languages or

due to the fact these communities have fewer recourses available and

therefore cannot afford a radio receiver is unclear. The survey cannot provide

a clear-cut answer on this.

3.1 Consumption

In this paragraph we shall see how much people listen radio and where and

when people most likely listen.

Table 27: Hours of radio listening, education. 1,293 respondents.

People listening to radio in average listen 1 hour 38 minutes a day. People

with a primary education spend more hours listening to radio (1 hour 50

minutes), whereas uneducated people in average listen 1 hour 15 minutes a

day.

20

Table 28: Hours of radio listening, language. 1,470 respondents.

From a linguistic perspective is Bhojpuri the language group significantly

listening most hours (2 hours 6 minutes), whereas the other language groups

are near average.

Table 29: Hours listening to radio, age. 1,458 respondents.

The youth spend most hours listening, in particular the age group 15 to 24.

There is substantial difference in the amount of hours listening radio between

youth and seniors.

87 percent listen to radio at home. The educational is one factor that

determines which location people choose for listening. More than twice the

average among the uneducated people listens to radio at friends or relatives

home.

21

0%10%20%

30%40%50%60%70%

80%90%

100%

Bhojpur

i

Nep

ali

Tharu

Mag

ar

Urd

u

At friends/relatives home

At w ork

At home

Table 30: Where people listen to radio, language. 1,236 respondents.

Language is another factor determining where people listen to radio. The

Bhojpuri, Tharu and Urdu language communities more likely listen to radio

outside home, be it at work or at friends and relatives homes.

Table 31: Time people listen to radio, language. 1,206 respondents. Note that due to mistakes in the

questionnaire the data collected for the timeframe 5PM to 8PM is incorrect.

During the day there is a fairly constant flow of listeners around 15 percent,

peaking in the evening hours where it doubles. Language is one factor

providing nuances as to the preference for when people listen. In the morning

there is only little variation, although the Nepali language communities

slightly have preference for radio at this time of day. At noon, the Bhojpuri

language communities divert significantly from average. The afternoon is the

Tharu community’s preference time and in the evening the number of

listeners’ peak for all .

Overall, 15 percent never listen to radio. The survey provides certain

characteristics as to how to define the group of non-listeners: senior citizens,

no/little educated, and labourers.

22

3.2 Reception and quality of signal

In this paragraph is outlined the reception and quality of the signal of RL and

the three other radio stations broadcasting from Rupandehi district.

Rupandehi FM Radio Lumbini Butwal FM Tinau FM

Can receive 85.7% 80.5% 76.3% 70.7%

Can't receive 1.8% 4.7% 11.8% 16.3%

Don't know 2.0% 3.1% 3.8% 8.0%

Clear 10.1% 2.0% 3.0% 2.6%

Not clear 0.3% 9.7% 5.1% 2.5%

Table 32: Reception and quality of signal of radio stations broadcasting in Rupandehi. 1,108 respondents.

Rupandehi FM is received by most people and has also the clearest signal. RL

has less a clear signal compared to the three others, which most likely is due

to the fact the three other radio stations have double the transmitter power

compared to RL.

Please notice that when people answer they can receive a particular radio

they maybe also can receive other radio stations as well without their

knowledge. This fact is not reflected in the survey.

Can receive Can't receive Don't know Clear Not clear Total

Chitwan 88 79,3% 10 9,0% 8 7,2% 0 0,0% 5 4,5% 111 100,0%

Gulmi 24 58,5% 11 26,8% 5 12,2% 0 0,0% 1 2,4% 41 100,0%

Rupandehi 473 86,5% 20 3,7% 9 1,6% 16 2,9% 29 5,3% 547 100,0%

Kapilbastu 102 87,9% 2 1,7% 8 6,9% 2 1,7% 2 1,7% 116 100,0%

Palpa 75 98,7% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 1 1,3% 0 0,0% 76 100,0%

Nawalparasi 129 61,4% 2 1,0% 3 1,4% 4 1,9% 72 34,3% 210 100,0%

Arghakhanchi 66 73,3% 12 13,3% 4 4,4% 1 1,1% 7 7,8% 90 100,0%

TOTAL 957 80,4% 57 4,8% 37 3,1% 24 2,0% 116 9,7% 1.191 100,0%

Table 33: Radio Lumbini reception and quality of signal, district level. 1,191 respondents.

If we analyse the quality of the signal of RL from a geographical perspective,

particularly respondents in Gulmi and Arghakhanchi have answered they

cannot receive the signal of RL. Chitwan is also on the high side. The quality

of the signal is in a less good quality in particularly Nawalparasi and

Arghakhanchi.

See also annex 7 in which the quality of RL’s signal in the different VDC’s is

mapped.

3.3 Preference of radio station

In the survey we asked the respondents about which radio people listen to

among 14 radio stations broadcasting in the coverage area of RL. Among

these radio stations, people listen most to the following radio stations.

23

Rupandehi FM 39.0%

Radio Lumbini 18.2% Kalika FM 10.7% Butwal FM 7.6%

Tinau FM 5.9% Radio Nepal 5.0% Srinagar FM 4.1%

Synergy FM 3.1% Muktinath FM 2.4% Paschimanchal FM 2.1%

BBC Nepali 0.7% Bijaya FM 0.5% All India Nepal Service 0.2%

China International Nepal Service 0.1%

Table 34: Radio most listened to. 1,185 respondents.

Rupandehi FM is the most listened to radio station followed by RL in the

coverage area of RL. Kalika FM broadcasts from Chitwan district and is in a

third position, which is a remarkable achievement as it is broadcasting from a

different district.

In the following pages comparisons is made about peoples particular

preference between the four radio stations broadcasting from Rupandehi

district: Rupandehi FM, RL, Butwal FM and Tinau FM. Subsequently,

comparisons between the two most popular radio stations Rupandehi FM and

RL is made.

Table 35: Preference of radio station, age. 1,209 respondents.

In terms of people’s age and preference for radio station, Rupandehi FM

compared to RL is stronger in all age groups except from people age 50 to

59.

24

Table 36: Preference of radio, language. 1,218 respondents.

In terms of language, Rupandehi FM is in strongest position in all language

groups. However, notice the gap in the Bhojpuri community’s preference of

radio station, which is exceptionally significant. For the language groups

Nepali and Tharu the difference is minor.

Table 37: Preference of radio, occupation. 1,121 respondents.

Occupation wise, the gap between Rupandehi FM and RL is biggest among

labourers, whereas RL has a fairly good hold of the housewives. Compared to

Butwal FM and Tinau FM, RL appears to have a relative significant proportion

of housewives, farmers and students as listeners, whereas government

employees, teachers and labourers are on, or close to level.

25

Table 38: Preference of radio, education. 1,128 respondents.

If we apply an educational optic, people no matter educational background

prefer Rupandehi FM. Its popularity decreases gradually as people get more

educated. Rupandehi FM’s preference as radio station among the uneducated

is significant. RL in comparison gradually although slightly become popular as

people get educated. RL peaks in popularity among people with a secondary

education.

3.4 Preference of radio programs

In this paragraph is discussed people’s preference for radio programs. The

lighter areas in the graph below illustrate what kinds of programs are most

preferred by the listeners according to age. The blue areas indicate no or little

preference.

Table 39: Preference of radio program, age. 1,161 respondents.

The left side of the graph coloured in light colours shows news programs in

particular is appreciated by the listeners - seniors in particular.

26

In the middle of the graph there is a yellow area indicating folk music is very

popular; again in particular by the senior listeners. Educational programs are

liked by the children/youth as well as by the seniors.

On the right side of the graph there are some light spots; radio drama has

some light areas among the teenagers, people in their first thirties, as well

among the senior listeners. The senior listeners, in particular, appreciate

agricultural programs.

In general are ‘soft issue’ programs on gender, culture, development and

peace, health and sports not liked by almost all age groups. Children

themselves like the children programs.

Table 40: Preference of radio program, language. 1,172 respondents.

If we apply a linguistic optic, news programs are popular particularly in the

Bhojpuri and Nepali language communities. Most language groups like folk

music programs and educational programs are almost as popular.

Radio drama has a small spot indicating some popularity as well among the

Nepali language community. The Bhojpuri language community like

agricultural programs more than the average.

Generally, there seems to be consensus that gender programs are not

popular. The Bhojpuri language community in particular does not seem to like

the ‘soft issue’ based programs (programs on gender, development, health,

culture), nor do the Tharu and Urdu language communities.

27

Table 41: Preference of radio program, occupation. 1,078 respondents.

In terms of people’s occupation and their preference for radio programs,

again the light left side of the graph illustrates news programs popularity;

among government employees and farmers in particular. Most occupation

groups, particularly popular among government employees, appreciate folk

music. Labourers not as much. Radio drama is liked among students, farmers

and government employees. Agricultural programs are very liked by the

farmers. Labourers, housewives and farmers are not too keen about the ‘soft

issue’ programs.

3.5 Programs broadcasted by Rupandehi radio stations

In the following paragraphs different thematic radio programs is analysed and

compared between the four radio stations broadcasting from Rupandehi

district. Radio Nepal and BBC Nepali service have been included in some parts

of the analysis, as they exceptionally became popular media during the times

of censorship imposed by the royal regime.

3.5.1 Local news, local reports and community affairs

Rupandehi FM is the overall most popular radio station when it comes to local

news (26.8 percent). RL is in second position (21.1 percent) and Butwal FM in

a third position (13.3 percent).

28

Table 42: Radio best in local news, local reports and community affairs, language. 1,183 respondents.

From a language perspective, Rupandehi FM in particular differs from RL in its

appeal to the Bhojpuri community. In line with what previously has been

outlined, this could indicate RL as well as the other radio stations not

sufficiently satisfy the needs of the Bhojpuri community on local news.

RL is the overall preferred radio station on local news among the Tharu and

Nepali language communities.

Table 43: Radio best in local news, local reports and community affairs, education. 1,095 respondents.

When it comes to educational background and people’s opinion about best

radio station on local news also here some interesting figures appear.

Particularly people with no educational background or primary school

significantly prefer Rupandehi FM compared to RL and the other radio

stations.

This could indicate RL as well as Butwal FM and Tinau FM utilise a vocabulary

too sophisticated for no or little educated people in their local news program,

or that the subject matter not is relevant to these groups.

3.5.2 National news

In the following pages we can see the full consequences of what happens to a

society when censorship is imposed. After free media started to broadcast in

29

Nepal and the state owned Radio Nepal no longer was the only source of

information, Radio Nepal’s popularity started to decline. The imposed

censorship February 2005, however, again made Radio Nepal the mouthpiece

for the royal regime and suddenly a popular source of information.

Table 44: Radio best in national news, language. 1,183 respondents.

As we can see is Radio Nepal overly the most popular radio on national news

(53.7 percent). In second position is Rupandehi FM (10.2 percent) and third

is RL (9.6 percent).

If we exclude Radio Nepal for a moment, RL compared to Rupandehi FM is

equally popular and again differs most notably in the Bhojpuri community’s

preferred source for national news. RL is the overall most popular radio

station among the Nepali language community, whereas Butwal FM is most

popular in the Tharu community when it comes to national news.

The survey cannot answer which radio is most popular on national news now

censorship has been lifted.

3.5.3 International news

Shortwave radio in Nepal has never before in history been as popular as when

news and information was banned by the royal regime. The table below

clearly illustrates the consequences of censorship, making BBC Nepali service

broadcasted by shortwave an important lifeline for many people.

District Gender Age Education Ethnicity Language Occupation

Highest Kapilbastu

75. 2% Male

56.2% 30-34

60.7% Intermediate

66.9% Kewat 63.6%

Nepali 53.8%

Teacher 69.7%

Lowest Nawalparasi

23. 9%

Female

44.8%

10-14

37.4%

Secondary

44.1%

Muslim

42.5%

Urdu

32.4%

Labourer

46.4%

Average 51.8% 51.8% 51.6% 53.1% 52.2% 51.8% 51.8%

Table 45: BBC Nepali Service listener composition. 1,136 respondents.

52.0 percent of the respondents listened to BBC Nepali Service during the

censorship, and as we can see is it noticeable males, teachers and people

with and intermediate background listening.

30

Table 46: Radio best in international news, language. 1,168 respondents.

In second position is Radio Nepal (9.8 percent), followed by Rupandehi FM

(7.3 percent) and RL (7 percent).

Again, the Bhojpuri language community seems to prefer Rupandehi FM

compared to RL, and also the Magar community seems to join when it comes

to international news. RL, in comparison, is most appealing to the Tharu and

Nepali language communities.

The survey cannot answer which radio is most popular on international news

now censorship has been lifted.

3.5.4 Educational programs

RL is the most listened to radio station when it comes to educational

programs. 30.5 percent tune into RL when they want to listen to these kinds

of programs, whereas its main contestant Rupandehi FM has 21.4 percent of

the listeners.

The following pages will highlight the two radio stations and their differences

in their educational programs appeal to their listeners.

Table 47: Educational programs, language. 1,175 respondents.

31

Among all language groups RL has noticeable preference except (again) from

the Bhojpuri community, which remarkably prefers Rupandehi FM. The Tharu

community, in comparison, has a noticeable preference for RL when it comes

to educational programs.

Table 48: Educational programs, ethnicity. 1,133 respondents.

Among most ethnic groups RL has preference, except the Kewat and Yadav

communities. These communities speak Bhojpuri language.

Table 49: Educational programs, education. 1,091 respondents.

If we look at people’s educational background, RL has a constant number of

listeners in the range between 25 and 35 percent, slightly increasing in

popularity as people become more educated. Rupandehi FM, in comparison,

has a noticeable decreasing popularity as people become more educated,

attracting a substantial number of uneducated listeners to their educational

programs.

RL and Rupandehi FM battle for the listeners with a primary educational

background for their educational programs.

32

Table 50: Educational programs, age. 1,165 respondents.

If we look at people’s age, listeners age 40 to 49 and senior listeners above

60 prefer Rupandehi FM compared to RL. Among people in other ages, RL is

the most popular radio station in educational programs. RL and Rupandehi FM

battle for the teenage listeners.

Table 51: Educational programs, occupation. 1,079 respondents.

RL is popular among most occupation groups but has to battle with

Rupandehi FM for the farmers. Rupandehi FM is most popular among the

labourers when it comes to educational programs.

Students, teachers and housewives significantly enjoy the educational

programs of RL.

3.5.5 Music programs

In this paragraph is made comparisons of the listeners’ opinion on a variety of

musical programs broadcasted by RL and its three neighbour radio stations.

33

Table 52: Music program preference. 1,067 respondents.

Rupandehi FM is the preferred radio station (26.3 percent) when it comes to

music programs in general. RL is in second position (21.0 percent). Listeners

have preference for RL when it comes to folk music programs, whereas RL

bottoms when it comes to programs with pop music.

34

4. Radio Lumbini listeners composition Two-third of the respondents listen to RL. But who are they? What is their

opinion about RL? And how do they perceive RL’s linkage with its community?

This chapter will try to answer this and a number of related questions.

4.1 Who listens to Radio Lumbini

Among the respondents in the survey, 63.4 percent answered yes to the

question if they listen to RL. This is equivalent to nearly one million listeners.

Yes 63.4% No 36.6%

Table 53: People listening to Radio Lumbini. 1,501 respondents.

If we go further into details about who is listening to RL and compare those

listening with those with access to a radio receiver there is a gap of 21.4

percent; 329,730 people who potentially could be listeners of RL.

Table 54: People listening to Radio Lumbini, age. 1,478 respondents.

RL has fairly good hold of listeners age 15 to 44, whereas RL has more

difficulties accessing the children and the senior listeners.

Male 62.2% Female 64.1%

Table 55: People listening to Radio Lumbini, sex. 1,501 respondents.

The listeners of RL are fairly balanced between the two sexes.

Table 56: People listening to Radio Lumbini, language. 1,491 respondents.

If we apply a linguistic optic on who is listening to RL we can see the number

of listeners almost equally reflect their access to a radio receiver. The Tharu

35

language community slightly are more committed listeners of RL whereas

Nepali slightly less committed.

Table 57: Listeners of Radio Lumbini compared with radios at home, ethnicity/caste. 1,442 respondents.

If we extend the same exercise to also include ethnicity/caste, we can see

where we most likely can find the committed listeners from this perspective.

The Tharu and Muslim communities are among the more committed listeners,

whereas RL potentially could have more listeners from the Chetri and Kami

communities.

Table 58: Listeners of Radio Lumbini compared with radios at home, education. 1,302 respondents.

In terms of education is the breakeven for listening to RL a secondary

education. If we compare people’s educational background with if they have a

radio at home and listen to RL, we can see RL has fairly a constant number of

listeners. The gap is around 21 percent although slightly lower for the

uneducated people, which indicate RL is good at attracting listeners with an

uneducated background.

This seems to be in contrast to what earlier explained, that Rupandehi FM

compared to RL significantly is more appealing to listeners with an

uneducated background (table 38, page 25). How can both radio stations

have appeal among the uneducated population? The simple explanation could

be uneducated people do in general have preference for Rupandehi FM,

although they also do listen to RL.

36

Table 59: Listeners of Radio Lumbini compared with radios at home, occupation. 1,394 respondents.

RL has many listeners among teachers and students, and a significantly low

number of labourer listeners. Although there are not that many labourers in

numbers listening to RL, labourers belong to the group of committed listeners

if we take into consideration their access to radio receivers.

Government employees significantly do not listen to RL if we compare with

their access to radio receivers. This is maybe due to the bizarre situation they

experienced at the time the data was collected, when they were twisted

between their loyalty to the royal regime and the severe restrictions on

media.

4.2 People not listening to Radio Lumbini

People answering they do not listen to RL gave various reasons. Let’s look

into the details as to what they answered.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

No

educ

ation

Prim

ary

Sec

onda

rySLC

Inte

rmed

iate

Avera

ge

Don't like RL

Prefer other radio

Don't know RL

Table 60: Why people not listen to Radio Lumbini, education. 208 respondents.

As described before, people with no or little education listens less to radio

compared to average. The graph above clearly illustrates that the reason

people with no education do not listen to RL is not because they do not like

RL or prefer another channel, but due to the fact they do not know of RL.

People with educational background not listening to RL, in comparison, decide

to do so mainly because they prefer other radio stations.

37

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hou

se w

ife

Farm

er

Labo

ur

Stu

dent

Teach

er

Gov

. em

p.

Avera

ge

Don't like RL

Prefer other radio

Don't know RL

Table 61: People not listening to Radio Lumbini, occupation. 218 respondents.

People with a labourer background less likely listen to radio compared to

other working areas. This is also the group, which significantly and most likely

do not know RL. Most government employees, in comparison, know of RL and

those not listening to RL do so because they prefer other radio stations. Their

preference to listen to other radio stations is quite significant and could have

to do with their mixed loyalty to their employer as described previously.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bhojpur

i

Thar

u

Nep

ali

Mag

ar

Urd

u

Avera

ge

Don't like RL

Prefer other radio

Don't know RL

Table 62: People not listening to Radio Lumbini, language. 231 respondents.

If we apply a linguistic optic on those not listening to RL, the Urdu and Tharu

language communities are highest in not knowing of RL. The Tharu and

Bhojpuri communities not listening to RL are highest in not liking RL.

4.3 Consumption

People listening to RL most likely do it almost every day, which is equivalent

to 387,816 listeners. Another one-third of the listeners listen to RL less than

once a month.

Every day 11.5%

Almost every day 39.7% Once a week 11.4%

Once a month 3.0% Less than once a month 30.4%

Table 63: Frequency of listening to Radio Lumbini. 1,159 respondents.

38

The committed listeners listening to RL every day consists of 11.5 percent,

which in numbers is equivalent to 112,340 people. In average people daily

listen 1 hour 49 minutes to RL, which is 11 minutes more than people in

average listen radio.

Table 64: Hours listening to Radio Lumbini daily, education. 761 respondents.

From an educational perspective only people with a primary education listen

less to RL compared to the average consumption of radio. People with all

other educational backgrounds, uneducated included, listen more to RL than

what is the average consumption of radio. The more educated the more hours

people are likely to listen to RL. RL core listeners are definitely people with a

higher education, who generally listen two hours. This is 36 minutes more

than what people with the same educational background in average would

listen to radio.

Table 65: Hours listening to Radio Lumbini daily, language. 823 respondents.

Bhojpuri is the language group spending fewest hours listening to RL (1 hour

24 minutes), whereas the Urdu community is at the other end of the scale

spending most hours listening to RL (2 hours 40 minutes). Tharu and Nepali

are near the average consumption listening to RL, although significantly

above what these language groups in general listen to radio.

On average, the Bhojpuri community listen 42 minutes less to RL compared

to what they in general would listen to radio. This is in contrast to the other

39

language groups, which are likely to spend more hours listening to RL than

their average consumption of radio in general. This could indicate, although

listening to RL, the Bhojpuri community has preference for other radio

stations. It has been described before how the Bhojpuri community has

preference for Rupandehi FM in general. This could be one explanation to the

phenomenon we experience in the table before.

Table 66: Hours listening to Radio Lumbini, age. 815 respondents.

Previously was described (table 54, page 34) how RL has good hold on

listeners in the age 15 to 44. If we add to this fact how many hours people

listen to radio, the age range is reduced to span from 20 to 39, which is an

age group substantially listening more hours to RL compared to what they

would listen to radio in general. There are some indications RL seems to

struggle with the children/teenagers and the senior listeners, which also has

been mentioned before.

Table 67: Hours of listening to Radio Lumbini, sex. 826 respondents.

If we apply a gender optic on how much males and females listen to RL, there

is hardly any difference between the two sexes. This is in contrast to males in

general spending more hours listening to radio.

4.4 Perception of radio programs

RL broadcasted during the survey 60 different radio programs (annex 2). Due

to limitations in scope and time all the radio programs of RL cannot be

analysed in details in the report. Reference to the files containing all the

details from the data material and annex 2 is made if the reader wants to go

into details about a particular program. In this paragraph is selected a

40

number of programs for detailed analysis based on four criteria: the most

popular programs, the most unpopular programs, the most unknown

programs, and the MS Nepal supported programs.

Table 68: ‘Mountain shaped’ outlook of average perception of Radio Lumbini programs compared with the most popular program at Radio Lumbini, Dharmic Karyakaram. 679 respondents.

When the respondents were requested to rank a particular radio program

they had five available options: ‘like very much’, ‘like’, ‘don’t know’, ‘don’t

like’, and ‘don’t like at all’. Among the 60 programs broadcasted by RL,

almost half of the respondents listening to RL do not know the programs of

RL. This gives the graph of the average perception of RL programs a

‘mountain shaped’ outlook with a peak in the middle as illustrated in the table

above.

4.4.1 The popular programs

The most popular program is Dharmic Karyakaram (table 68), which is a

program on religious issues. Whether this program also would have been the

most popular program during times of peace and stability is doubtful. Studies

from other parts of the world indicate people during times of conflict and war

tend to search inward and look for answers and understandings at a more

metaphysical level.

Dharmic karyakaram Religion Lok Suseli Folk songs in the evening

Mutu ko betha Program about psychological and emotional issues Subha ratri Evening program with music, letter, phone ins, interviews, etc. Samudaik Gatibidhi News program

Lumbini Quiz Quiz program

Table 69: Most popular six programs of Radio Lumbini. 679 respondents.

It is interesting to notice that among the six most popular radio programs

three of them are broadcasted in the evening. This is also the prime time

most people would listen to radio (table 31, page 21), and could indicate it

rather is the time than the program itself, which attract the listener. The

survey cannot give a clear answer on this matter.

41

Table 70: Samudaik Gatibidhi. 623 respondents.

Samudaik Gatibidhi is RL’s news program and has a similar ‘mountain shaped’

outlook as the average perception of RL programs, however located more to

the left in the graph, indicating it is a popular and liked program. Due to the

royal suppression on media, RL changed the program name from ‘news

program’ to ‘community activities’. The change in name might have created

some confusion among the listeners and respondents and should be kept in

mind by the reader.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Brahman Tharu Muslim Magar Chhetri Yadav

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 71: Samudaik Gatibidhi, ethnicity/caste. 606 respondents.

If we take a closer look on the preference of Samudaik Gatibidhi from an

ethnic/caste perspective, we find that the program remarkably is popular in

the Brahman community.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

No education Primary Secondary SLC Intermediate

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 72: Samudaik Gatibidhi, education. 575 respondents.

42

And if we look at people’s educational background, Samudaik Gatibidhi

increasingly becomes popular, as people get more educated. People with

lower or no educational background do not as much appreciate the program.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bhojpuri Nepali Tharu Magar Urdu

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 73: Samudaik Gatibidhi, language. 620 respondents.

The program is most popular within the Nepali language community while the

Tharu, Bhojpuri and Urdu communities not are as appealed by the program.

An interesting observation to make is the fact the Tharu community is most in

favour of RL when it comes to local news as previously described (table 42,

page 27). Should the Nepali language community’s appeal for Samudaik

Gatibidhi set the benchmark for a news program for all language groups,

however, there are indications the Tharu community has not yet found the

appropriate media informing them about local news and current affairs.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Student Farmer Teacher House

wife

Labour

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 74: Samudaik Gatibidhi, occupation. 570 respondents.

Samudaik Gatibidhi certainly is a topper among the teachers compared to the

other occupational groups. Labourer is the group, which less is in favour of

the program.

Overall, Samudaik Gatibidhi is a very popular and liked program. If we,

however, look into the wider society we find the program less appeals the

uneducated, labourers, and the Bhojpuri, Tharu and Urdu language groups.

The survey cannot give any direct answer as to why these groups are less

pleased by the program, but a language barrier (both linguistic and due to

too sophisticated vocabulary), and the fact the program do not deal with

issues relevant to the wider community could be an explanation as to the

different opinions about the program.

43

4.4.2 The unpopular programs

At the other end of the popularity scale is Aartha Banijya, which is a program

on economics and finance. The survey cannot give any direct answer as to

why this program is unpopular, as there in the questionnaire not are

questions related to identify why.

Aartha Banijya Program on economics and finance

Pop dot com Pop song music program Aaina Bhojpuri Bhojpuri songs and information

Patriphal Program on income generation and poverty reduction Khet Khaliyaan Agricultural program in Bhojpuri Bhojpuri Karyakram Songs, information, news and letters in Bhojpuri

Table 75: Most unpopular six programs of Radio Lumbini. App. 679 respondents.

It draws attention the fact that three of the six most unpopular programs are

in Bhojpuri language. What makes them unpopular will be analysed in greater

details in the following pages.

Table 76: Aaina Bhojpuri program. 578 respondents.

Listeners’ average perception of Aaina Bhojpuri gives a similar ‘mountain

shaped’ outlook to the program as has the average perception outlook of RL’s

radio programs, although the program is slightly higher on like very much

and lower on like and don’t know. Compared to average, however, it is very

unpopular, which also makes the program is at the bottom end of the

popularity scale.

Now, if we only ask the Bhojpuri community about their opinion about Aaina

Bhojpuri, the picture changes completely and we get ‘lightening shaped’

graph instead as illustrated above. A remarkable higher number near the 50

percent that very much like the program and a noticeable reduced number of

people who do not know the program. Almost no one who does not like the

program. Although unpopular by the majority of RL listeners, we can conclude

Aaina Bhojpuri serves its purpose in the Bhojpuri community.

Another Bhojpuri program is Khet Khaliyaa, which is a program specially

targeted to the farmers.

44

Table 77: Khet Khaliyaa (farmers program in Bhojpuri) cross-tabbed with Bhojpuri language and

farmer as occupation. 556 respondents.

Compared to the ‘mountain shaped’ outlook for the average perception of RL

programs, the average perception of Khet Khaliyaa gives a more ‘snake

shaped’ outlook with a relative high number of listeners who either like very

much or don’t like at all the program compared to the overall average

perception of RL’s programs. The number of people who do not know the

program is lower than average.

If we only ask the Bhojpuri farmers about the program, however, the picture

again changes to a ‘lightning shaped’ outlook with nearly fifty percent of the

listeners very much liking the program and a comparatively low number not

knowing the program, and only few people who do not like the program.

Table 78: Krishi Karyakaram (farmers program in Nepali) compared with Khet Khaliyaa (farmers program in Bhojpuri). 568 respondents.

It is interesting to compare Khet Khaliyaa with the similar program for

farmers in Nepali language, Krishi Karyakaram. Both graphs have almost an

identical ‘lightning shaped’ outlook. Although unpopular by the majority,

again we can conclude Khet Khaliyaa serves its purpose for the Bhojpuri

speaking farmers.

45

4.4.3 The unknown programs

A general characteristic of the most unknown programs of RL is the fact they

deal with softer issues, such as minority rights and women’s rights. Also the

program Radio Browsing on information and communication technology (ICT),

supported by UNESCO, is fairly unknown to the people. MS Nepal supports

the two most unknown programs.

Jamarko Dalit issues and discrimination. Supported by MS Pratribimba Women’s rights. Supported by MS

Radio Browsing ICT. Supported by UNESCO Minham Gorak Current affairs in Magar language Satkshakaar Current affairs and interviews

Uddhami Barta Entrepreneurial and business matters

Table 79: The six programs most unknown to people. App. 679 respondents.

The most unknown program is Jamarko, which is a program on Dalit issues.

Table 80: Dalit’s and non-Dalit’s perception of Jamarko compared. 553 respondents.

Jamarko is a program targeted to the Dalit community although everyone

could benefit listening about Dalit-issues. As the graph above illustrates is the

program largely equally unknown to both Dalit’s and non-Dalit’s. 70 percent

of the Dalit community does not know about Jamarko.

Table 81: Pratibimba cross-tabbed with sex. 571 respondents.

Another unknown program is Pratibimba, which deals with women issues and

rights. Although women rights are an issues for both male and female, the

target group of this program are the women. Asking both males and the

46

females about the program, however, there is no major difference between

the two sexes perception of the program; both groups are equally little

appreciate and are unaware about the program.

Table 82: Perception of Minham Gorak compared between different ethnic groups/castes. 532 respondents.

Minham Gorak is a program targeted the Magar community and is also one of

the most unknown programs of RL. The program is slightly more known to

the Magar community if we compare with other ethnic groups/castes,

although still significantly unknown if we compare with the average

perception of RL programs. Overall, there are no indications Minham Gorak

significantly is appealing to the Magar community.

In sum, the fact four of the six most unknown programs are funded by

outside donors or NGO makes it is tempting to conclude there is a lack of

ownership feeling of the programs by RL. A second explanation, however,

could be the subject matter wished to brought up for the public by the

outside donors/NGO still are new matters to handle for the program

producers and requires more training and skills in order to make the

programs interesting and relevant for the listeners.

4.4.4 MS Nepal supported radio programs

In addition to the two previously described MS supported programs Jamarko

and Patribimba, MS Nepal supports another three radio programs at RL:

Hamro Batabaran, which is a program on environmental issues and Aanter

Drishti, which is a program targeted for disabled people. A third supported

program is on good governance, but was not broadcasted at the time of the

survey.

In relation to the MS Nepal – Radio Lumbini partnership program, RL

broadcasts in addition to the mentioned programs two other programs:

Aphnai Kura and Ghumdai Phiday. The latter two programs and Hamro

Barabaran and Aanter Drishti, shall be analysed in the following pages.

47

Table 83: Hamro Batabaran. 562 respondents.

Hamro Batabaran is a program on environmental issues and should ideally

also be an overall issue of concern for the community, which it also does as it

follows the ‘mountain shaped’ average perception of RL programs. As the

survey does not include questions specifically related to environmental issues

there are no additional comments to this program.

Table 84: Aanter Drishti. 554 respondents.

Aanter Dirshti is targeted to a narrow segment of the listeners: the disabled.

It is maybe therefore of no surprise the program not is as popular as the

average program of RL. As the survey does not include questions specifically

related to disabled issues there are no additional comments to this program.

48

Table 85: Ghumdai Phirday. 580 respondents.

Ghumdai Phirday in English means ‘rooming around’, and is a program

collecting stories and testimonies from the communities; particularly

communities having established a listener club affiliated with RL. Compared to

average is the program on the lower side in popularity and people’s

knowledge of the program is also low.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Brahman Tharu Muslim Magar Chhetri Yadav

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 86: Ghumdai Phirday, ethnicity/caste. 563 respondents.

If we look at the different ethnicities’ and castes’ perception of the program,

we see the program is more popular in the Brahman and Magar communities,

whereas the Tharu and Muslim communities have less preference for the

program. This indicates the program does not reach the wider community and

could be an explanation as to why the program is relatively unknown

compared to average.

49

Table 87: Aaphnai Kura. 571 respondents.

Another MS supported program is Aaphnai Kura, which translated into English

means ‘own voice’ and is also a radio program linked with RL’s affiliated

listener clubs. Only looking at peoples overall perception of the program,

Aaphnai Kura is close to average perception of RL’s programs.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Brahman Tharu Muslim Magar Chhetri Yadav

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 88: Aaphnai Kura, ethnicity. 554 respondents.

Comparing the different communities, Aaphnai Kura seems particularly

popular in the Brahman and Magar communities. One explanation could be

the fact that the majority of the members of the listener clubs also come from

these communities and therefore feel more inclined with the program.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Student Farmer Teacher House wife Labour

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 89: Aaphnai Kura, occupation. 522 respondents.

As the graph above illustrates is Aaphnai Kura most popular among students.

One explanation could be the fact that the majority of the members of the

listener clubs are students as well.

50

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

No education Primary Secondary SLC Intermediate

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 90: Aaphnai Kura, education. 524 respondents.

Aaphnai Kura becomes proportionally popular as people get more educated

and has less appeal among people with little or no education.

In sum, Ghumdai Phirday and Aaphnai Kura have a tendency appealing to

already privileged people in society. The programs seem to a large extent to

reflect the members of the listener clubs, whose majority of members also

come from these strata in society. The challenge for RL becomes how to

make the work in the listener clubs and the related radio programs inclusive

and interesting to also the wider community, also including the uneducated,

the Tharu and Muslim communities, as well as people from all walks of life no

matter their occupational background.

4.5 Suggested changes from listeners

When the respondents were asked what programs they would like more of,

news programs are high on the wish list. Maybe not strange, as news

programs experienced a lot of disruptions when the data for the survey was

collected.

Esthaniya news (local news) 380 24.9% Rastriya news (national news) 325 21.3%

Lok geet (folk music) 282 18.4% Antarastriya news (international news) 271 17.7% Krishi Karyekaram (farmers program) 270 17.7%

Sikshya Sambandhi (educational) 263 17.2% Pariwar Swasthaya (family program) 203 13.3% Pop geet (pop music) 200 13.1%

Aadhunik geet (modern music) 193 12.6% Radio natak (drama) 191 12.5% Esthaniya geet (local music) 127 8.3%

Baal karyakram (childrens program) 127 8.3% Laingik Samanta (gender) 114 7.5% Khel Kud (sports) 93 6.1%

Aanya Sanskiti (other culture) 73 4.8% Biswa byapaar (world trade) 51 3.3% Aartha, Banijya, Byapaar (business) 35 2.3%

Table 91: Programs like more of. 380 respondents.

Approximately one-forth wants more news related programs. Specifically the

desire for local news programs is highest in the Bhojpuri language community

(29.9 percent), followed by the Urdu language community (26.7 percent) and

Nepali language community (24.7 percent). It is interesting to notice the

Bhojpuri community expresses the highest desire for more news programs

from RL, as they also in large tune into Rupandehi FM to listen to news.

Also programs on education and agriculture are high on the wish list.

51

Pop geet (pop music) 236 15.4%

Aartha, Banijya, Byapaar (business) 116 7.6% Laingik Samanta (gender) 68 4.4% Aanya Sanskiti (other culture) 62 4.1%

Krishi Karyekaram (farmers program) 53 3.5% Aadhunik geet (modern songs) 49 3.2% Esthaniya geet (local songs) 49 3.2%

Khel Kud (sports) 49 3.2% Lok geet (folk music) 40 2.6% Radio natak (drama) 36 2.4%

Pariwar Swasthaya (family program) 27 1.8% Baal karyakram (childrens program) 27 1.8% Esthaniya news (local news) 24 1.6%

Rastriya news (national news) 23 1.5% Antarastriya news (international news) 23 1.5% Sikshya Sambandhi (educational) 20 1.3%

Biswa byapaar (trade program) 5 0.3%

Table 92: Programs too much of. 236 respondents.

On the ‘too much of’ list, pop music is high scorer. The no desire for pop

music, however, is almost equalised with the 200 people wanting more

programs of this kind (table 91). We can conclude there are different opinions

on the program.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

29

30-

34

35-

39

40-

44

45-

49

50-

54

55-

59

60+

Don't like at all

Don't like

Don't know

Like

Like very much

Table 93: Pop dot com (pop music program), age. 576 respondents.

A generation issue seems to be the explanation behind why pop music divides

the opinions among the listeners. As the table above illustrates is the pop

music program ‘Pop dot com’ a hit among the teenagers. This in an age group

from which RL struggles to capture listeners as described earlier (table 66,

page 39 and table 54, page 34), and programs like this seems to be one of

the recipes as to how RL can capture listeners from this age group.

Second highest on programs too much of is Aartha Banijya, which is a

program on finance and economics. This program is also highest scoring on

programs not liked (table 75, page 43). We can conclude the listeners

definitely do not like this program.

4.6 Listeners’ relationship with Radio Lumbini

A community radio is more than merely broadcasting news, information and

music to its listeners. It is also about building up a relation so that the

listeners feel ownership of the radio station. This paragraph will outline

listeners’ perception of their relationship with RL.

52

District Sex Age Education Ethnicity Language Occupation

Highest Nawalparasi

93.2% Male

79.8% 45-49

84.1% Intermediate

85.5% Newar 95.5%

Bhojpuri 81.1%

Teacher 89.2%

Lowest Chitwan

30.4%

Female

72.9%

50-54

48.3%

No education

43.1%

Yadav

70.8%

Urdu

62.5%

Labourer

62.2%

Average 77.0% (61.7% of total) 77.0% 77.1% 79.0% 77.0% 76.9% 76.1%

Table 94: Ownership feeling of Radio Lumbini. 1,186 respondents.

Two-third of the respondents have an ownership feeling of RL. High educated

and teacher’s high appeal for RL has been described before and are also

people with a high ownership feeling of RL. A surprise is that people from

Nawalparasi (because of the distance) and the Bhojpuri community’s strong

ownership feeling for RL. The latter I shall discuss later.

Table 95: Ownership feeling of Radio Lumbini, education. 1,097 respondents.

If we look at people’s educational background, not everyone has a strong

ownership feeling. Compared to people with an educational background, a

significant number of people with no educational background have no

ownership feeling of RL. Likewise, labourers also have a low ownership feeling

of RL.

Table 96: Ownership feeling of RL, language. 1,224 respondents.

The Tharu and Urdu language groups have the lowest ownership feeling of

RL, while the Bhojpuri community has the highest ownership feeling of RL,

53

which at first glance appears to contradict their appeal for Rupandehi FM that

has been outlined previously. This indicates RL has a great prospective to

capture even more listeners from the Bhojpuri community, as they have a

positive attitude towards RL. Also in light of RL has already proved they

successfully can produce programs appealing to the Bhojpuri community.

District Sex Age Education Ethnicity Language Occupation

Highest Nawalparasi

85.8%

Male

60.5%

15-19

66.2%

Intermediate

70.8%

Kahar

70.0%

Bhojpuri

64.7%

Teacher

75.6%

Lowest Chitwan

10.7%

Female

52.0%

50-54

34.2%

No education

25.6%

Kami

35.3%

Tharu

45.1%

Labourer

33.9%

Average 57.0% (51.0% of total) 57.0% 56.9% 61.3% 56.9% 57.1% 56.5%

Table 97: Like to become more involved in Radio Lumbini. 1,318 respondents.

More than half of the respondents answered they want to be more involved

with RL. Surprisingly again is it the Bhojpuri community that is most eager to

become more involved in RL. Among the less eager, again we find the

uneducated and labourers, as well as the Tharu community.

Member of listener club 73.9% Shareholder of RL 4.0%

Do my own programs 14.2%

Table 98: How people would like to become more involved with Radio Lumbini. 736 respondents.

Among the people answering they are interested in becoming more involved

with RL, listener clubs have most attraction.

District Sex Age Education Ethnicity Language Occupation

Highest Rupandehi

84.9% Male

77.0% 30-34

81.8% No education

90.5% Muslim 90.9%

Urdu 92.0%

Labourer 94.6%

Lowest Palpa

43.9%

Female

66.8%

35-39

66.7%

SLC, Intermediate

70.1%

Yadav

67.4%

Nepali

70.3%

Gov. emp.

55.5%

Average 73.3% (36.2% of total) 73.3% 73.5% 73.8% 73.3% 73.2% 73.0%

Table 99: People wanting to become more involved with Radio Lumbini through listener club. 736 respondents.

Among the people answering they want to become more involved with RL,

three-forth (more than one-third of all respondents) answered through a

listener club. It is remarkable that it is people with no educational

background, labourers and the Urdu language community who are most keen

to join the listener clubs, as these groups of people previously have

expressed they have little ownership feeling of RL.1 Indeed, an invitation to

RL from these people.

In contrast, it is the educated Nepali language community who express less

interest in becoming member of a listener club, which is interesting as the

majority of the members in the current listener clubs have these

characteristics. Also the fact people from Rupandehi district are most eager to

join the listener clubs indicates RL still can increase the participation in its

home district.

1 It seems contradictory uneducated and labourer are most interested becoming a member of a listener club (table 99) as they previously expressed their reservations to become more involved with

RL. The reader should note, however, that table 99 only outline the respondents who have expressed interest in becoming involved with RL whereas table 97 include all respondents.

54

5. Conclusion At the time data for the survey was collected media in Nepal experienced

severe suppression from the royal regime. It is therefore no surprise when

the survey concludes that mouth to mouth still is the most important mean of

communication on local issues among the large majority, although a very

high number of people trusts the information they get from the media.

The fact that most stories are told from mouth to mouth allows rumours

easily to flourish. As people get more educated, the survey concludes the

likelihood increases people will search additional information or discuss it with

others for triangulation. The survey, however, also concludes that the large

majority still remains untouched by the media, as media does not sufficiently

represent all language groups. The explanations for this cannot alone be

found on the grounds of the impacts from the conflict and the suppressions

made by the royal regime.

The literate, people in the urban areas, as well as mainstream media mostly

use Nepali language. The findings in the survey conclude this language group

to a large extent is satisfied with their access to- and representation in the

media. Half the population in Rupandehi district, however, has Bhojpuri as

their mother tongue, and is an idiom together with the languages Tharu and

Awadi commonly spoken in the lower belt of Nepal, Terai. The survey

concludes these communities largely are outside the reach of the media. Still

today these communities use family and friends as their main source of

information on local issues as they belong to the group, which has the lowest

access to television, newspaper, internet and radio. But it is not because this

community has any reluctance towards the media. Those within the Bhojpuri

community listening to radio, for example, spend most hours listening radio

compared to other language groups.

RL seems not to sufficiently having embraced the Bhojpuri community, which

is why a large proportion of listeners from this language group tune into

Rupandehi FM that has a larger selection of programs available for this

community, news and educational programs included. Overall, RL is the most

listened to radio station when it comes to educational programs. Compared to

other language groups, however, the Bhojpuri community prefers Rupandehi

FM when it comes to local news and educational programs as the only

language group.

The survey provides data that challenges and to some degree also contradicts

the Bhojpuri community’s ‘hostile’ position towards RL. Bhojpuri is the

language group, which has the highest ownership feeling of RL and is also the

language group, which has expressed most interest to become more involved

with RL. This is definitely an invitation to RL from the Bhojpuri community

and to improve their correlation. As RL already has proved they successfully

can produce radio programs for this community, there seem not to be any

reasons as to why the relationship could not be developed even further.

The Tharu community, which has close cultural ties with the Bhojpuri

language community, are committed listeners of RL. Tharu people not

listening to RL have a high proportion of people not knowing of RL or not

listening to RL because they do not like RL. It seems to be more challenging

for RL establishing closer relations with this community as the Tharu

community, compared to the other ethnic groups and castes, has a low

55

ownership feeling of RL. Likewise, the Tharu community also expressed the

lowest interest to become more involved with the work of RL.

A large proportion from the Bhojpuri and Tharu communities also belongs to

the uneducated segment of Nepal and we can also find many labourers within

these communities. For the uneducated and labourers are television,

newspaper and the internet hardly an option available and only 50-60 percent

have a radio receiver on hand. Although RL is talented in attracting

uneducated and labourer listeners compared to the other radio stations, the

findings of the survey give indications the radio programs of RL has limited

appeal to listeners with no or little education. The fact the uneducated and

labourer segment has many people not knowing of RL and/or limited

ownership feeling of RL makes it challenging to establish points of encounter

with this group of people. Although the survey concludes one of RL’s

strengths compared to other radio stations is their educational programs, it

should be an issue of concern uneducated and labourers have preference for

Rupandehi FM when it comes to educational and news programs. The

uneducated and labourers have, however, expressed much interest joining

the listener clubs, which could be one platform for encounter between RL and

listeners from this segment.

The five MS Nepal supported radio programs strive to improve the

accessibility of information to marginalised groups and listeners belonging to

the segments portrayed above, but these programs seem to have only limited

impact. Two of the supported programs are among the five most unknown

programs of RL, and there are also indications the programs have more

appeal to the already privileged in society. The language barrier and the fact

the subject matter is not relevant or interesting has been given as

explanations as to why the programs do not appeal to the listeners.

The survey concludes RL’s strengths are its balanced composition of male and

female listeners, its educational and folk music programs, local news

programs for the Nepali and Tharu language communities, and its programs

attracting educated listeners age 20 to 39. Additionally, it is remarkable the

extent RL is rooted in its community as a noticeable high proportion of society

has ownership feeling of RL and more than half of the respondents expressed

interest in becoming more involved in the work of RL, in particular through

the listener clubs.

The survey also concludes RL’s challenge is to expand or change its programs

to sustain the children/teenage listeners and to truly penetrate the excluded

groups that are excluded from the media and has been portrayed in the

report. There seem to be a link between the fact programs targeted for the

marginalised groups in large are unknown to people and lack impact in the

communities, and the fact these groups of people have expressed most

interest in becoming more involved with RL. These groups have given RL an

invitation in the survey.

56

6. Recommendations Based on the findings in the survey these are the recommendations to RL:

Sustain/increase the number of children and teenage listeners. A

program like ‘pop dot com’ seems to have high appeal and similar new

programs could be developed to sustain this group.

Increase the number of hours of broadcasting in Bhojpuri language.

This should include news and educational programs.

Develop educational programs specifically designed for labourers and

the uneducated population.

As only 50-60 percent of labourers and the uneducated population

have a radio receiver the establishment of new listening centres should

be targeted to also this segment. The establishment of listener clubs

should be based on analysis that takes into consideration where the

need and interest is highest (see table 99, page 53). This will also help

to monitor if the programs targeted these communities reach their

destination as the communities can provide feedback on the programs.

Provide additional training to the program producers producing the soft

issues programs (gender, minority issues, etc.) in order to make these

programs more interesting and relevant to the listeners. As an

additional/alternative strategy could RL purchase or obtain these

programs from outside producers.

Annex 1

Radio Lumbini coverage areaNo. of

# % interviews Diff.

Rupandehi 705.240 45,8% 682 695 101,8%

Kapilbastu 134.344 8,7% 130 133 102,3%

Palpa 84.477 5,5% 82 82 100,3%

Gulmi 64.766 4,2% 63 62 98,9%

Arghakhanchi 115.398 7,5% 112 115 103,0%

Nawalparasi 250.424 16,3% 242 249 102,8%

Chitwan 186.148 12,1% 180 180 99,9%

TOTAL 1.540.797 100,0% 1.491 1516

Social characteristics of Radio Lumbini coverage area and proportional distribution of interviews Accuracy Accuracy

% Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Diff. Total

Language

Bhojpuri 50,5% 345 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 32,6% 79 0,0% 0 28,4% 424 412 97,3% 12

Nepali 34,6% 236 16,4% 21 61,4% 50 94,7% 59 96,2% 107 39,6% 96 69,0% 124 46,6% 695 732 105,4% 37

Tharu 6,3% 43 10,0% 13 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 9,1% 22 12,2% 22 6,7% 100 132 132,0% 32

Awadi 0,6% 4 71,3% 93 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 6,5% 97 22 22,7% 75

Magar 3,3% 23 0,6% 1 33,9% 28 3,3% 2 2,4% 3 14,2% 34 1,6% 3 6,2% 93 111 119,3% 18

Gurung 1,4% 10 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,4% 0 0,0% 0 1,7% 4 2,9% 5 1,3% 19 14 73,1% 5

Newar 1,3% 9 0,0% 0 2,6% 2 1,1% 1 0,8% 1 1,1% 3 2,3% 4 1,3% 19 19 98,0% 0

Hindi 0,7% 5 0,3% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,3% 5 5 96,8% 0

Urdu 0,0% 0 0,6% 1 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,1% 1 60 7692,2% 59

Khariya 0,0% 0 0,3% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 1 256,4% 1

LANGUAGE TOTAL 98,7% 674 99,5% 129 97,9% 80 99,5% 62 99,4% 111 98,3% 238 88,0% 159 97,5% 1.453 1.508 239 84,1%

Ethnicity

Brahman 15,2% 104 8,4% 11 19,3% 16 28,5% 18 36,9% 41 16,9% 41 29,3% 53 19,0% 283 454 160,3% 171

Tharu 10,6% 72 12,6% 16 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 16,5% 40 12,7% 23 10,2% 152 183 120,7% 31

Muslim 8,9% 61 19,4% 25 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 22,1% 54 0,0% 0 9,4% 140 102 73,1% 38

Magar 8,8% 60 12,5% 16 50,9% 42 19,9% 12 9,3% 10 17,2% 42 4,2% 8 12,7% 190 155 81,6% 35

Chhetri 5,8% 40 4,0% 5 8,1% 7 23,1% 14 18,3% 20 5,8% 14 11,0% 20 8,1% 120 175 145,6% 55

Kami 2,1% 14 0,0% 0 5,8% 5 9,5% 6 8,8% 10 0,0% 0 4,5% 8 2,9% 43 38 88,5% 5

Newar 2,2% 15 0,0% 0 3,6% 3 1,8% 1 2,9% 3 2,0% 5 5,4% 10 2,5% 37 32 86,7% 5

Sarki 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 2,6% 2 3,4% 2 3,6% 4 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,6% 8 10 120,8% 2

Kumal 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 2,2% 2 2,5% 2 2,4% 3 2,2% 5 1,6% 3 1,0% 14 17 119,2% 3

Yadav 7,7% 53 9,7% 13 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 3,1% 8 0,0% 0 4,9% 73 109 150,0% 36

Chamar 3,9% 27 5,4% 7 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 3,7% 9 0,0% 0 2,9% 43 38 89,2% 5

Lodha 2,9% 20 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 1,3% 20 14 70,7% 6

Gurung 2,8% 19 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 2,4% 6 6,7% 12 2,5% 37 14 37,8% 23

Kurmi 2,2% 15 6,4% 8 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 1,6% 23 20 85,7% 3

Dusadh 0,0% 0 3,6% 5 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,3% 5 5 106,8% 0

Kahar 0,0% 0 3,1% 4 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,3% 4 16 397,0% 12

Baniya 0,0% 0 2,4% 3 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,2% 3 21 673,1% 18

Kewat 0,0% 0 2,0% 3 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,2% 3 30 1153,8% 27

ETHNICITY TOTAL 73,1% 499 89,5% 116 92,5% 76 88,7% 56 82,2% 92 91,9% 223 75,4% 136 80,3% 1.197 1433 474 66,9%

71

32

9

Palpa TOTALChitwan Collected

District

Social characteristics

18

18

193

17

28

Number of VDC

Rupandehi

#

Population

Arghakhanchi NawalparasiGulmiKapilbastu

Collected

Gender

Male 50,8% 346 50,3% 65 47,3% 39 43,4% 27 45,6% 51 48,9% 119 49,7% 90 49,4% 737 899 122,0% 162

Female 49,2% 336 49,7% 65 52,7% 43 56,6% 35 54,4% 61 51,1% 124 50,3% 91 50,6% 754 619 82,1% 135

GENDER TOTAL 100,0% 682 100,0% 130 100,0% 82 100,0% 63 100,0% 112 100,0% 242 100,0% 180 100,0% 1.491 1518 297 80,4%

Age

10-14 years 17,9% 122 17,8% 23 20,2% 17 21,2% 13 21,3% 24 18,6% 45 17,3% 31 18,4% 275 214 77,9% 61

15-19 years 14,5% 99 13,9% 18 14,9% 12 14,7% 9 14,7% 16 14,8% 36 15,0% 27 14,6% 218 279 128,3% 61

20-24 years 12,3% 84 11,5% 15 10,3% 8 9,6% 6 9,9% 11 11,9% 29 13,0% 23 11,8% 176 277 157,0% 101

25-29 years 10,5% 72 10,2% 13 8,5% 7 7,8% 5 8,3% 9 9,8% 24 10,4% 19 10,0% 148 206 138,7% 58

30-34 years 8,9% 61 8,8% 11 7,6% 6 7,1% 4 7,4% 8 8,4% 20 8,9% 16 8,5% 127 156 122,7% 29

35-39 years 7,9% 54 7,9% 10 6,9% 6 6,6% 4 6,9% 8 7,6% 18 7,8% 14 7,7% 114 104 91,1% 10

40-44 years 6,4% 43 6,5% 9 6,2% 5 6,1% 4 6,3% 7 6,3% 15 6,3% 11 6,3% 95 103 108,9% 8

45-49 years 5,4% 37 5,9% 8 5,6% 5 5,6% 3 5,3% 6 5,5% 13 5,1% 9 5,4% 81 65 80,5% 16

50-54 years 4,3% 29 4,6% 6 5,1% 4 5,2% 3 5,0% 6 4,5% 11 4,2% 7 4,5% 67 41 61,5% 26

55-59 years 3,4% 23 3,6% 5 4,1% 3 4,3% 3 4,1% 5 3,6% 9 3,3% 6 3,6% 53 24 45,0% 29

60-64 years 3,0% 20 3,2% 4 3,6% 3 3,9% 2 3,5% 4 3,1% 7 2,8% 5 3,1% 46

65-69 years 2,3% 16 2,5% 3 2,7% 2 3,0% 2 2,8% 3 2,3% 6 2,3% 4 2,4% 36

70-74 years 1,7% 12 1,8% 2 2,1% 2 2,3% 1 2,2% 2 1,7% 4 1,7% 3 1,8% 27

75 and over 1,7% 12 1,7% 2 2,3% 2 2,5% 2 2,3% 3 1,8% 4 2,0% 4 1,9% 28

AGE TOTAL 100,0% 682 100,0% 130 100,0% 82 100,0% 63 100,0% 112 100,0% 242 100,0% 180 100,0% 1.491 1495 509 65,9%

Accuracy 74,5%

Too Too

Accuracy many few

Diff 10-20%

Diff 20-30%

Diff +30%

11126 19,0%

Annex 2

Radio Lumbini programs Genre ke very muc Like Don't know Don't likeon't like at PositiveDon't knowNegative

Weight 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,5

1 Dharmic karyakaram religion 36,2 42,0 15,7 5,9 0,1 96,3 15,7 6,1

2 Rastriya geet national songs 13,7 43,6 35,2 7,2 0,3 64,2 35,2 7,7

3 Kanunu Sachetana legal issues 14,8 37,9 40,8 6,4 0,2 60,1 40,8 6,7

4 Khel Sansaar sports 16,7 36,9 38,0 7,3 0,9 62,0 38,0 8,7

5 Jeevan Chakra success stories 10,4 32,2 49,8 6,8 0,8 47,8 49,8 8,0

6 Paani ra jeevan water management 6,0 26,9 59,8 6,9 0,5 35,9 59,8 7,7

7 Ghumdai Phidai community affairs 5,5 25,0 61,2 7,8 0,5 33,3 61,2 8,6

8 Aanubhuti ra aabhibekti Nepali litterature 7,2 22,3 61,4 8,4 0,7 33,1 61,4 9,5

9 Hamro Lumbini turism 9,2 35,4 51,0 4,4 0,0 49,2 51,0 4,4

10 Pratribimba women rights (ms) 4,5 51,6 65,1 7,4 0,5 58,4 65,1 8,2

11 Satkshakaar current affairs, interview 5,9 26,4 61,9 5,3 0,5 35,3 61,9 6,1

12 Mero desh mero gaurab national songs, poems 11,3 27,8 55,3 5,2 0,4 44,8 55,3 5,8

13 Jamarko dalit issues, discrimination (ms) 5,3 20,7 66,8 6,8 0,4 28,7 66,8 7,4

14 Chino Phano conflict, peaceful resolution (ktm 1/3) 19,1 28,1 47,7 5,0 0,2 56,8 47,7 5,3

15 Lumbini Quiz quiz 32,1 28,8 35,5 2,8 0,8 77,0 35,5 4,0

16 Uddhami Barta entrepreneurs, buisiness people 7,1 21,9 61,9 8,3 0,9 32,6 61,9 9,7

17 Bigyann prabidhi science and technology 17,5 27,2 47,4 7,6 0,3 53,5 47,4 8,1

18 Aanter Drishti disability programme (ms) 7,5 21,9 60,2 9,9 0,5 33,2 60,2 10,7

19 Saichik Chaupari educational programme 25,6 28,9 40,0 4,4 1,0 67,3 40,0 5,9

20 Krishi Karyakram agriculture 29,3 30,2 31,1 7,7 1,7 74,2 31,1 10,3

21 Pariwar Swastheya family health 23,1 36,5 34,1 5,3 1,0 71,2 34,1 6,8

22 Shodhi Khoji conflict, peaceful resolution (ktm) 14,6 30,1 47,4 7,0 1,0 52,0 47,4 8,5

23 Saha Aastitwa womens issues, feminist (ktm) 8,8 21,5 58,2 10,9 0,7 34,7 58,2 12,0

24 Cine Nagari movies 26,2 32,4 34,9 5,5 1,0 71,7 34,9 7,0

25 Minham gorak magar language, current affairs 7,6 18,2 63,6 7,7 3,0 29,6 63,6 12,2

26 Sangam songs 9,2 23,5 59,0 7,2 1,1 37,3 59,0 8,9

27 Hello Lumbini modern songs with information 23,2 34,7 36,2 5,2 0,7 69,5 36,2 6,3

28 Khichadi satire 28,2 31,2 34,8 5,2 0,5 73,5 34,8 6,0

29 Bhojpuri karyakram bhojpuri songs, info, news, letters 34,6 22,1 30,9 8,9 3,4 74,0 30,9 14,0

30 Deurali folk songs based on letters 30,2 25,3 38,0 5,3 1,2 70,6 38,0 7,1

31 Ghar Aagan women issues 12,9 28,0 48,9 9,3 0,9 47,4 48,9 10,7

32 Pahur listeners questions - radio find answer 10,5 26,0 53,8 9,3 0,4 41,8 53,8 9,9

33 Yuwa Aawaj youth 16,9 29,8 46,7 5,6 0,9 55,2 46,7 7,0

34 Darpan physical health 9,7 29,2 52,9 7,1 1,2 43,8 52,9 8,9

35 Hamro geet tapaiko sandeslisteners letters (sometimes with problem 12,1 32,1 46,7 7,7 1,4 50,3 46,7 9,8

36 Marchawar all nepali songs from various ethnic com 11,9 20,1 56,9 8,8 2,4 38,0 56,9 12,4

37 Aaina Bhojpuri bhojpuri prg. songs and information 21,1 19,8 43,5 10,9 4,7 51,5 43,5 18,0

38 Majheri folk songs with active community particip 19,5 23,8 48,0 6,4 2,3 53,1 48,0 9,9

39 Tapaika geet request for songs 16,4 37,1 39,6 5,4 1,4 61,7 39,6 7,5

40 Gyan manche quiz 21,6 31,0 42,0 4,2 1,2 63,4 42,0 6,0

41 Aaphnai kura community affairs (ms) 10,8 31,3 51,4 5,6 0,9 47,5 51,4 7,0

42 Jagrity women based program in bhojpuri 7,7 28,8 54,3 6,5 1,5 40,4 54,3 8,8

43 Bikash ka lagi sajhedari butwal municipality prg. 12,2 26,4 53,7 6,5 1,1 44,7 53,7 8,2

44 Sherophero current affairs 10,3 25,9 54,3 7,9 1,6 41,4 54,3 10,3

45 Paribesh womens issues (ms) 13,4 20,3 56,9 8,1 1,3 40,4 56,9 10,1

46 Radio Browsing ict 8,4 16,3 65,1 8,2 1,9 28,9 65,1 11,1

47 Hamro Batabaran environmental issues (ms) 8,0 31,5 50,7 7,6 2,2 43,5 50,7 10,9

48 Gaphananda ko gapha satire 15,3 28,8 44,5 8,6 2,9 51,8 44,5 13,0

49 Aartha Banijya economics and finance 5,6 25,1 52,7 12,1 4,5 33,5 52,7 18,9

50 Khet Khaliyaan agricultural prg. In bhojpuri 20,2 23,1 42,6 9,7 4,3 53,4 42,6 16,2

51 Hamro nagar hamro sahar butwal municipality 7,0 25,8 54,9 9,2 3,2 36,3 54,9 14,0

52 Aasal jodi good couple - about marriages 20,5 34,0 40,8 4,2 0,5 64,8 40,8 5,0

53 Subha ratri music, letter, phone ins, interviews, etc. 32,5 35,5 28,9 2,7 0,3 84,3 28,9 3,2

54 Mutu ko betha problem of heart; psykological issues 40,2 28,8 28,0 2,6 0,3 89,1 28,0 3,1

55 Hamro Rupandehi ddc - district dev. Committee 14,9 33,0 47,0 3,8 1,3 55,4 47,0 5,8

56 Lok Suseli folk songs in the evening 46,2 25,8 22,9 3,4 1,7 95,1 22,9 6,0

57 Pop dot com pop songs 28,1 26,8 29,6 10,1 5,4 69,0 29,6 18,2

58 Lumbini Call In phone in prg. 20,7 30,1 39,0 6,9 3,4 61,2 39,0 12,0

59 Patriphal income generation, poverty reduction 8,7 18,7 57,1 11,4 4,1 31,8 57,1 17,6

Annex 3

Radio Lumbini Coverage area

The highlighted VDC’s are all included in the survey, assuming RL can be listened to in these

areas in good quality.

Rupandehi Kapilbastu Palpa Nawalparasi Arghakhanchi Chitawan Gulmi

Aama Abhirawa Archale Agryouli Adguri Ayodhyapuri Aaglung

Aanandaban Ajigara Argali Amarapuri Argha Bachhyauli AmarArbathok

Amuwa Bahadurganj Bahadurpur Amraut Arghatos Bagauda Amarpur

Asurena Balaramwapur Baldengadhi BadaharaDubauliya Asurkot Bhandara Apchaur

Bagaha Baluhawa Bandipokhara Baidauli Balkot BharatpurN.P. Arbani

Bagauli Banganga Barangdi Banjariya Bangi Birendranagar Arje

Bairghat Baraipur Bhairabsthan Benimanipur Bangla Chainpur Arkhale

Basantapur Barakulpur Bhuwanpokhari Bharatipur Bhagawati ChandiBhanjyang Arkhawang

Betakuiya Basantapur Birkot Bhujhawa Chhatraganj Dahakhani Arlangkot

Bhagawanpur Baskhaur Bodhapokharathok Bulingtar Chidika Darechok Aslewa

Bisunpura Bedauli Boudhagumba DadajheriTadi Dhakawang Dibyanagar Badagaun

Bodabar Bhagwanpur Chappani DawanneDevi Dhanchaur Fulbari Bajhketeria

Bogadi Bhalubari Chhahara Dedgaun Dharapani Gardi Baletaksar

ButawalN.P. Bijuwa Chidipani Deurali Dhatiwang Gitanagar Balithum

Chhipagada Birpur Chirtungdhara Devachuli Dhikura Gunjanagar Bamgha

ChhotakiRamnagar Bishunpur Darchha Devagawa Dibharna Jagatpur Bharse

Chilhiya Bithuwa Darlamdanda Dhaubadi Gorkhunga Jutpani Bhurtung

DayaNagar Budhi Deurali Dhurkot Hansapur Kabilas Birbas

Devadaha Chanai Devinagar Dibyapuri Jukena Kathar Bisukharka

Dhakadhai Dhankauli Dobhan Dumkibas Juluke Kaule Chhapahile

Dhamauli Dharmpaniya Fek Gaidakot Keemadada Khairahani Dalamchaur

Dudharakchhe Dohani Foksingkot Gairami Kerunga Korak DarbarDevisthan

Ekala Dubiya Gadakot GuthiParsauni Khan Kumroj Darling

Farena Dumara Galdha Guthisuryapura Khanchikot Lothar Daungha

Gajedi Fulika Gejha Hakui Khandaha MadiKalyanpur Dhamir

Gangoliya Gajehada Gothadi Harpur Khidim Mangalpur DhurkotBastu

Gonaha Ganeshpur Haklang Hupsekot Khilji Meghauli DhurkotBhanbhane

Harnaiya Gauri Humin Jahada Maidan Padampur DhurkotNayagaun

HatiBangai Gotihawa Hungi Jamuniya Mareng Parbatipur DhurkotRajasthal

HatiPharsatikar Gugauli Jalpa Jaubari Narapani Patihani Digam

Jogada Haranampur Jhadewa Kawaswoti Nuwakot Piple Dirbung

Kamahariya Harduona Jhirubas Kolhuwa Pali Pithuwa Dohali

Karahiya Hariharpur Juthapauwa Kotathar Pathauti RatnanagarN.P. Dubichaur

Karauta Hathausa Jyamire Kudiya Pathona Saradanagar Foksing

Kerbani Hathihawa Kachal Kumarwarti Pokharathok Shaktikhor Gaidakot

KhadawaBangai Jahadi Kaseni Kusma Sandhikharka Sibanagar Gwadha

Khudabagar Jawabhari Khaliban Mainaghat Siddhara Siddi Gwadi

Lumbini Jayanagar Khanichhap Makar Simalapani Sukranagar Hadahade

Madhbaliya Kajarhawa Khanigau Manari Sitapur Hansara

Madhuwani KapilbastuN.P. Khasyoli Mithukaram Subarnakhal Hardineta

Mainahiya Khurhuriya Khyaha Mukundapur Thada Harewa

Majhagawa Kopawa Koldada Naram Thulapokhara Harmichaur

Makrahar KrishnaNagar Kusumkhola Narayani Harrachaur

Rupandehi Kapilbastu Palpa Nawalparasi Arghakhanchi Chitawan Gulmi

ManPakadi Labani Masyam NayaBelhani Hawangdi

Maryadpur Lalpur Mityal Pakalihawa Hunga

Masina Maharajganj Mujhung Palhi IsmaRajasthal

Motipur Mahendrakot Nayarnamtales Panchanagar Jaisithok

Padsari Mahuwa PalungMainadi Parsauni Jayakhani

Pajarkatti Malwar Pipaldada Pithauli Johang

PakadiSakron Manpur Pokharathok Pragatinagar Juniya

Parroha Milmi Rahabas Pratappur Juvung

Patekhouli Motipur Rampur Rajahar Khadgakot

Pokharvindi NandaNagar Ringneraha Rakachuli Kharjyang

Rayapur Nigalihawa Rupse Rakuwa Kurgha

Roinihawa Pakadi Sahalkot RamgramN.P. Limgha

Rudrapur Parsohiya Satyawati Ramnagar Malagiri

Sadi Patariya Siddheshwor RampurKhadauna Marbhung

Saljhundi Patna Siluwa Rampurkha Musikot

SameraMarchwar Patthardaihiya Somadi Ratanapur MyalPokhari

Semalar Pipara Tahu Ruchang Neta

ShankarNagar Purusottampur TansenN.P. Rupauliya Pallikot

SiddharthNagarN.P. Rajpur Telgha Sanai Paralmi

Sikatahan Ramnagar Timure Sarawal PauchhiAmarayee

Silautiya Rangapur Wakamalang Shivmandir Pipaldhara

Sipawa Sauraha Yamgha Somani PurkotDaha

SourahaPharsatikar Shipanagar Sukrauli Purtighat

Suryapura Shivagadhi Sunwal Reemuwa

Tenuhawa Shivapur Swathi Rupakot

ThumhawaPiprahawa Singhkhor Tamasariya Ruru

Tikuligadh Sirsihawa ThuloKhairatawa Shantipur

Sisawa Tilakpur Simichaur

Somdiha Tribenisusta Sirseni

Thunhiya UpalloArkhale Tamghas

Tilaurakot Thanpati

Titirkhi ThuloLumpek

Udayapur Turang

VidhyaNagar Wagla

Wamitaksar

Annex 4

FOR INTERNAL NOTES

Language: Bhojpuri Nepali Tharu Awadi Magar Other

Ethnicity: Brahman Tharu Muslim Magar Chhetri Yadav Other

Religion: Hindu Bouddha Islam Other

Gender: Female Male

Age group: 10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

29

30-

34

35-

39

40-

44

45-

49

50-

54

55-

59

60

+

Area: VDC District

Radio Lumbini audience survey questionnaire Edition: 05.07.05

Mark boxes clearly with a

A. Demographic questions

1. Sex?

Female Male

2. How old are you?

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60+

3. Can you read?

Yes No

(If answer is “No”: go to question A6)

4. Can you write?

Yes No

5. Which education have you completed?

(Do not read options, mark only one)

Primary school

Secondary school

SLC

Intermediate or above

No education

6. Which ethnicity/caste do you belong to?

(Do not read options, mark only one)

Brahman

Tharu

Muslim

Magar

Chhetri

Kami

Newar

Sarki

Kumal

Yadav

Chamar

Lodha

Gurung

Kurmi

Dusadh

Kahar

Baniya

Kewat

Other Please specify: _________________________

7. What is your mother tongue?

(Do not read options, mark only one)

Bhojpuri

Nepali

Tharu

Awadi

Magar

Gurung

Newar

Hindi

Urdu

Khariya

Other Please specify: _________________________

8. What languages do you speak?

(Do not read options)

Bhojpuri

Nepali

Tharu

Awadi

Magar

Gurung

Newar

Hindi

Urdu

Khariya

Other Please specify: _________________________

9. Which occupation do you have right now?

(Do not read options, mark only one)

Student

Farmer

Government employee

Merchant

Teacher

House wife

Labour

Unemployed

Other Please specify: __________________________

10. What is your religion?

(Do not read options, mark only one)

Hindu

Buddhist

Muslim

Christian

Other Please specify: __________________________

11. Is there a temple in your community?

Yes No

(If answer is “No”: go to question A13)

12. When is the temple made?

10 years ago

20 years ago

30 years ago

More than 30 years ago

Don’t know

13. Which temple do you prefer to go to?

(Do not read options, mark only one)

Shiva

Devi

Buddha

Church

Mosque

I don’t go to temple

14. When do you prefer to go?

Morning Evening

(If answer is “No”: go to question A16)

15. Which day do you prefer to go to temple?

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

16. For how many hours do you pray?

________ hours

I don’t pray

B. Media questions

RADIO:

1. Is there a radio in your home?

Yes No

(If the answer is “No”: go to question B4)

2. What radio channel is the radio tuned into right now?

___________, ______ MHz

3. Which radio stations can the radio receive and how clear is the signal?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark all relevant)

Can receive Can not receive Do not know Clear Not clear

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

4. For how many hours do you listen to the radio every day?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark only one)

I never listen to radio

I do regularly listen to radio

Less than half an hour

Between half an hour and one hour

Between 1-2 hours

Between 2-4 hours

Between 4-8 hours

More than 8 hours

(If answer is “I never listen to radio”: go to question B19)

5. Where do you mostly listen to the radio?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark only one)

At home

At work

In the car/bus

At my friends/relatives homes

In a public space (market, restaurant)

Other Please specify: _________________________

6. At what time do you mostly listen to the radio?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark all relevant)

Before 5 AM

Between 5 AM and 8 AM

Between 8 AM and 11 AM

Between 11 AM and 2 PM

Between 2 PM and 5 PM

Between 5 PM and 8 PM

Between 8 PM and 11 PM

After 11 PM

7. Which radio channel do you listen to most often?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC Nepali Service

China International Nepali Service

All India Nepali Service

8. Which radio channels did you listen to the last week?

(Read all options, one at a time, mark all relevant)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC Nepali Service

China International Nepali Service

All India Nepali Service

9. Which radio programs do you like the most – maximum 5 programmes?

(Write down all answers – maximum 5 programmes)

1. Program: _____________________ of _______________________ radio station

2. Program: _____________________ of _______________________ radio station

3. Program: _____________________ of _______________________ radio station

4. Program: _____________________ of _______________________ radio station

5. Program: _____________________ of _______________________ radio station

10. How do you like the following types of radio programs?

(Read all options, one at a time, and mark only one relevant statement pr. type of programme)

Like very much Like Don’t know Don’t like Don’t like at all

Local news

National news

International news

Prg. on agriculture

Prg. on family health, nutrition and child care

Prg. on business, enterprise and price information

Prg. on district development and peace

Prg. on gender issues

Prg. on education

Prg. about different cultures

Radio drama

Folk music

Pop music

Local music

International music

Sports

Children’s programmes

Other – please specify: _________________________

11. Which radio channel is the best in local news, local reports and community affairs?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

12. Which radio channel is the best in national news and national reports?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

13. Which radio channel is the best in international news?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

14. Which radio channel is the best in educational/informative programmes (i.e. programmes on agriculture,

health and nutrition, etc.)?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

15. Which radio channel is the best in folk music?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

16. Which radio channel is the best in modern music?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

17. Which radio channel is the best in pop music?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

BBC

China International

All India

18. Among the local radio stations which one do you like the most?

(Do not read the options, mark only one)

Radio Nepal

Rupandehi FM

Radio Lumbini

Butwal FM

Tinau FM

Srinagar FM

Muktinath FM

Kalika FM

Paschimanchal FM

Bijaya FM

Synergy FM

TELEVISION:

19. Is there a television set in your home?

Yes No

(If answer is “No”: go to question B25)

20. How many television sets are there in your home?

Number: ________

21. Do you have a satellite dish?

Yes No

22. Do you have cable television?

Yes No

23. For how many hours do you usually watch television every day?

(Read all the options and mark only one)

I never watch television

I do regularly watch television

Less than half an hour

Between half an hour and one hour

Between one and two hours

Between two and four hours

More than four hours

(If the answer is “I never watch television”: go to question C28)

24. Where do you mostly watch television?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark only one)

At home

At work

In the car/bus

At my friends/relatives homes

In a public space (market, restaurant)

Other Please specify: _____________________

25. At what time do you usually watch television?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark all relevant)

Before 5 AM

Between 5 AM and 8 AM

Between 8 AM and 11 AM

Between 11 AM and 2 PM

Between 2 PM and 5 PM

Between 5 PM and 8 PM

Between 8 PM and 11 PM

After 11 PM

26. Which channels do you watch the most – maximum 5 channels?

(Write down all answers – maximum 5 channels)

1. Channel: _____________________

2. Channel: _____________________

3. Channel: _____________________

4. Channel: _____________________

5. Channel: _____________________

27. Which kind of television programmes do you usually watch the most – chose maximum three?

Local news

National news

International news

Educational programmes

Soap operas and films

Documentary

Music programmes

Sports

Other Please specify: ____________________

NEWSPAPER:

28. How often do you read a newspaper?

(Read all options and mark only one)

Every day

Almost every day

Once a week

Once a month

Never

(If answer is “Never”: go to question B31)

29. How often do you buy a newspaper?

(Read all options and mark only one)

Every day

Almost every day

Once a week

Once a month

Never

30. Which newspaper did you read during the last week?

(Do not read the options, mark all relevant)

Kantipur

Gorkhapatra

Rajdhani

Annapurna Post

Samachar Patra

Lumbini

Bhawana

Janasangharsa

Mechikali Sandeth

Sapatahik Bhairahawa

Rajyesatta Sapalahik

None

Others Please specify: _______________________

INTERNET:

31. Do you ever use the internet?

Yes No

(If answer is “No”: go to question B35)

32. Do you have internet at home?

Yes No

33. How often do you use the internet?

(Read all options and mark only one)

Every day

Almost every day

Once a week

Once a month

Less than once a month

34. What do you use the internet for?

(Read all options and mark all relevant)

E-mail

News

Seeking information

Chat

Just for fun

Other Please specify: __________________

35. Have you ever heard about radio browsing?

Yes No

GENERAL MEDIA QUESTIONS:

36. What is the main source of information about local issues?

(Read all options and mark only one)

Radio

Television

Newspaper

Internet

Friends, family, colleges, etc.

Other Please specify: ____________________

37. Can you give any examples on how media has made any important changes on your daily life?

Yes No

(If the answer is “No”: go to question B39)

38. Please explain what changes – maximum 5.

(Write down all answers – maximum 5)

1: _____________________

2: _____________________

3: _____________________

4: _____________________

5: _____________________

39. Do you trust the information you get from the media?

Yes No

(If the answer is “Yes”: go to question B41)

40. Please explain why you don’t trust the media.

(Write down all answers – maximum 5)

1: _____________________

2: _____________________

3: _____________________

4: _____________________

5: _____________________

41. What do you do with the information you get from the media?

(Read all options and mark all relevant)

I sometimes discuss it with friends, colleges or relatives

I keep it for myself

I sometimes search additional information on the subject

Other Please specify: _______________

RADIO LUMBINI:

42. Do you listen to Radio Lumbini?

Yes No

(If the answer is “Yes”: go to question B44)

43. Why don’t you listen to Radio Lumbini?

(Read all options and mark only one)

Do not know Radio Lumbini

Prefer other radio channels

Do not like Radio Lumbini

Please give main reasons:

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

Other Please specify: __________________

(Questionnaire is finished)

44. Do you know in which district Radio Lumbini is situated?

District: ____________________

Do not know

45. How often do you listen to Radio Lumbini?

(Read all options and mark only one)

Every day

Almost every day

Once a week

Once a month

Less than once a month

(If answer is “Less than once a month”: go to question B52)

46. At what time during the day do you usually listen to Radio Lumbini?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark all relevant)

Between 5 AM and 8 AM

Between 8 AM and 11 AM

Between 11 AM and 2 PM

Between 2 PM and 5 PM

Between 5 PM and 8 PM

Between 8 PM and 10 PM

47. For how many hours do you listen to the radio every day?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark only one)

Less than 15 minutes

Between 15 minutes and half an hour

Between half an hour and one hour a day

Between 1-2 hours

Between 2-4 hours

Between 4-8 hours

More than 8 hours a day

48. Where do you mostly listen to Radio Lumbini?

(Read all questions one at a time and mark only one)

At home

At work

In the car/bus

At my friends/relatives homes

In a public space (market, restaurant)

Other Please specify: ________________

49. Which programmes did you listen to during the last week?

(Read all options, one at a time, and mark all relevant) TYPE THE NAMES OF THE RL PROGRAMMES IN

NEPALI LANGUAGE

Local news

National news

International news

Prg. on agriculture

Prg. on family health, nutrition and child care

Prg. on business, enterprise and price information

Prg. on district development and peace

Prg. on gender issues

Prg. on education

Prg. about different cultures

Radio drama

Folk music

Pop music

Local music

International music

Sports

Children’s programmes

Others Please specify: ________________

None

50. Which programmes do you listen to most often? Name maximum 3 programmes.

(Write down all answers – maximum 3 programmes)

1: _____________________

2: _____________________

3: _____________________

4: _____________________

5: _____________________

51. How do you like the following types of radio programs on Radio Lumbini? TYPE THE NAMES OF THE RL

PROGRAMMES IN NEPALI LANGUAGE

(Read all options, one at a time, and mark only one relevant statement pr. type of programme)

Like very much Like Don’t know Don’t like Don’t like at all

Local news

National news

International news

Prg. on agriculture

Prg. on family health, nutrition and child care

Prg. on business, enterprise and price information

Prg. on district development and peace

Prg. on gender issues

Prg. on education

Radio drama

Folk music

Pop music

Local music

International music

Sports

Children’s programmes

Commercials

52. Is there any kind of programme you would like to have more of on Radio Lumbini?

(Do not read options, mark all relevant)

Local news

National news

International news

Prg. on agriculture

Prg. on family health, nutrition and child care

Prg. on business, enterprise and price information

Prg. on district development and peace

Prg. on gender issues

Prg. on education

Prg. about different cultures

Radio drama

Folk music

Pop music

Local music

International music

Sports

Children’s programmes

Youth programmes

Commercials

Others Please specify: ________________

53. Is there any kind of programme there is too much of on Radio Lumbini?

(Do not read options, mark all relevant)

Local news

National news

International news

Prg. on agriculture

Prg. on family health, nutrition and child care

Prg. on business, enterprise and price information

Prg. on district development and peace

Prg. on gender issues

Prg. on education

Prg. about different cultures

Radio drama

Folk music

Pop music

Local music

International music

Sports

Children’s programmes

Youth programmes

Commercials

It’s ok

Others Please specify: ________________

54. Do you feel Radio Lumbini is your radio station, and do you have an ownership feeling of Radio Lumbini? In

the sense: does it bring up your concerns, your problems and your feelings.

Yes No

55. Would you like to become more involved in the work of Radio Lumbini?

Yes No

(If the answer is “No”: questionnaire is finished)

56. How would you like to become more involved in the work of Radio Lumbini?

Member of a listeners club

Shareholder of Radio Lumbini

Do my own radio programmes

Others Please specify: ________________

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND COLLABORATION

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TO INTERVIEWER

Date:

Interviewer name:

VDC/municipality name:

Village/ward name:

Interviewer’s comments on interview situation:

1

Annex 5

FOR INTERNAL NOTES

Language: Bhojpuri Nepali Tharu Awadi Magar Other

Ethnicity: Brahman Tharu Muslim Magar Chhettri Yadav Other

Religion: Hindu Buddha Islam Other

Gender: Female Male

Age

group: 10-

14

15-

19

20-

24

25-

29

30-

34

35-

39

40-

44

45-

49

50-

54

55-

59

60

+

Area: VDC District

/ ] l8of ] n ' l DagL >f ]t f ;j { ] I f0 f k | Zg fjnL

@)^@= #=@&

afs;df lrgf ] nufpg 'x f ]; \ . s_ hg; +Vof Tds k |Zgx? M != lnË < dlxnf � k'?if � @= tkfO{ slt aif{sf] x'g'eof] < !)– !$ � !%–!( � @)–@$ � @$–@( � #)–#$ � #%–#( � $)–$$ � $%–$( � %)–%$ � %%–%( �

^)+ � #= tkfO{ k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 < ;S5' � ;lSbg � -olb pQ/ Æ;lSbgÆ cfPdf k|Zg g+= s ^ ;f]Wg'xf];\ _ $= tkfO{ n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 < ;S5' � ;lSbg � %= s'g lzIff k'/f ug'{eof] < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf];\_ k|fylds lzIff � dfWolds lzIff � P;=Pn=;L � k|df0f kq tx jf dfyL � clzlIft � ;fdfGo n]vk9 -k|f}9 lzIff _ �

2

^= tkfO{ s'g hftsf] xf] < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ afx'g � yf? � d'l:nd � du/ � If]qL � sfdL{ � g]jf/ � ;fsL{ � s'dfn � ofbj � rdf/ � nf]w � u'?Ë � s'dL{ � bf];fw � sxf/ � aflgof � s]j6 � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ========================================== &= tkfO{sf] dft[ efiff s'g xf]< -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ ef]hk'/L � g]kfnL � yf? � cjbL � du/ � u'?Ë � g]jf/L � lxGbL � pb[{' � s/Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ============================================ *= tkfO{ s'g efiff af]Ng'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / cfPsf] pQ/df lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ ef]hk'/L � g]kfnL � yf? � cjbL � du/ � u'?Ë � g]jf/L � lxGbL � pb{' � s/Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ =============================================

3

(= clxn] tkfO{ s'g k]zf ug'{x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ lawfyL{ � ls;fg � ;/sf/L � lzIfs �

u[x0fL �

dhb'/L � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ========================================================== !)= tkfO{n] s'g wd{ dfGg'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / ;lx pQ/df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ lxGb' �

a'4 � d'lZnd � ls|ZrLog � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ========================================== !!= s] tkfO{sf] ;d'bfodf dlGb/ 5 < 5 � 5}g � - olb pQ/ Æ5}gÆ cfPdf k|Zg s !# ;f]Wg'xf];\ ._

!@= Tof] dlGb/ slxn] ag]sf] xf] < !) aif{ cuf8L �

@) aif{ cuf8L � #) aif{ cuf8L � #) eGbf w]/} aif{ cuf8L �

yfxf 5}g � !#= tkfO{ s'g dlGb/ hfg'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / ;lx pQ/df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ lza � b]jL �

j'4 � rr{ �

db/;f �

d dlGb/ hf+bLg �

cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\============================================ - olb pQ/ Æd dlGb/ hf+bLgÆ cfPdf k|Zg s !^ ;f]Wg'xf];\_ !$= tkfO{ dlGb/ slta]nf hfg'x'G5 < laxfg � lbp+;f] � ;f+em � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ =====================

!%= tkfO{ s'g lbg dlGb/ hfg'x'G5 < cfOtaf/ � ;f]daf/ � du+naf/ � a'waf/ � lalxaf/ � z'qmaf/ � zlgaf/ �

!^= tkfO{ slt 306f k'hf ug'x'G5 < ===================306f d k'hf ulb{g �

4

v_ ; +rf/ k |Zg M

/ ] l8of ] != tkfO{sf] 3/df /]l8of] 5 < 5 � 5}g �

- olb pQ/ Æ5}gÆ cfPdf k|Zg v $ ;f]Wg'xf];\_

@= clxn] tkfOn] s'g /]l8of] ahfO{/xg' ePsf] 5 <

====================MHz

#= s'g /]l8of] :6]zg s:tf] ;'lgG5 < ;lx pQ/df lrGx nufpg'xf]; . -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / ;lx pQ/df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ ;dfT5 ;dfTb}g yfxf 5}g :ki6 :ki6 5}g /]l8of] g]kfn � � � � � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � � � � � /]l8of] n'lDagL � � � � � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � � � � � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � � � � � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= � � � � �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= � � � � �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= � � � � �

klZrdf~rn � � � � � ljho Pkm=Pd= � � � � �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � � � � �= la la ;L � � � � � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � � � � � cn OG8Lof � � � � � $= x/]s lbg slt 306f /]l8of] ;'Gg'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / ;lx pQ/df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ d slxNo} ;'lGbg � d ;'lg/xG5' � cfwf 306f eGbf w]/} � cfwf / Ps 306fsf] lardf � `Ps b]lv b'O{ 306fsf] lardf � b'O{ b]lv rf/ 306fsf] lardf � rf/ b]lv cf7 306fsf] lardf � cf7 306f eGbf al9 � -olb pQ/ Æd slxNo} ;'lGbgÆ eGg] cfP, k|Zg v !( df hfg'xf];\_ %= tkfO{ k|foM /]l8of] s+xf ;'Gg'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Ps ;lx pQ/df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ 3/df � sfd ubf{ � sf/, a;df � ;fyL, efO{, O{i6ldqsf]df � ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf -ahf/,/]i6'/]i6 cflb_ � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ======================

5

^= tkfO{ /]l8of] s'g ;dodf ;'Gg'x'G5< -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / ;lx pQ/df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ laxfg % b]vL * ah]sf] lardf � laxfg * b]vL !! ah]sf] lardf � laxfg !! b]vL lbp;f] @ ah]sf] lardf � lbp;f] @ b]vL % ah]sf] lardf � /ftL * b]vL !) ah]sf] lardf � &= tkfO{ w]/} h;f] s'g /]l8of] :6]zg ;'Gg'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / ;lx s'g} Ps pQ/df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ================= *= ut xKtf tkfO{n] s'g /]l8of] :6]zg ;'Gg'eof] < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ k9\g'xf]; / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ================= (= s'g /]l8of] sfo{s|d tkfO{nfO{ clt dg k5{ < al9df % j6f ;Dd sfo{s|dsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];< -% j6} sfo{s|dsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\_ ! sfo{s|d ============================s'g =========================================/]l8of] :6]zg @ sfo{s|d ============================s'g =========================================/]l8of] :6]zg # sfo{s|d ============================s'g =========================================/]l8of] :6]zg $ sfo{s|d ============================s'g =========================================/]l8of] :6]zg % sfo{s|d ============================s'g =========================================/]l8of] :6]zg

6

!)= lgDgcg';f/ /]l8of] sfo{s|d tkfO{nfO{ s:tf] nfU5< -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ w]/} dg k5{ dg k5{ yfxf 5}g dgkb}{g slQ dgkb{}g :yflgo ;dfrf/ � � � � � /fli6«o ;dfrf/ � � � � � cGt/fli6«o ;dfrf/ � � � � � s[lif sfo{s|d � � � � � kl/jf/ / :jf:Yo � � � � � cy{ ,afl0fHo,Jofkf/ � � � � � nf}lËs ;dfgtf � � � � � lzIff ;DalGw � � � � � cGo ;:s[ltsf] sfo{s|d � � � � � lasfz / zflGt ;DalGw � � � � � /]l8of] gf6s � � � � � kk lut � � � � � cfw'lgs lut � � � � � nf]s lut � � � � � :yflgo uLt � � � � � afn

sfo{s|d � � � � � v]ns'b � � � � �

cGo sfo{s|d, � � � � � -:ki6 kfg'{xf];\ =========================================================================_ !!= :yflgo va/sf nflu s'g /]l8of] pQd 5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ =================

7

!@= /fli6«o ;dfrf/sf nflu s'g /]l8of] pQd 5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ================ !#= cGt/fli6«o ;dfrf/sf nflu s'g /]l8of] pQd 5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];_\ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ================= !$= s'g /]l8of] lzIff d'ns ÷;'rgfd'ns sfo{s|dsf nflu] pQd 5 < -s[lif,:jf:Yo, kf]if0f,cfbL_ -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];_\ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ =================== !%= nf]s uLt ;+lutsf nflu s'g /]l8of] pQd 5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

8

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ================ !^= cfw'lgs uLtsf nflu s'g /]l8of] pQd 5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ================= !&= kk uLtsf nflu s'g /]l8of] pQd 5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � la la ;L � rfOgf OG6/g];gn � cn OG8Lof � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ============== !*= :yflgo /]l8of]x? dWo] tkfO{nfO{ Psbd} dg kg]{ /]l8of] s'g xf] < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf];, ;f]Wg'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\_ /]l8of] g]kfn � ?kGb]xL Pkm=Pd= � /]l8of] n'lDagL � a'6jn Pkm=Pd= � sfnLsf Pkm=Pd= � ltgfp Pkm=Pd= �

>L gu/ Pkm=Pd= �

d'lQmgfy Pkm=Pd= �

klZrdf~rn � ljho Pkm=Pd= �

l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ================

6 ] lnlehg !(= tkfO{sf] 3/df l6=eL 5 < 5 < � 5}g < �

9

-olb pQ/ Æ5}gÆ eGg] cfP, k|Zg v @% df hfg'xf];\_ @)= tkfO{sf] 3/df slt j6f l6=eL 5g< ;+Vof ========================

@!= tkfO{sf] 3/df e"–pku|x Rofgnx? 5g\ < - l8; PlG6gf _ 5 � 5}g � @@= tkfO{sf] 3/df s]a'n 5 < 5 � 5}g � @#= k|foM h;f] tkfO{ b}lgs slt 306f l6=eL x]g'{x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / Ps 7fFpmdf lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ d slxNo} x]bL{g � k|foM lg/Gt/ x]5'{ � cfwf 306f eGbf w]/} � cfwf / Ps 306fsf] lardf � Ps b]lv b'O{ 306fsf] lardf � b'O{ b]lv rf/ 306fsf] lardf � rf/ 306f eGbf al9 � -olb pQ/ d slxNo} x]bL{g eGg] pQ/ cfP k|Zg v @* ;f]Wg'xf];\_ @$= tkfO{ l6=eL k|foM sxfF x]g'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / Ps 7fFpmdf lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ 3/df � clkm;df � sf/, a;df � ;fyL efO{ O{i6ldqsf]df � ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\===================================

10

@%= tkfO{ s'g ;dodf l6=eL x]g{'x'G5 < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ laxfg % ah] kl5 � laxfg % b]vL * ah]sf] lardf � laxfg * b]vL !! ah]sf] lardf � laxfg !! b]vL lbp;f] @ ah]sf] lardf � lbp;f] @ b]vL % ah]sf] lardf � /ftL % b]lv * ah] ;Dd �

/ftL * b]vL !! ah]sf] lardf �

/ftL !! ah] kl5 �

@^= k|foM s'g l6=eL Rofgn x]g'{x'G5 < a9Ldf % j6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ . -% j6} sfo{s|dsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\_ !_ Rofgn ======================================= @_ Rofgn ======================================= #_ Rofgn ======================================= $_ Rofgn ======================================= %_ Rofgn ======================================= @&= s'g l6=eL sfo{s|d tkfO{nfO{ lgs} /fd|f] nfUb5 < al9df # j6f 5fGg'xf]; . :yflgo ;dfrf/ � /fli6«o ;dfrf/ � cGt/fli6«o ;dfrf/ � lzIffd"ns � cGo ;:s[ltsf] sfo{s|d � 8s'd]G6«L � lkmNd � v]ns'b � cGo sfo{s|d ==================== � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ===============================

k lqsf

@*= tkfO{ slQsf] klqsf k9\g'x'G5 < -n]lvPsf] pQ/ k9\g'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\ _ lbgx'F �

k|foM lbgx'F � xKtfsf] Ps k6s � dlxgfsf] Ps k6s � slxNn} gfO{ �

-olb pQ/ ÆslxNo} gfO{Æ eGg] pQ/ cfP k|Zg v#! ;f]Wg'xf];\_ @(= tkfO{n] klqsf slQsf] lsGg'x'G5 < -n]lvPsf] pQ/ k9\g'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\ _ lbgx'F �

k|foM lbgx'F � xKtfsf] Ps k6s � dlxgfsf] Ps k6s � slxNn} gfO{ �

11

#)= uPsf] xKtfdf s'g klqsf k9g' eof]<- -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ gk9\g'xf]; / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ sflGtk'/ �

uf]/vfkq �

cGgk"0f{ kf]i6 �

;dfrf/ kq �

n'lDagL �

efjgf �

hg;+3if{ �

d]rLsfnL �

;fKtflxs e}/xjf �

a'6jn 6'8] � /fh;Qf ;fKtflxs �

s'g} klg gfO{ �

/fhwfgL � cGo � :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ ===============================

OG6/g ]6 #!= tkfO{n] slxNo} OG6/g]6 k|of]u ug{'ePsf] 5 < 5 < � 5}g < � -olb pQ/ Æ5}gÆ eGg] cfPdf k|Zg v #% ;f]Wg'xf];\_ #@= tkfO{sf] 3/df OG6/g]6 5 < 5 < � 5}g < � ##= tkfO{ slQsf] OG6/g]6 k|of]u ug'{ x'G5 < -n]lvPsf] pQ/ k9\g'xf]; / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\ _ ;w} lbgx'F �

k|foM lbgx'F � xKtfsf] Ps k6s � dlxgfsf] Ps k6s � dlxgfsf] Ps k6s eGbf w]/} � #$= OG6/g]6 s] sf nflu k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < -;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrGx nufpg'xf];_ O{d]n � ;dfrf/ � ;"rgf � Rof6 � /dfOnfsf nflu � cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ =============================== #%= tkfO{n] slxNo} /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] sfo{s|d Æ/]l8of] a|fplhË Æ ;'Gg' ePsf] 5 < 5 � 5}g �

12

;dfGo ; +r f/ k | Zg M #^= tkfO{n] :yflgo laifosfaf/] hfgsf/L lng] -yfxf kfpg]_ d'Vo >f]t s'g xf] < -;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];_ l6=eL �

kqkqLsf �

O{G6/g]6 �

;fyLefO{,;xsdL{ , kl/jf/ �

cGo � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ =============================== #&= ;+rf/n] tkfO{sf] b}lgs lhjgdf kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5< 5 � 5}g � -olb Æ5}gÆ eGg] pQ/ cfPdf k|Zg v #( ;f]Wg'xf];\_ #*= s[kof % kl/jt{g af/] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . -% j6} n]Vg'xf];\_ !=========================================== @+========================================= #========================================== $=========================================== %=========================================== #(= tkfO{nfO{ ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;'rgfdf ljZjf; nfU5 < nfU5 < � nfUb}g < � -olb ÆnfU5Æ eGg] pQ/ cfPdf k|Zg v $! ;f]Wg'xf];\_ $)= s[kof tkfO{n] ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ lsg ljZjf; ug'{x'Gg < kfrF j6f sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ . -% j6} n]Vg'xf];\_ !=========================================== @+========================================= #========================================== $=========================================== %=========================================== $!= ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 kfPsf] ;'rgfnfO{ tkfO{ s] ug'{x'G5 < \ -;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrGx nufpg'xf];_ cfkm} ;+u /fV5' � slxn]sfxL ;fyL efO{ gft]bf/ ;+u 5nkmn u5'{ � slxn] sfxL cGo yk ;'rgf vf]H5' � cGo ==================================== � :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ =====================

13

/ ] l8of ] n ' l DagL $@= tkfO{ /]l8of] n'lDagL ;'Gg'x'G5 < ;'G5' < � ;'lGbg < �

-olb pQ/ Æ;'G5'Æ eg]df k|Zg v $$ ;f]Wg'xf];\_ $#= tkfO{ /]l8of] n'lDagL lsg ;'Gg'x'Gg < -;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];_ /]l8of] n'lDagLsf af/]df yfxf 5}g . � cGo /]l8of] ;'G5' � /]l8of] n'lDagL dg kb}{g � s[kof d"Vo sf/0f lbg'xf]; !=========================================== @+========================================= #========================================== $=========================================== %=========================================== cGo ====================================== � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ ======================== $$= tkfO{nfO{ yfxf 5 < /]l8of] n'lDagL s'g lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5 < ====================================== $%= tkfO{ slQsf] /]l8of] n'lDagL ;'Gg'x'G5 <-;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];_ ;w} lbgx'F �

k|foM lbgx'F � xKtfsf] Ps k6s � dlxgfsf] Ps k6s � dlxgfsf] Ps k6s eGbf yf]/} �

-olb pQ/ Ædlxgfsf] Ps k6s eGbf yf]/}ÆcfPdf k|Zg v %@ ;f]Wg'xf];\ _ $^= tkfO{ /]l8of] n'lDagL s'g ;dodf ;'Gg'x'G5 < -;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrGx nufpg'xf];_ laxfg % b]vL * ah]sf] lardf � laxfg * b]vL !! ah]sf] lardf � laxfg !! b]vL lbp;f] @ ah]sf] lardf � lbp;f] @ b]vL % ah]sf] lardf � /ftL * b]vL !) ah]sf] lardf �

/ftL !) ah]sf] kl5 � $&= tkfO{n] Ps lbgdf slt 3G6f /]l8of] n'lDagL ;'Gg'x'G5 < -;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];_ !% ldg]6 eGbf � !% ldg]6 b]vL cfwf 3G6f ;Dd � cfwf 3G6f b]lv ! 3G6fsf] lardf � ! b]lv @ 3G6f sf] lardf �

@ b]lv $ 3G6f sf] lardf � $ b]lv * 3G6f sf] lardf � * 3G6f eGbf w]/} �

14

$*= tkfO{n] /]l8of] n'lDagL k|foM sxfF ;'Gg'x'G5 < -;a} tn n]lvPsf pQ/x? k9g'xf];\ / s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg'xf];_ 3/df � clkm;df � sf/, a;df � ;fyL efO{ O{i6ldqsf]df � ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf � cGo ========================= � :ki6 kfg'{xf];\=================================== $(= tkfO{n] uPsf] xKtf s:tf] k|sf/sf] sfo{s|d ;'Gg'eof] < -tn n]lvPsf] P]lR5s pQ/ Ps Ps ul/ k9\b},;f]Wg'xf]; / cfPsf pQ/x?df lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ _ !_ wfld{s sfo{s|d � @_ ;fd'bflos ultljlw � #_ /fli6«o lutsf] sfo{s|d � $_ sfg'gL ;r]tgf � %_ v]n ;+:ff/ � ^_ hLjg rs| � &_ kfgL / hLjg � *_ 3'Db} lkmb}{ � (_ cg'e'lt / cleJolQm � !)_ xfd|f] n'lDagL � !!_ k|ltlaDa � !@_ ;fIffTsf/ � !#_ d]/f] b]z d]/f] uf}/a � !$_ hd{sf] � !%_ l5gf]kmfgf] � !^_ n'lDagL SjLh � !&_ pwdL jftf{ � !*_ la1fg k|lawL � !(_ cGt/ b[li6 � @)_ z}lIfs rf}kf/L � @!_ s[lif sfo{s|d � @@_ kl/jf/ :jf:Yo � @#_ ;f]wL vf]hL � @$_ ;x c:tLTj � @%_ l;g]gu/L � @^_ dLGxfd uf]/fs � @&_ ;+ud � @*_ x]Nnf] n'lDagL �

@(_ lvr8L � #)_ ckgdg s] lut � #!_ b]p/fnL � #@_ 3/ cfug � ##_ kfx'/ � #$_ o'jf cfjfh � #%_ bk{0f � #^_ xfd|f] lut tkfO{sf] ;Gb]z � #&_ dr{jf/ d':tfË � #*_ cfO{gf ef]hk'/L � #(_ dem]/L � $)_ tkfO{sf lut � $!_ 1fg d+r � $@_ cfˆg} s'/f � $#_ hfu[tL � $$_ ljsf;sfnflu ;fem]bf/L � $%_ ;]/f]km]/f] � $^_ kl/j]z � $&_ /]l8of] a|fplhË � $*_ xfd|f] jftfj/0f � $(_ ukmgGbsf] ukm � %)_ cy{ afl0fHo � %!_ v]t vl/ofg � %@_ xfd|f] gu/ xfd|f] zx/ � %#_ c;n hf]8L � %$_ z'e /fqL � %%_ d'6'sf] Joyf � %%_ afn ;+;f/ � %^_ xfdf|] ?kGb]lx xfdf|] uf}/j � %&_ nf]s ;';]nL � %*_ kk 86 sd � %(_ n'lDagL sn O{g � ^)_ k|ltkmn � cGo sfo{s|d � :ki6 kfg{'xf]; =========================================

# s 'g } k lg g f O { � %)= d'VotM tkfO{ k|foM h;f] s'g sfo{s|d ;'Gg'xG5 < ltgj6f sfo{s|dsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . -ltgj6} pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\_ !=========================================== @+========================================= #========================================== %!= /]l8of] n'lDagLsf tkl;n adf]lhdsf sfo{s|d tkfO{nfO{ s:tf] nfUb5 <

w]/} dg k5{ dg k5{ yfxf 5}g dg kb}{g slQ dg kb}{g !_ wfld{s sfo{s|d � � � � �

@_ ;fd'bflos ultljlw � � � � � #_ /fli6«o lutsf] sfo{s|d � � � � �

$_ sfg'gL ;r]tgf � � � � �

%_ v]n ;+:ff/ � � � � �

^_ hLjg rs| � � � � � &_ kfgL / hLjg � � � � � *_ 3'Db} lkmb}{ � � � � � (_ cg'e'lt / cleJolQm � � � � �

!)_ xfd|f] n'lDagL � � � � � !!_ k|ltlaDa � � � � �

!@_ ;fIffTsf/ � � � � �

15

!#_ d]/f] b]z d]/f] uf}/a � � � � � !$_ hd{sf] � � � � � !%_ l5gf]kmfgf] � � � � � !^_ n'lDagL SjLh � � � � � !&_ pwdL jftf{ � � � � �

!*_ la1fg k|lawL � � � � � !(_ cGt/ b[li6 � � � � �

@)_ z}lIfs rf}kf/L � � � � � @!_ s[lif sfo{s|d � � � � �

@@_ kl/jf/ :jf:Yo � � � � � @#_ ;f]wL vf]hL � � � � �

@$_ ;x c:tLTj � � � � � @%_ l;g]gu/L � � � � �

@^_ dLGxfd uf]/fs � � � � � @&_ ;+ud � � � � �

@*_ x]Nnf] n'lDagL � � � � �

@(_ lvr8L � � � � �

#)_ ef]hk'/L sfo{s|d � � � � � #!_ b]p/fnL � � � � � #@_ w/ cfug � � � � � ##_ kfx'/ � � � � � #$_ o'jf cfjfh � � � � � #%_ bk{0f � � � � � #^_ xfd|f] lut tkfO{sf] ;Gb]z � � � � � #&_ dr{jf/ d':tfË � � � � �

#*_ cfO{gf ef]hk'/L � � � � � #(_ dem]/L � � � � � $)_ tkfO{sf lut � � � � � $!_ 1fg d+r � � � � �

$@_ cfˆg} s'/f � � � � � $#_ hfu[tL � � � � � $$_ ljsf;sfnflu ;fem]bf/L � � � � �

$%_ ;]/f]km]/f] � � � � �

$^_ kl/j]z � � � � � $&_ /]l8of] a|fplhË � � � � �

$*_ xfd|f] jftfj/0f � � � � � $(_ ukmgGbsf] ukm � � � � � %)_ cy{ afl0fHo � � � � � %!_ v]t vl/ofg � � � � � %@_ xfd|f] gu/ xfd|f] zx/ � � � � � %#_ c;n hf]8L � � � � � %$_ z'e /fqL � � � � � %%_ d'6'sf] Joyf � � � � � %^_ xfdf|] ?kGb]lx xfdf|] uf}/j � � � � � %&_ nf]s ;';]nL � � � � � %*_ kk 86 sd � � � � � %(_ n'lDagL sn O{g � � � � � ^)_ k|ltkmn � � � � �

# la1fkgx? � � � � �

# cGo sfo{s|d � :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ ======================== %@= /]l8of] n''lDagLd. s'g} k|sf/sf] sfo{s|d h'g tkfO{nfO{ cem} -a9L _ cfjZostf 5 < -tn n]lvPsf pQ/ gk9g'xf];,cfPsf pQ/x?df lrGx nufpg'xf];\ _ :yflgo ;dfrf/ � /fli6«o ;dfrf/ �

16

cGt/fli6«o ;dfrf/ � s[lif sfo{s|d � kl/jf/ :jf:Yo÷ � cy{,afl0fHo,Jofkf/ � nf}lËs ;dfGtf � lzIff ;DalGw � cGo ;:s[ltsf] sfo{s|d � /]l8of] gf6s � kklut � nf]s lut �

cfw'lgs lut � :yflgo uLt � afn sfo{s|d �

v]ns'b �

laZj Jofkf/ � cGo sfo{s|d :ki6 kfg{'xf];======================== %#= /]l8of] n'lDagLdf To;tf] sfo{s|d 5< h'g tkfO{nfO{ al9 -g/fd|f]_ nfu]sf] 5 < -tn n]lvPsf pQ/ gk9g'xf];,cfPsf pQ/x?df lrGx nufpg'xf];\ _ :yflgo ;dfrf/ � /fli6«o ;dfrf/ � cGt/fli6«o ;dfrf/ � s[lif sfo{s|d � kl/jf/,:jf:Yo, kf]if0f cflb � cy{,afl0fHo,Jofkf/ � n}lËs ;dfGtf � lzIff ;DalGw � cGo ;:s[ltsf] sfo{s|d � /]l8of] gf6s � kklut � nf]s lut �

cfw'lgs lut � :yflgo uLt � afn sfo{s|d �

v]ns'b � cGo sfo{s|d � :ki6 kfg{'xf];\======================== %$= tkfO{sf rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf laifoa:t',;d:of ,xs clwsf/sf ;fy} cfjZos s'/fx?-d'2f_ /]l8of]af6 p7fg ug{]u/]sf] ;jfndf s] tkfO{nfO{ /]l8of] n'lDagL cfˆg} /]l8of] :6]zg xf] eGg] nfU5 < tkfO{df /]l8of] n'lDagL k|lt ckgTjsf] efjgf 5 < 5 � 5}g �

%%= s] tkfO{ /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] sfddf ;xefuL x'g rfxg'x'G5 < rfxG5' � rfxGg � -olb pQ/ ÆrfxfGgÆ cfPdf k|ZgfjnL ;lsof]_ %^= tkfO{ /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] sfo{df s;/L ;xefuL x'grfxg'x'G5 < >f]tfSna ,>f]tf ;d'xsf] ;b:o ag]/ � /]l8of] n'lDagL sf] z]o/ ;b:o ag]/ � /]l8of] sfo{s|d pQkfbg u/]/ � cGo � :ki6 kfg{'xf];\======================

17

tkfO {sf ] ;do / ;xof ]usf nf lu wGoa fb !

ccGt/jftf { lng ]s f nf lu dfq M – ldlt M—

cGt/jftf{ lng]sf] gfd M– cGt/jftf{ lnPsf] 7fpF M— lhNnf M— uf=la=;÷gu/kflnsfsf] gfd M— ufpF ÷jf8{ g=+ M—

s'/fsfgLsf] cj:yf af/] k|Zgstf{

Distribution of interviews

Example on how distribution of interviews

could be done in Basantapur. NOTE: THIS IS ONLY AN EXAMPLE – IT COULD BE DONE IN OTHER DIFFERENT WAYS ALSO

1st person: - 10-14 years

- Bhojpuri speaking - Bhaman caste

- Hindu - Male

2nd person: - 15-19 years - Bhojpuri spaking

- Tharu - Hindu

- Male 3rd person:

- 20-24 years - Bhojpuri speaking

- Random selection of ethnic group - Hindu - Male

4th person: - 25-29 years

- Nepali speaking - Magar

- Hindu - Female

5th person: - 30-34 years

- Nepali speaking - Random selection of ethnic group - Hindu

- Female 6th person:

- 35-39 years - Random selection of speaking

language - Muslim - Islam religion

- Female

Annex 6

Comments on how to select respondents to questionnaire according to

social characteristics

Note: the explanations made below are based on the example of a total sample size

of survey of 1,500 interviews. Example is given for the VDC Basantapur (6

interviews).

- If 1,500 interviews are decided as total sample size and entered in cell C3 in

Excel spreadsheet in RawdataVDC folder, 6 interviews have proportionally to be

made in Basantapur VDC (see column K in Excel spreadsheet).

- I have expanded the spreadsheet to also include the distribution of interviews at

VDC level according to social characteristics. See data for each VDC in

RawdataVDC folder column L and onwards in Excel spreadsheet.

- In the example with Basantapur with 6 interviews, see example below how

interviews are distributed according to the social characteristics of the VDC.

VDC/Nagarpalika Basantapur % of cov. area 0,4% No. of interview 6

Age 10-14 years 1 15-19 Years 1 20-24 years 1 25-29 years 1 30-34 years 1 35-39 years 1 40-44 years 0 45-49 years 0 50-54 years 0 55-59 years 0 60-64 years 0 65-69 years 0 70-74 years 0 75+ years 0 Age total 6

Language Bhojpuri 3 Nepali 2 Tharu 0 Awadi 0 Magar 0 Gurung 0 Newar 0 Language total 6

Caste/ethnic group Brahman 1 Tharu 1 Muslim 1 Magar 1 Chhetri 0 Kami 0 Newar 0 Sarki 0 Kumal 0 Yadav 0 Chamar 0 Lodha 0 Gurung 0 Kurmi 0 Dusadh 0 Kahar 0 Baniya 0 Kewat 0 Ethnic group total 5

Religion Hindu 6 Bouddha 0 Islam 1 Religion total 6

- Pls. notice that in the spreadsheet, distributed interviews according to social

characteristics not always meet the set number of interviews according to size of

VDC. In the example of Basantapur, there are e.g. only distributed 5 interviews

for language (3 Bhojpuri and 2 Nepali). The same is also the case with

‘caste/ethnic group’ where only 5 interviews are distributed.

- The reason is that the remaining languages (and castes) have a decimal number

of interviews – not a “whole number”. The decimals don’t appear in the

spreadsheet – only “whole numbers”, either graded up or down. Furthermore, the

2001 census doesn’t always 100% cover the social characteristics of the districts.

- In case the distributed number of interviews according to social characteristics

doesn’t meet the set number of interviews according to the size of VDC, the

interviewer (student) randomly can select him/herself.

- Remember half the respondents should be male, the other half female.

Annex 8

Radio Lumbini coverage areaNo. of

# % # % interviews

Rupandehi 25 89,3% 705.240 45,8% 687

Kapilbastu 2 7,1% 134.344 8,7% 131

Palpa 1 3,6% 84.477 5,5% 82

Gulmi 0 0,0% 64.766 4,2% 63

Arghakhanchi 0 0,0% 115.398 7,5% 112

Nawalparasi 0 0,0% 250.424 16,3% 244

Chitwan 0 0,0% 186.148 12,1% 181

TOTAL 28 100,0% 1.540.797 100,0% 1.500

Social characteristics of Radio Lumbini coverage area and proportional distribution of interviews

% Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int. % Int.

Language

Bhojpuri 50,5% 347 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 32,6% 79 0,0% 0 28,4% 426

Nepali 34,6% 238 16,4% 21 61,4% 50 94,7% 60 96,2% 108 39,6% 97 69,0% 125 46,6% 699

Tharu 6,3% 43 10,0% 13 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 9,1% 22 12,2% 22 6,7% 101

Awadi 0,6% 4 71,3% 93 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 6,5% 97

Magar 3,3% 23 0,6% 1 33,9% 28 3,3% 2 2,4% 3 14,2% 35 1,6% 3 6,2% 94

Gurung 1,4% 10 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,4% 0 0,0% 0 1,7% 4 2,9% 5 1,3% 19

Newar 1,3% 9 0,0% 0 2,6% 2 1,1% 1 0,8% 1 1,1% 3 2,3% 4 1,3% 20

Hindi 0,7% 5 0,3% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,3% 5

Urdu 0,0% 0 0,6% 1 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,1% 1

Khariya 0,0% 0 0,3% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0

LANGUAGE TOTAL 98,7% 678 99,5% 130 97,9% 81 99,5% 63 99,4% 112 98,3% 240 88,0% 159 97,5% 1.462

Ethnicity

Brahman 15,2% 104 8,4% 11 19,3% 16 28,5% 18 36,9% 41 16,9% 41 29,3% 53 19,0% 285

Tharu 10,6% 73 12,6% 16 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 16,5% 40 12,7% 23 10,2% 152

Muslim 8,9% 61 19,4% 25 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 22,1% 54 0,0% 0 9,4% 140

Magar 8,8% 60 12,5% 16 50,9% 42 19,9% 13 9,3% 10 17,2% 42 4,2% 8 12,7% 191

Chhetri 5,8% 40 4,0% 5 8,1% 7 23,1% 15 18,3% 21 5,8% 14 11,0% 20 8,1% 121

Kami 2,1% 14 0,0% 0 5,8% 5 9,5% 6 8,8% 10 0,0% 0 4,5% 8 2,9% 43

Newar 2,2% 15 0,0% 0 3,6% 3 1,8% 1 2,9% 3 2,0% 5 5,4% 10 2,5% 37

Sarki 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 2,6% 2 3,4% 2 3,6% 4 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,6% 8

Kumal 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 2,2% 2 2,5% 2 2,4% 3 2,2% 5 1,6% 3 1,0% 14

Yadav 7,7% 53 9,7% 13 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 3,1% 8 0,0% 0 4,9% 73

Chamar 3,9% 27 5,4% 7 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 3,7% 9 0,0% 0 2,9% 43

Lodha 2,9% 20 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 1,3% 20

Gurung 2,8% 19 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 2,4% 6 6,7% 12 2,5% 37

Kurmi 2,2% 15 6,4% 8 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 1,6% 23

Dusadh 0,0% 0 3,6% 5 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,3% 5

Kahar 0,0% 0 3,1% 4 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,3% 4

Baniya 0,0% 0 2,4% 3 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,2% 3

Kewat 0,0% 0 2,0% 3 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,0% 0 0,2% 3

ETHNICITY TOTAL 73,1% 502 89,5% 117 92,5% 76 88,7% 56 82,2% 92 91,9% 224 75,4% 137 80,3% 1.204

TOTAL

Number of VDC PopulationRL listeners clubs

Arghakhanchi NawalparasiGulmi ChitwanRupandehi Kapilbastu Palpa

District

Social characteristics

18

18

193

17

28

#

71

32

9

Gender

Male 50,8% 348 50,3% 66 47,3% 39 43,4% 27 45,6% 51 48,9% 119 49,7% 90 49,4% 741

Female 49,2% 338 49,7% 65 52,7% 43 56,6% 36 54,4% 61 51,1% 124 50,3% 91 50,6% 759

GENDER TOTAL 100,0% 687 100,0% 131 100,0% 82 100,0% 63 100,0% 112 100,0% 244 100,0% 181 100,0% 1.500

Age

10-14 years 17,9% 123 17,8% 23 20,2% 17 21,2% 13 21,3% 24 18,6% 45 17,3% 31 18,4% 276

15-19 years 14,5% 99 13,9% 18 14,9% 12 14,7% 9 14,7% 17 14,8% 36 15,0% 27 14,6% 219

20-24 years 12,3% 84 11,5% 15 10,3% 8 9,6% 6 9,9% 11 11,9% 29 13,0% 24 11,8% 178

25-29 years 10,5% 72 10,2% 13 8,5% 7 7,8% 5 8,3% 9 9,8% 24 10,4% 19 10,0% 149

30-34 years 8,9% 61 8,8% 11 7,6% 6 7,1% 4 7,4% 8 8,4% 20 8,9% 16 8,5% 128

35-39 years 7,9% 54 7,9% 10 6,9% 6 6,6% 4 6,9% 8 7,6% 19 7,8% 14 7,7% 115

40-44 years 6,4% 44 6,5% 9 6,2% 5 6,1% 4 6,3% 7 6,3% 15 6,3% 11 6,3% 95

45-49 years 5,4% 37 5,9% 8 5,6% 5 5,6% 4 5,3% 6 5,5% 13 5,1% 9 5,4% 81

50-54 years 4,3% 30 4,6% 6 5,1% 4 5,2% 3 5,0% 6 4,5% 11 4,2% 8 4,5% 67

55-59 years 3,4% 23 3,6% 5 4,1% 3 4,3% 3 4,1% 5 3,6% 9 3,3% 6 3,6% 54

60-64 years 3,0% 20 3,2% 4 3,6% 3 3,9% 2 3,5% 4 3,1% 7 2,8% 5 3,1% 46

65-69 years 2,3% 16 2,5% 3 2,7% 2 3,0% 2 2,8% 3 2,3% 6 2,3% 4 2,4% 36

70-74 years 1,7% 12 1,8% 2 2,1% 2 2,3% 1 2,2% 2 1,7% 4 1,7% 3 1,8% 27

75 and over 1,7% 12 1,7% 2 2,3% 2 2,5% 2 2,3% 3 1,8% 4 2,0% 4 1,9% 28

AGE TOTAL 100,0% 687 100,0% 131 100,0% 82 100,0% 63 100,0% 112 100,0% 244 100,0% 181 100,0% 1.500