LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation Promotes Smart Ways – LebanonRachid Chamoun, Ph.D., Director, LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation

President of the confederation of The Phoenicians’ Routehttp://fenici.net/en/contact-2/, http://lcf.lau.edu.lb/contact/

Exploration of Smart Ways Lebanon by the Phoenicians’ Route

France Tunisia Greece Croatia Malta Cyprus Governorate of Jericho Italy Spain Lebanon

Lebanon’s history has been shaped by its strategic location at the crossroads ofculture between the East and the West. Homeland of the Canaanites/Phoenicians,the inventors of the alphabet, their civilization thrived on the east coast of theMediterranean. The country has witnessed the rise and fall of multiple civilizationswhose mark can be felt today in Lebanon’s rich cultural heritage.

Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire: 395,The Islamic World: 635,The Umayyad: 661,The Abbasids: 750,The Rein of the Fatimids: 969,The Seljuks and the First Crusades: 1090,

Canaanites & Amorites: 2300 BC,Egyptians-Hittites: 1350 BC,Phoenicians: 1100 BC,Assyrians-Babylonian Empire: 877 BC,Persian Empire: 539 BC,Roman Empire: 64 BC,

Latin Crusader States: 1150,The Mameluke States 1291,The Ottoman Empire1516,The French Mandate 1920,The Independent State, 1943

SMART WAYS LEBANON BY THE PHOENICIANS’ AND THE UMAYYAD ROUTES.

The Phoenicians’ Route refers to the connection of the majornautical routes, which, since the twelfth century BC were usedby the Phoenicians as essential routes for trade and culturalcommunication in the Mediterranean. The confederation of thePhoenicians’ Route encompasses over 100 associations andpartners to include Italy, Spain, France, Lebanon, Tunisia,Greece, Croatia, Malta, Cyprus, Portugal and the Governorate ofJericho in Palestine.

Banner BrochureMap of the Phoenicians’ Route Website

France Tunisia Greece Croatia Malta Cyprus Governorate of Jericho Italy Spain Lebanon

ITINERARY 1 Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri – Anfeh – Tripoli

ITINERARY 2DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley – BaalbekDAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz – Mount Hermon/RashayaDAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre – Umm Al-Amad

ITINERARY 3DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – BaalbekDAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – FaqraDAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh

ITINERARY 4DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – AnfehDAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez

ITINERARY 5 Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

ITINERARY 6 Jounieh – Nahr El-Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk – Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

ITINERARY 7 Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand – Tyre – Umm Al-Amad

ITINERARY 8 From the Lebanese city ports of Lebanon the cultural tourism journey of the Phoenician Route will continue to Cyprus – Greece – Europe

PHOENICIAN ROUTE - SMART WAYS - LEBANESE ITINIRARY

BEIRUT

Visits� Capital of Lebanon.

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

Beirut National Museum

Location of Beirut

BEIRUT, the capital and the largest city of Lebanon, has hosted successive historic periods of major powers and civilizations in the Mediterranean and West Asia. It has layers of Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Mameluke, Ottoman and French mandate periods. Today’s archaeological highlights include a Phoenician port, several Roman remains of a hippodrome, baths and temples.

Map of Beirut Beirut Nejmeh Square

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

NAHR AL-KALB is the ancientLycus River. Past generals andconquerors have traditionallybuilt monuments at the mouthof the Nahr al-Kalb, known asthe Commemorative stelae ofNahr el-Kalb. In 2005, the stelaeat the river were listed in theUNESCO Memory of the Worldinitiative.

Location of Nahr El-Kalb Road map from Beirut to Nahr El-Kalb

NAHR EL-KALB

Visits� Runs from a spring in Jeita near

the Jeita Grotto to the Mediterranean Sea.

Nahr El-Kalb River Source

Commemorative stelae of Nahr El-Kalb

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

JOUNIEH, during thePhoenician period, the bay ofJounieh was an importantwinter shelter for ships sailingfrom the south to Byblos;hence, its name Palaebyblus(literary before Byblos). It ismentioned in the geographydescribed in Strabo.

http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44884

Location of Jounieh Road map from Nahr El-Kalb to Jounieh

JOUNIEH

Visits� Important winter shelter for ships

sailing from the south to Byblos.� St. Savior Orthodox Convent

(Phoenician temple).� Holy Spirit Kaslik (museum).� Jeita Grotto.� Ancient Lycus River (Nahr El-Kalb).

Jounieh Ottoman and Colonial Souk

Jounieh

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

JBEIL is believed to have beenfirst occupied between 8800and 7000 BC and continuouslyinhabited since 5000 BC,making it one of the oldestcontinuously inhabited cities inthe world. It is a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site.

Location of Jbeil

JBEIL

Visits� Oldest inhabited city in the world� Archaeological site� Old Souk� Heritage landmarks

Road map from Jounieh to JbeilJbeil

Jbeil Harbor

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

BATROUN, derives from theGreek Botrys, is founded by thePhoenicians on the southernside of the promontory called inAntiquity, Theoprosopon (Râsach-Chaq’a’) and during theByzantine Empire, CapeLithoprosopon.

The city was under Roman ruleto Phoenicia Prima province,and later after the region wasChristianized became asuffragan of the Patriarchate ofAntioch.

Location of Batroun

BATROUN BATROUNBATROUN

Visits� Phoenician wall.

Road map from Jbeil to BatrounMap of Batroun

Batroun Phoenician wall

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

THE MSEILHA FORT is afortification situated 5.5kmnorth of the city of Batroun inLebanon. The current fort wasbuilt by Emir Fakhreddine II inthe 17th century to guard theroute from Tripoli to Beirut. Thefort is built on a long, narrowlimestone rock near the Nahrel-Jawz River.

Its walls are constructed withsmall sandstone blocks quarriedfrom the nearby coast and builtonto the edge of the limestonerock.

Location of Hamat Road map from Batroun to Hamat (Mseilha Fort)

HAMAT

Visits� The Mseilha Fort is a fortification

situated 5.5 km north of the city of Batroun.

Hamat (The Mseilha Fort)

The Mseilha Fort

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

LADY OF NOURIEH, (Saydet elNourieh in Arabic), situatedmidway between Batroun andAnfeh. It is a Marian shrine inHamat, Lebanon. Nourieh is aderivative of the Arabic word,Nour, meaning light. Thus, inEnglish, the Marian shrine canbe called, Our Lady of Light.

Road map from Mseilha Fort to Lady of NouriehLocation of Hamat

HAMAT

Visits� Lady of Nourieh, a Marian shrine called

the Lady of Light.

Hamat (Lady of Nourieh)

Lady of Nourieh

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

THE NABU MUSEUMpermanent collection providesa view of the extended historyof the Levant andMesopotamia, it also provides acomfortable working space forpracticing artists. It is designedto act as an institution forpreserving and promotingLebanese culture, reaching outto local and wider communitiesthrough educational programs,tours, public lectures, andguided permanent and visitingexhibitions.

Nabu Museum Webpage

Location of El-Heri Road map from Hamat (Lady of Nourieh) to El-Heri

EL-HERI

Visits� Nabu Museum

Map of El-Heri

Nabu Museum

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

ANFEH is among the coastalPhoenician cities and townsthat still exist today in Lebanon.Prior to the recent excavation,Anfeh was thought to havebeen founded around 1300 BC,but the pottery, which dates to3200 BC, provides compellingevidence that the town wasonce a much older andsignificant city in antiquity. Theremains of these civilizationsinclude Phoenician and Romanwalls, wine presses, mosaics,places of worship, caves, watertanks, and steps.

Road map from El-Heri to AnfehLocation of Anfeh

ANFEH

Visits� The remains of the civilizations include

Phoenician and Roman walls, wine presses, mosaics, places of worship, caves, water tanks, and steps.

Anfeh

Anfeh

ITINERARY 1: Beirut – Nahr El-Kalb – Jounieh – Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – El-Heri –Anfeh – Tripoli

TRIPOLI, founded by thePhoenicians around 800 BC istoday the second largest city andmain port in Lebanon. Like Beirut,the city witnessed the presence ofvarious Mediterranean culturesand empires including theCanaanites/Phoenicians, Persians,Greeks, Romans, Byzantines,Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusaders,Ayyubid, Mamluks, Ottoman andFrench. Facing the shores of thecity there are the Palm Islands,which known for its green turtles,and which was declared aProtected Nature Reserve by theUNESCO in 1992.

Location of Tripoli

TRIPOLI

Visits� The second largest city and main port in

Lebanon.

Road map from Anfeh to TripoliMap of Tripoli

Tripoli Citadel

ARQA (Phoenician: Irqata;‘Arqat’ in the Bible) is a villagenear Miniara in AkkarGovernorate, Lebanon, 22 kmnortheast of Tripoli, near thecoast. The former bishopricbecame a double Catholictitular see (Latin and Maronite).The Roman Emperor AlexanderSeverus was born there. It issignificant for the Tell Arqa, anarchaeological site that goesback to Neolithic times, andduring the Crusades there was astrategically significant castle.

Road map from Tripoli to ArqaLocation of Arqa

ARQA

Visits� Tell Arqa, an archaeological site that

goes back to Neolithic times

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek

Map of Arqa

Arqa archaeological site

The village of MENJEZ is the home to anumber of interesting historical,archaeological and religious sites,including: Beit Jaalouk temple (or“Maqam ar-Rabb”, an ancient romantemple and worship site for the goddessNemesis, dating from the first centuryAD); a crusader castle ruins “QalaatFelis” inhabited by the Chevalier de St.Jean de Jerusalem or what is also knownas Ordre de Malte, the castle belongedto the Comté de Tripoli; the MaroniteMonastery of our Lady of the Fort “DeirSaydet El Qalaa” built by the JesuitsOrder in the 19th century; remains of aroman canal; and 180 pre-historic tombsdating back to 5,000 years BC. Thisarchaeological diversity and richnessgives Menjez the possibility to becomeand archaeological park for research,education, and tourism.

Location of Menjez

ARQA

Road map from Arqa to Menjez

MENJEZ

Visits� Roman basalt temple called Maqam Er-

Rabb or Beit Jaalouk

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek

Menjez

Menjez basalt temple

Location of Al-Qoubaiyat

ARQA

Road map from Menjez to Al-Qoubaiyat

The origin of the name "ALQOUBAIYAT" is Aramaic. Theword "Qbayya" means the bigpool of water, and "Qbayyat" isthe plural of it. That region wascalled "Qbayyat" for being richin water sources.

AL-QOUBAIYAT

Visits� A region rich in water source.

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek

Al-Qoubaiyat

View of Al-Qoubaiyat

KAMOUH EL-HERMEL, thepyramid has been suggested todate to the first or secondcentury BC due to similaritieswith architecture of towertombs of the late Selucid eraat Palmyra in Syria.The pyramid sits on top of a hillthat is clearly visible from adistance and has been fencedoff to prevent damage.

Road map from Al-Qoubayat to Hermel/Beqaa ValleyLocation of Hermel

HERMEL/BEQAA VALLEY

Visits� An ancient pyramid located 6 Km south

of Hermel

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek

Map of Hermel

Kamouh El-Hermel

BAALBEK, founded by thePhoenicians, it was laterconquered by the Macedonianswho called it Heliopolis (alwaysthe City of the Sun) forassimilation between the god Sunand the Phoenician divinity Baal.Then it became a Roman colonyunder Augustus, preserving thenew name. Today you can seethree main buildings: the templeof Jupiter, the temple of Bacchusand the circular temple of Venus.A fourth monument, the Templeof Mercury is located on the hill ofSheikh Abdallah. inscribed on theUNESCO World Heritage List(1984).

Location of Baalbek Road map from Kamouh El-Hermel to Baalbek

BAALBEK

Visits� three main buildings: the Temple of

Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus and the circular Temple of Venus and a fourth monument, the Temple of Mercury.

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 1: Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez – Al-Qoubaiyat – Hermel/Beqaa Valley –Baalbek

Baalbek

Baalbek temples

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

NIHA TEMPLES

Visits� Niha Roman Temples also known for

Hosn Niha, a structure of many layers the latest of which is a small Byzantine Basilica.

Location of Niha

NIHA Roman Temples are twotemples dedicated to theCanaanite goddess of fertilityAtargatis (Phoenician Astarte)the god of thunder lightningand rain, Hadaranes, and theirson. It is also known for HosnNiha, a structure of many layersthe latest of which is a small aByzantine Basilica.

Road map from Baalbek to NihaNiha

Niha Roman temple

Road map from Niha to Ferzoul

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

Location of Ferzoul

FERZOUL, a presence offoundations of a Roman templededicated to Apollo; manysculptures and engravings; athrone of kings or queens, etc.

There are many caves on a hillin the north-east of the villagein the time of the Byzantines,they were transformed intohermitages for the anchorites; awhole region is known as theplural: The caves of the hermits.

FERZOUL

Visits� Caves transformed into hermitages

Ferzoul

Ferzoul caves

Location of Zahle

ZAHLE is known as the "Bride ofthe Beqaa" for its geographicallocation and attractiveness, butalso as "the City of Wine andPoetry“.

It is famous throughoutLebanon and the region for itspleasant climate, numerousriverside restaurants andquality arak.

Road map from Ferzoul to Zahle

ZAHLE

Visits� City of wine and poetry

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

Map of Zahle

View of Zahle

Road map from Zahle to ChtauraLocation of Chtaura

CHTAURA is the valley's hub for

banking, transportation, and

commerce, hotels, restaurants

and (wineries since 1868).

CHTAURA

Visits� Chtaura is the valley's hub for banking,

transportation, and commerce, hotels, restaurants and (wineries since 1868)

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

Chtaura

Chtaura wineries

ANJAR, was founded by CaliphWalid Ibn ‘Abd al-Malak around705 AD. The Umayyads built it andturned it into an importantcommercial center as it linkedDamascus, Homs, Baalbek and thePalestinian plains. It shone foronly 20-30 years. Anjar displays agood example of early Islamicarchitecture and its influence byRoman-Byzantine architecture.This is clearly visible in the variousconstruction techniques anddecorations in the city.Anjar is a heritage site inscribedon the UNESCO World HeritageList (1984).

Road map from Niha to Anjar

ANJAR

Visits� Important commercial centers built by

the Umayyads.� Early Islamic architecture monuments.

CHTAURA

Location of Anjar

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

Anjar

Ruins in Anjar

Road map from Anjar to Kamid Al-LawzLocation of Kamid Al-Lawz

KAMID AL-LAWZ is one of themost important sites inLebanon where archaeologistsfound and recorded manyspectacular buildings, which arevery important to the history ofthe region. Paleolithic materialwas found alongside HeavyNeolithic on through to the lateNeolithic period, becoming aseat of state in the Bronze ageand continuing until theByzantine era, a German teamfrom the University of Freiburghas conducted more recentexcavations and studies.

KAMID AL-LAWZ

Visits� Spectacular buildings that are

significant to the history of the region.

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

Kamid Al-Lawz

Kamid Al-Lawz archaeological remains

MOUNT HERMON/RASHAYAregion is a significant culturalheritage site in the easternmountain terrain. The templeswhich circled Hermon wereoriented to the cone-shaped tipof Kasr Es-Sebayb, the highestpoint of the mountain and thesite of a sacred enclosure inRoman and pre-Roman time.The temples which circleHermon are, from the south:Hebbariya, Ain Harsha, AinLibbaya, Nebi Safa , Akbeh,Aiha, Beka, Khirbet el-Knese,Yanta, Deir el-Ashayr, Rahle,Burkush, and Er-Rime.

Location of Mount Hermoun Road map from Kamid Al-Lawz to Mount Hermon/Rashaya

MOUNT HERMON/RASHAYA

Visits� Significant cultural heritage site,

temples circled Hermon (Hebbariya, Ain Harsha, Ain Libbaya, Nebi Safa, Akbeh, Aiha, Beka, Khirbet el-Knese, Yanta, Deir el-Ashayr, Rahle, Burkush, and Er-Rime).

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

Mount Hermon/Rashaya

View of Mount Hermon/Rashaya

“Mount Hermon has the largest number of templesever to be found in any region in the world. Amongthe temples located in the western slope of themountain , there is one in a place called Jabal Khan,another near the village ‘Aqbe, in addition to templesfound in the villages of Hebbariyeh, Nehi Safa, BakkaYanta, ‘Ayin Harsheh, and Deir El-’Ashayer. Remains oftemples were also found in ‘Ayha, ‘Ayin Lebbayam,Kfarqouk, Borqosh, Mdoukha, Raqleh, Helwa, ‘AynQania, Al-Ram, and others, in addition to those foundon the eastern slope overlooking the Syrianterritories.”

“The Roots of Christianity in Lebanon” by Dr. Antoine Khoury Harb

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Qasr Antar: highest temple in the ancient world1

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

The Temple of Deir El-Ashayer: Greco-Roman Temple 2

The Temple of Bakka: Roman Temple3

The Temple of Ain Harsha: Roman Temple4

The Temple of Yanta: Roman Temple5

The Temple of Khirbet El-Knese: Roman Temple 6

The Temple of Nabi Safa: Roman Temple7

Location of temples in Mount Hermon

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ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

QASR ANTAR:There is a sacred building made of hewn blocks of stone on the summit of Mount Hermon. Known as Qasr Antar, it wasthe highest temple of the ancient world, sitting at 2,814 feet (858 m) above sea level. It was documented by Sir CharlesWarren in 1869. Warren described the temple as a rectangular building, sitting on an oval, stone plateau without roof.He removed a limestone stele from the northwest of the oval, broke it into two pieces and carried it down the mountainand back to the British Museum, where it currently resides. An inscription on the stele was translated by GeorgeNickelsburg to read:“According to the command of the greatest a(nd) Holy God, those who take an oath (proceed) from here.”

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SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

1Hermon was said to have become known as “the mountain of oath” by Charles SimonClermont-Ganneau. The name of God was supposed to be a Hellenized version of Baʿal orHadad and Nickelsburg connected it with the place name of Baal-Hermon (Lord ofHermon) and the deity given by Enoch as “The Great Holy One”.[ Eusebius recognized thereligious importance of Hermon in his work “Onomasticon”, saying “Until today, themount in front of Panias and Lebanon is known as Hermon and it is respected by nationsas a sanctuary”

Location of Qasr Antar

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

THE TEMPLE OF DEIR EL-ASHAYER:The village is near toa the remains of a substantial Greco-Roman style temple dedicated to unknown deities, with 30metres (98 ft) long foundations and columns re-used in local construction. A Greek inscription was found noting that abench was installed “in the year 242, under Beeliabos, also called Diototos, son of Abedanos, high priest of the godsof Kiboreia“. Julien Alquot argued that the bench had liturgical uses as a mobile throne. The era of the gods of Kiboreia isnot certain, as is their location which is not conclusively to be identified with Deir El Aachayer, but was possibly theRoman sanctuary or the name of a settlement in the area. It has been suggested that the name Kiboreia was formedfrom the Aramaic word kbr, meaning a “place of great abundance”

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Location of Deir El-Ashayer

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

THE TEMPLE OF BAKKA:The ruins of a Roman temple in the village are included in a group of Temples of Mount Hermon. George Taylor classifiedit as a prostylos temple and noted that the north and south walls remained standing and the podium floor had survived.

The site has been heavily damaged by local construction of houses over the site. The temple featured anunderground crypt that was accessible via one of the houses that had been built over it.

Edward Robinson suggested that word bakka could have derived from the later Arabic meaning of crowd. Others havelinked it to the Hebrew word bikha meaning plain

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Location of Bakka

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

THE TEMPLE OF AIN HARCHA :(About a forty minute walk) along a rocky path, on a ridge-top to the west, higher than the village sits one of the best examples of a Roman temple in the vicinity of Mount Hermon. The temple of Ain Harcha can also be reached by walking down from the village of Ain Ata.

It was restored in 1938-1939 and dates from a Greek inscription on one of the blocks to 114-115 AD. The temple is built of limestone, opens to the east and blends in well with the landscape. The pediment and west wall are in particularly good condition and two columns bases show what supported the beams and roof. Carved blocks show busts of Selene, the moon goddess and Helios, the sun god. Around the site are remnants of ancient habitation and tombs.

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Location of Aiyn Harsheh

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

THE TEMPLE OF YANTA:There are ruins of an impressively sized and positioned Roman temple in the area that is presumed to have been built on the site of a forerunning Semitic temple. The ruins lie on either side of the road and are sparse but retain some upright stones. Around the site are remnants of ancient habitation and tombs.

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Location of Yanta

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

THE TEMPLE OF KHIRBET EL-KNESE:Khirbet El-Knese, El-Knese or El Knese are two Roman temples south of Yanta, north of Rashaya in the Rashaya District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon.

The upper and lower temples are included in a group of Temples of Mount Hermon. The lower temple faces east with the peak of Mount Hermon to the south. George F. Taylor described it as an Antae temple with moulded architraves to the right of the south antae. El Knese has supposed connections to the word “ecclesia“.

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Location of Khirbet El-Knese

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF MOUNT HERMON

7 THE TEMPLE OF NABI SAFA:In 1852 the village was visited by an orientalist by the name of Edward Robinson. He later wrote about his visit,mentioning the existence of two Roman sarcophagi in the area. One may see the ruins of a Roman temple havingconnection with a group of sanctuaries on Mount Hermon. This temple, seventy feet by thirty, has suffered a great dealof damage, but from its position facing the splendid Mount Hermon, it offers a unique and unparalleled spectacle.George Taylor spoke of the alignment of the doorway in relation to the Mountain. The blocks of stone used in theconstruction are a yard thick, skillfully hewn and finished. The pediment is attractive and elegant. The only wall stillstanding with its pilasters is the one on the north side. Impressive columns embellish the entrance on the western sideand there one can see an altar and a stairway leading to an underground chamber.It is supposed that the temple was once used as a sanctuary dedicated to the prophet Safa, En-Nabi Safa, the Pure,descendant of Jacob. His honorable body is believed to lie somewhere in the grounds accompanied by his spirit and anancient tradition has it that one day a man with sufficiently deep faith will uncover it

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Location of Nabi Safa

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

Qasr Banat: ancient temple (probably Roman)1

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA

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Iaat: Corinthian column2

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Ferzoul Habis: Hermit caves3

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Temnin el-Foka: Roman temple4

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Nahle: Roman temple5

Location of temples in Beqaa

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The typology of the temples has beenstudied and they are generally divided intoAntae, Prostylos or Peripteral types.� Antae temples have side walls that

extend to form a porch at the front orrear (or both) and terminated inpilasters that were called the antae.

� If columns were placed in advance ofthe walls or antae, the temple wastermed Prostylos

� If columns surrounded the temple itwas termed Peripteral. The peripteraltype is thought to be the most perfectform of temple and the best preservedof this type is the Temple of Bacchus atBaalbek.

TYPOLOGY OF TEMPLES

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

QASR BANAT:An ancient temple (probably Roman) situated 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east of Chlifa in the Baalbek District of the BeqaaGovernorate in the city of Qsarnaba.

It is believed the site was called the Castle of Virgins and was the residence of virgins in Roman times. Indeed the arabworld "Qasr" comes from the latin "castra" (meaning in English: "castle").

George F. Taylor classified Qasr el Banat among a group of ancient Roman Temples of the Beqaa Valley. It is suggested todate to Ancient Roman, but it is possible that was originally built as a very small temple- during Ancient Greek eras orearlier.

1

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA

1

Location of the Temple of Qasr Banat

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

IAATThe location of the Pillar is 4 miles (6 km) northwest of the Baalbek ruins, between the towns of Baalbeck and Chlifa.

At one point a plaque was installed on the northern side of the monument; however, it has been removed and no otherhistory is known of the column, which is believed to be a funerary monument. The column is also widely believed inlocal legend to be related to St. Helena, but it is most likely a funerary monument.

Whilst technically not being a temple, Taylor suggested that the column might have been placed where it is as a victorycolumn to mark the site of a great ancient battle. He also noted a cartouche on the sixth cylinder of the column.

2

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA

2

Location of the Temple of Iaat

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

FERZOUL HABIS:The historic caves of Habis were used as a hideout back in Roman and Byzantine eras.

Back then, reaching the caves was a difficult feat. But once inside, it's possible to reach any cave through interconnecting tunnels.

Now, the caves are a pleasant place to sit and enjoy a sunny day in the shade.

A spectacular landscape framed by the caves overlooks Wadi el Habis, Bekaa valley, and Anti Lebanon mountains.

3

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA

3

Location of the Temple of Ferzoul Habis

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

TEMNIN EL-FOKA:The village of Temnin el Fawqa is located at the lower eastern part of Mount Sanin. The numerous springs of the regionexplain human settlement there, and the development of the flowing water goddess cult. In this area apart from theNympaeum Sanctuary in Temnin.Hadad and Atargatis are the water cult god and goddess. They were particularly worshiped during the Roman period.Temnin el-Foka is a nymphaeum is close to the spring of Ain el Job.The nymphaeum is an arched watercourse built of large stones that has been constructed 4 metres deep into a hill. Itleads to a cistern underground. A gulley has formed at the outflow, where a boundary pillar is carved with the image of agoddess. It resembles a similar cippus at Kafr Zabad.

4

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA

4

Location of the Temple of Temnin El-Foka

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

NAHLE:Situated northeast of Baalbeck above a deep and very pretty valley, the slopes of this village are studded with thefamiliar burial chambers often found near Roman/Byzantine sites.

The massive foundation stones of Nahle' s Roman temple suggest that a mighty structure once stood here.

This sanctuary consisted of two parts: an open air court and a large room with a ceiling where notches for the woodenbeam still exist. Only a few courses of stone are still standing, but the temple maintains its dignity despite crowding bymodern village residences.

5

SOME TEMPLES IN THE AREA OF BEQAA

5

Location of the Temple of Nahle

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Ferzoul – Zahle – Chtaura – Anjar – Kamid Al-Lawz –Mount Hermon/Rashaya

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad

ARNOUN

Visits� Visit the Beaufort Castle

THE BEAUFORT CASTLE,Arnoun: The castle was built asa defensive and strategic postfor the Crusaders.

Consecutively used by theAyyubids, the Mamluks andAmir Fakhreddine. It was laterrestored during the Frenchmandate following anearthquake.

View Reference

Location of Arnoun Road map from Mount Hermon to ArnounArnoun

The Beaufort Castle

TEBNINE

Visits� The Citadel of Tebnine (Crusader

Castle).

THE CITADEL OF TEBNINE(Toron) is a Crusader’s Castlebuilt in 1105. The fortresswitnessed many battlesthroughout its history. TheCrusader Castle has been usedby many different factions andarmies and conquerors over theyears that include Alexanderthe Great, because of itsstrategic position overlookingmiles of terrain. Many of theexisting families of Tebninehave a background makeup ofPhoenician, European and Arabdue to ranging influences in theregion over centuries.

Location of Tebnine Road map from Arnoun to Tebnine

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad

Tebnine

The Citadel of Tebnine

QANA

Visits� The village where Jesus performed his

first miracle.

QANA (Cana), located at 13 kmfrom Tyre, it is believed that thisis the village where Jesusperformed his first miracle,turning water into wine.

Location of Qana Road map from Tebnine to Qana

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad

Qana

Qana of Gallilea and Jezus Christ with its 12 Apostles Carved onto the Rocks

TYRE

Visits� Two main archeological sites – Al Bass

and Al Mina – are testimony to its historical significance.

� The Phoenician Museum

TYRE, built around 2700 BC, it is thehome of Elissar, the Phoenicianprincess who founded Carthage, aswell as the home of Europa whowas abducted by Zeus disguised asa white bull.Two main archaeological sites - AlBass and Al Mina - are a testimonyto its historical significance. Tyrewas originally made up of twosettlements – one on the mainlandand the other on an island – thetwo cities are related to a causeway.Moreover, there is a PhoenicianMuseum in Tyre, a patrimonial andmaritime museum relating thehistory of ancient Tyre and itsrelation with the sea.

Location of Tyre Road map from Qana to Tyre

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad

Map of Tyre

Tyre archaeological site

UMM AL-AMAD

Visits� Encompasses layers of tangible Greek

civilization artifacts.

UMM AL-AMAD as a Phoenician cityencompasses layers of tangible Greekcivilization artifacts witnessed by(archeological findings) at the easternshoulder of the Naqoura Sea- southLebanon. Umm Al-Amad wasdiscovered by a French explorer in1772, though the first excavationsdidn’t take place until 1861. The cityof more than 60,000 square metersstill bears witness to an importanthistorical period and tells ofarchitectural art and precision inengraving and sculpture with toolsdating back to the Iron Age, whichwas named after the discovery ofiron nearly 3,000 years ago. Umm Al-Amad’s two temples were builtroughly between 287 and 222 B.C.

Road map from Tyre to Umm Al-AmadLocation of Umm Al-Amad

ITINERARY 2 - DAY 3: Mount Hermon/Rashaya – Arnoun – Tebnine – Qana – Tyre –Umm Al-Amad

Map of Umm Al-Amad

Umm Al-Amad Phoenician site

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

BATROUN, derives from theGreek Botrys, is founded by thePhoenicians on the southernside of the promontory called inAntiquity, Theoprosopon (Râsach-Chaq’a’) and during theByzantine Empire, CapeLithoprosopon.

The city was under Roman ruleto Phoenicia Prima province,and later after the region wasChristianized became asuffragan of the Patriarchate ofAntioch.

Location of Batroun

BATROUN BATROUNBATROUN

Visits� Phoenician wall.

Map of Batroun

Batroun Phoenician wall

BZIZA

Visits� Ruins of a Roman temple standing over

fifteen meters high with fragments of pottery and oil lamps.

The Roman temple at BZIZA isquite well preserved. Thewestern facade is embellishedby an elegant portico of threelimestone columns, theremainder of an original four,supporting architecture of theionic order.

Location of Bziza

BATROUN BATROUN

Road map from Batroun to Bziza

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

Bziza

Bziza Roman temple

DOUMA witnessed differentcivilizations including ancientGreece, ancient Rome andTurkey. However, the OttomanEmpire left the largest impacton Douma's inhabitants.

In the town square sits a 4th-century A.D. sarcophagus,bearing a Greek inscriptionrecording that this was theburial place of Castor, who diedin 317 A.D.

Location of Douma Road map from Bziza to Douma

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

DOUMA

Visits� Different civilizations (ancient

Greece, ancient Rome, Turkey…)

Douma

View of Douma

YANOUH, once a Phoenician center, is half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek). Its Phoeniciantemple is a monument to the same religion as that of Apheca, but the later Roman temple was dedicated to Diana,the Roman goddess of the hunt and daughter of the god Jupiter.

Location of Yanouh Road map from Douma to Yanouh

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

YANOUH

Visits� Yanouh, once a Phoenician center, is

half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek)

Yanouh

Yanouh ruins

AFQA, Known in ancient times asApheca or Afeka, located in themountains of Lebanon, alignedcentrally between Baalbek andByblos.It is the site of one of the finestwaterfalls in the mountains of theMiddle East, which feeds into theAdonis River (known today asAbraham River or Nahr Ibrahim inArabic), and forms LakeYammoune, with which it is alsoassociated by legend.In Greek mythology Adonis wasborn and died at the foot of thefalls in Afqa. The ruins of thecelebrated temple of Aphrodite.

Road map from Yanouh to AfqaLocation of Afqa

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

AFQA

Visits� A site of one of the finest waterfalls in

the mountains of the Middle East.

Afqa

Afqa waterfalls

BAALBEK, founded by thePhoenicians, it was laterconquered by the Macedonianswho called it Heliopolis (alwaysthe City of the Sun) forassimilation between the god Sunand the Phoenician divinity Baal.Then it became a Roman colonyunder Augustus, preserving thenew name. Today you can seethree main buildings: the templeof Jupiter, the temple of Bacchusand the circular temple of Venus.A fourth monument, the Templeof Mercury is located on the hill ofSheikh Abdallah. inscribed on theUNESCO World Heritage List(1984).

Road map from Afqa to BaalbekLocation of Baalbek

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 1: Batroun – Bziza – Douma – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

BAALBEK

Visits� three main buildings: the Temple of

Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus and the circular Temple of Venus and a fourth monument, the Temple of Mercury.

Baalbek

Baalbek temples

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra

NIHA TEMPLES

Visits� Niha Roman Temples also known for

Hosn Niha, a structure of many layers the latest of which is a small Byzantine Basilica.

Location of Niha

NIHA Roman Temples are twotemples dedicated to theCanaanite goddess of fertilityAtargatis (Phoenician Astarte)the god of thunder lightningand rain, Hadaranes, and theirson. It is also known for HosnNiha, a structure of many layersthe latest of which is a small aByzantine Basilica.

Road map from Baalbek to NihaNiha

Niha Roman temple

Location of Zahle Road map from Niha to Zahle

ZAHLE is known as the "Bride ofthe Beqaa" for its geographicallocation and attractiveness, butalso as "the City of Wine andPoetry“.

It is famous throughoutLebanon and the region for itspleasant climate, numerousriverside restaurants andquality arak.

ZAHLE

Visits� City of wine and poetry

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra

Map of Zahle

View of Zahle

Location of Sannine Road map from Zahle to Sannine

MOUNT SANNINE is a mountainin the Mount Lebanon range. Itshighest point is 2,628 m (8,622feet) above sea level inLebanon. Mount Sannine,which has a base of limestone,is the source of many mountainsprings.

SANNINE

Visits� Source of many mountain springs

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra

Sannine

View of mount Sannine

Location of Baskinta Road map from Sannine to Baskinta

BASKINTA carries the ruins ofmonuments, cemeteries, andnumismatics, pottery remainsthat date as back as thePhoenician and the Greek ages.The Greeks knew Baskinta andbuilt in it several palaces - ofwhich enormous stones, pillarsstands, and undergroundpassages still exist.

BASKINTA

Visits� Phoenician and Greek remains

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra

Baskinta

View of Baskinta

The Temple of Adonis is partlydug in the rocky platform ofFAQRA, so it's partly a rocksanctuary. It does not rest on aplatform. In front of the shrine,to the east, is a large, squarecourt with an altar, surroundedby a colonnade, and there'sanother altar standing in frontof the entrance. The squarecourt was surrounded on threesides by a portico in the Doricbuilding order. Several columnswere sufficiently well-preservedto be re-erected.

Location of Faqra Road map from Baskinta to Faqra

FAQRA

Visits� Qalaat Faqra is an archaeological site

in Kfardebian, with Roman and Byzantine ruins.

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 2: Baalbek – Niha – Zahle – Sannine – Baskinta – Faqra

Faqra

Faqra Castle

FAITROUN

Visits� Faitroun rocks

FAITROUN rocks. A Preserve theNatural Rock Formations.

Location of Faitroun Road map from Faqra to Faitroun

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh

Batroun

Faitroun rocks

THE SHRINE OF OUR LADY OFLEBANON draws millions offaithful both Christians andMuslims from all over theworld. The 50th jubilee in 1954was also the hundredthanniversary of theestablishment of the Catholicdogma of the ImmaculateConception. During thesecelebrations, Pope Pius XII senthis representative, CardinalAngelo Roncalli (later tobecome Pope John XXIII) toLebanon. Pope John Paul IIvisited Our Lady of Lebanon in1997.

HARISSA

Visits� The Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon.

Location of Harissa Road map from Faitroun to Harissa

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh

Harissa

The Shrine of our Lady of Lebanon

BKERKI is the episcopal see ofthe Maronite CatholicPatriarchate of Antioch of theMaronite Church in Lebanon,located 650 m above the bay ofJounieh.

Though now exclusively used bythe church, the area was ownedby the noble Khazen family. Theclergy use it under a specialwaqf.

BKERKI

Visits� Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of

Antioch of the Maronite Church in Lebanon

Location of Bkerki Road map from Harissa to Bkerki

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh

Bkerki

Maronite Catholic Patriarchate

JOUNIEH, during thePhoenician period, the bay ofJounieh was an importantwinter shelter for ships sailingfrom the south to Byblos;hence, its name Palaebyblus(literary before Byblos). It ismentioned in the geographydescribed in Strabo.

http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44884

JOUNIEH

Visits� Important winter shelter for ships

sailing from the south to Byblos.� St. Savior Orthodox Convent

(Phoenician temple)� Holy Spirit Kaslik (museum).� Jeita Grotto.� Ancient Lycus River (Nahr el Kalb)

Location of Jounieh Road map from Bkerki to Jounieh

ITINERARY 3 - DAY 3: Faqra – Faitroun – Harissa – Bkerki – Jounieh

Jounieh

Jounieh Ottoman and Colonial Souk

ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh

JBEIL

Visits�Oldest inhabited city in the world�Archaeological site�Old Souk�Heritage landmarks

JBEIL is believed to have beenfirst occupied between 8800and 7000 BC and continuouslyinhabited since 5000 BC,making it one of the oldestcontinuously inhabited cities inthe world. It is a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site.

Location of JbeilJbeil

Jbeil Harbor

Jbeil Crusader castle

MEBAAJ GROTTO is made up ofponds and lakes and is believedto be 30 to 40 million years old.While the accessible area in thegrotto is 220 meters long, itstotal length is estimated at4500 meters.

Location of Mebaaj Grotto Road map from Jbeil to Mebaaj Grotto

MEBAAJ GROTTO

Visits� Located in Tourzaiyya, made up of

ponds and lakes, and is believed to be 30 to 40 million years old.

ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh

Map of Tourzaiyya

Mebaaj grotto

SMAR JBEIL is a small agglomerationsituated in the region of Batroun inNorth Lebanon at an altitude of500m, on the way between Batroun,Rashana and Douma. The name is ofPhoenician origin and meansGuardian of Jbeil, the Watchman.Smar Jbeil is one of the most ancienttowns of Lebanon, having aPhoenician citadel which was used bythe Romans, who left inscriptions inthe northern wall. The Crusaders fortheir part built basements around itstwo towers and a church on the sidefacing north. Wells were dug in theliving rock as well as deepunderground galleries.

Location of Smar Jbeil Road map from Mebaaj Grotto to Smar Jbeil

SMAR JBEIL

Visits� Smar Jbeil has a Phoenician citadel.

Map of Smar Jbeil

ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh

Smar Jbeil Phoenician Citadel

BATROUN, derives from theGreek Botrys, is founded by thePhoenicians on the southernside of the promontory called inAntiquity, Theoprosopon (Râsach-Chaq’a’) and during theByzantine Empire, CapeLithoprosopon.

The city was under Roman ruleto Phoenicia Prima province,and later after the region wasChristianized became asuffragan of the Patriarchate ofAntioch.

Location of Batroun Road map from Smar Jbeil to Batroun

BATROUN

Visits� Phoenician wall.

Map of Batroun

ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh

Batroun Phoenician wall

THE MSEILHA FORT is afortification situated 5.5kmnorth of the city of Batroun inLebanon. The current fort wasbuilt by Emir Fakhreddine II inthe 17th century to guard theroute from Tripoli to Beirut. Thefort is built on a long, narrowlimestone rock near the Nahrel-Jawz River.

Its walls are constructed withsmall sandstone blocks quarriedfrom the nearby coast and builtonto the edge of the limestonerock.

Location of Hamat Road map from Batroun to Hamat (Mseilha Fort)

HAMAT

Visits� The Mseilha Fort is a fortification

situated 5.5 km north of the city of Batroun.

Hamat (The Mseilha Fort)

ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh

The Mseilha Fort

LADY OF NOURIEH, (Saydet elNourieh in Arabic), situatedmidway between Batroun andAnfeh. It is a Marian shrine inHamat, Lebanon. Nourieh is aderivative of the Arabic word,Nour, meaning light. Thus, inEnglish, the Marian shrine canbe called, Our Lady of Light.

Road map from Mseilha Fort to Lady of NouriehLocation of Hamat

HAMAT

Visits� Lady of Nourieh, a Marian shrine called

the Lady of Light.

Hamat (Lady of Nourieh)

ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh

Lady of Nourieh

ANFEH is among the coastalPhoenician cities and townsthat still exist today in Lebanon.Prior to the recent excavation,Anfeh was thought to havebeen founded around 1300 BC,but the pottery, which dates to3200 BC, provides compellingevidence that the town wasonce a much older andsignificant city in antiquity. Theremains of these civilizationsinclude Phoenician and Romanwalls, wine presses, mosaics,places of worship, caves, watertanks, and steps.

Road map from Lady of Nourieh to AnfehLocation of Anfeh

ANFEH

Visits� The remains of the civilizations include

Phoenician and Roman walls, wine presses, mosaics, places of worship, caves, water tanks, and steps.

Anfeh

ITINERARY 4 - DAY 1: Jbeil – Mebaaj Grotto – Smar Jbeil – Batroun – Hamat – Anfeh

Anfeh

ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez

AMIOUN

Visits� Small caves built in the old city’s rocks

and visit Saint John “Al-Sheer”.

AMIOUN Convent site is a veryold settlement whose historycan be traced back to thePaleolithic period. This issupported by the number ofsmall caves built in the old city’srocks. The ancient Semiticpeoples are thought to havearrived in the region around4000 B.C. Saint John “Al-Sheer”is a church elevated on therocky cliff over a number ofvaults in the southeasternfacade of the cliff.

Road map from Anfeh to AmiounLocation of AmiounAmioun

Small caves built in the old city’s rocks

BCHARRI is a town to the eastof Tripoli. Bcharri is the town ofthe only remaining andpreserved original Cedars ofLebanon (Cedrus Libani), and isthe birthplace of the famouspoet, painter and sculptor KhalilGibran who now has a museumin the town to honor him.

Road map from Amioun to BcharriLocation of Bcharri

BCHARRI

Visits� Infamous Cedar Forest of Lebanon

Bcharri

ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez

View of Bcharri

WADI QADISHA is a valleyknown for being a sacreddestination where one can visitseveral monasteries carved intothe sides of its rocky hills.

Wadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley)and the Forest of the Cedarsheritage sites are inscribed onthe UNESCO World Heritage List(1998).

Road map from Bcharri to Wadi QadishaLocation of Wadi Qadisha

WADI QADISHA

Visits� Sacred destination

Wadi Qadisha

ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez

View of Wadi Qadisha

TRIPOLI, founded by thePhoenicians around 800 BC istoday the second largest city andmain port in Lebanon. Like Beirut,the city witnessed the presence ofvarious Mediterranean culturesand empires including theCanaanites/Phoenicians, Persians,Greeks, Romans, Byzantines,Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusaders,Ayyubid, Mamluks, Ottoman andFrench. Facing the shores of thecity there are the Palm Islands,which known for its green turtles,and which was declared aProtected Nature Reserve by theUNESCO in 1992.

Road map from Wadi Qadisha to TripoliLocation of Tripoli

TRIPOLI

Visits� The second largest city and main port in

Lebanon.

Map of Tripoli

ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez

Tripoli Citadel

ARQA (Phoenician: Irqata;‘Arqat in the Bible) is a villagenear Miniara in AkkarGovernorate, Lebanon, 22 kmnortheast of Tripoli, near thecoast. The former bishopricbecame a double Catholictitular see (Latin and Maronite).The Roman Emperor AlexanderSeverus was born there. It issignificant for the Tell Arqa, anarchaeological site that goesback to Neolithic times, andduring the Crusades there was astrategically significant castle.

Road map from Tripoli to ArqaLocation of Arqa

ARQA

Visits� Tell Arqa, an archaeological site that

goes back to Neolithic times

Map of Arqa

ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez

Arqa archaeological site

The village of MENJEZ is the home to anumber of interesting historical,archaeological and religious sites,including: Beit Jaalouk temple (or“Maqam ar-Rabb”, an ancient romantemple and worship site for the goddessNemesis, dating from the first centuryAD); a crusader castle ruins “QalaatFelis” inhabited by the Chevalier de St.Jean de Jerusalem or what is also knownas Ordre de Malte, the castle belongedto the Comté de Tripoli; the MaroniteMonastery of our Lady of the Fort “DeirSaydet El Qalaa” built by the JesuitsOrder in the 19th century; remains of aroman canal; and 180 pre-historic tombsdating back to 5,000 years BC. Thisarchaeological diversity and richnessgives Menjez the possibility to becomeand archaeological park for research,education, and tourism.

Road map from Arqa to MenjezLocation of Menjez

MENJEZ

Visits� Roman basalt temple called Maqam Er

Rabb or Beit Jaalouk

Menjez

ITINERARY 4 – DAY 2: Anfeh – Amioun – Bcharri – Wadi Qadisha – Tripoli – Arqa – Menjez

Menjez basalt temple

JBEIL is believed to have beenfirst occupied between 8800and 7000 BC and continuouslyinhabited since 5000 BC,making it one of the oldestcontinuously inhabited cities inthe world. It is a UNESCO WorldHeritage Site.

Location of Jbeil

ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

JBEIL

Visits�Oldest inhabited city in the world�Archaeological site�Old Souk�Heritage landmarks

Jbeil

Jbeil Harbor

Jbeil Crusader Castle

ADONIS VALLEY is south of Byblosand Jabal Moussa. An Ottomanbridge and a Roman aqueductcross over the Adonis River.According to legend that is wherethe Phoenician/Greek god Adoniswas killed by a wild boar whilehunting.Jabal Moussa is one of the veryfew soundings in Lebanon thatexists in mountainous areas(hinterland heritage), and wasinhabited during thePhoenician/Canaanean Bronzeage, Medieval period, and themost recent Ottoman period.Recent excavations werediscovered.

Road map from Byblos to Adonis ValleyLocation Adonis Valley

ADONIS VALLEY

Visits� An Ottoman bridge and a Roman

aqueduct cross over the Adonis River.

ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

Adonis Valley

Adonis River

Road map from Adonis Valley to YanouhLocation of Yanouh

YANOUH

Visits� Yanouh, once a Phoenician center, is

half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek)

ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

Yanouh

YANOUH, once a Phoenician center, is half-way between Byblos (Jbeil) and Heliopolis (Baalbek). Its Phoeniciantemple is a monument to the same religion as that of Apheca, but the later Roman temple was dedicated to Diana,the Roman goddess of the hunt and daughter of the god Jupiter.

Yanouh ruins

AFQA, Known in ancient times asApheca or Afeka, located in themountains of Lebanon, alignedcentrally between Baalbek andByblos.It is the site of one of the finestwaterfalls in the mountains of theMiddle East, which feeds into theAdonis River (known today asAbraham River or Nahr Ibrahim inArabic), and forms LakeYammoune, with which it is alsoassociated by legend.In Greek mythology Adonis wasborn and died at the foot of thefalls in Afqa. The ruins of thecelebrated temple of Aphrodite.

Road map from Yanouh to AfqaLocation of Afqa

AFQA

Visits� A site of one of the finest waterfalls in

the mountains of the Middle East.

ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

Afqa

Afqa waterfalls

BAALBEK, Founded by thePhoenicians, it was laterconquered by the Macedonianswho called it Heliopolis (alwaysthe City of the Sun) forassimilation between the god Sunand the Phoenician divinity Baal.Then it became a Roman colonyunder Augustus, preserving thenew name. Today you can seethree main buildings: the templeof Jupiter, the temple of Bacchusand the circular temple of Venus.A fourth monument, the Templeof Mercury is located on the hill ofSheikh Abdallah. inscribed on theUNESCO World Heritage List(1984).

Road map from Afqa to BaalbekLocation of Baalbek

BAALBEK

Visits� three main buildings: the Temple of

Jupiter, the Temple of Bacchus and the circular Temple of Venus and a fourth monument, the Temple of Mercury.

ITINERARY 5: Jbeil – Adonis Valley – Yanouh – Afqa – Baalbek

Baalbek

Baalbek temples

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

JOUNIEH

Visits� Important winter shelter for ships

sailing from the south to Byblos.� St. Savior Orthodox Convent

(Phoenician temple)� Holy Spirit Kaslik (museum).� Jeita Grotto.� Ancient Lycus River (Nahr el Kalb)

JOUNIEH, during thePhoenician period, the bay ofJounieh was an importantwinter shelter for ships sailingfrom the south to Byblos;hence, its name Palaebyblus(literary before Byblos). It ismentioned in the geographydescribed in Strabo.

The Geography of Strabo

Location of Jounieh

JOUNIEH

Jounieh

Jounieh Ottoman and Colonial Souk

NAHR AL-KALB is the ancientLycus River. Past generals andconquerors have traditionallybuilt monuments at the mouthof the Nahr al-Kalb, known asthe Commemorative stelae ofNahr el-Kalb. In 2005, the stelaeat the river were listed in theUNESCO Memory of the Worldinitiative.

Location of Nahr El-Kalb Road map from Jounieh to Nahr El-Kalb

NAHR AL-KALB

Visits� Runs from a spring in Jeita near

the Jeita Grotto to the Mediterranean Sea.

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

Nahr El-Kalb River Source

Commemorative stelae of Nahr El-Kalb

Road map from Nahr El-Kalb to BikfayyaLocation of Bikfayya

The name “BIKFAYYA” of thetown comes from Phoenicianorigin (Beit Kfeya) the stonehouse – that is consecrated toworship the God “Kifa”.

Historians believe that Bikfayyawas the consecrated shrine ofthe Phoenician Baal. It was alsothe capital of the ChristianCancimat of Lebanon (1840–1860).

BIKFAYYA

Visits� Stone houses with red-tiled roofs

resting amidst pine and oak forests make Bikfaya one of the most sought-after suburbs of Beirut

� One of Lebanon's most popular summer resorts.

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

Bikfayya

View of Bikfayya

Road map from Bikfayya to BoloniaLocation of Bolonia

BOIS DE BOLOGNE - GHABETBOLONIA - BOLONIA FOREST isbeautiful and picturesque arealooking over the deep greenvalley of the River Salimeh. Aunique pinewood forestoffering a splendid viewextending eastwards to thedistant summits of MountSannine.

BOLONIA

Visits� Pine forest.

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

Bolonia

Bolonia pine forest

Road map from Bolonia to MteinLocation of Mtein

Originally home to sevenfactories, MTEIN was known forits abundant berry productionand silk manufacturing.

Today, what you can still see arethe ruins of only one silkfactory, which stands defiantly .

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

MTEIN

Visits� Old silk factories.

Mtein

Bolonia silk factory

The word "HAMMANA" mayhave come from the name ofthe Phoenician Sun God"Hammon" or "Hamman".These two names are derivedfrom the word "Hama" whichmeans heat of the sun.

The village has multiple watersources like the Shaghour fall,Ain-al-Hosa spring, Al-Kadanehspring, Ain Soltan spring, AinMaytri spring and many more.Evergreen trees such as pines,firs, spruce as well as somecedar trees are foundeverywhere in the town.

Location of Hammana Road map from Metn to Hammana

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

HAMMANA

Visits� Multiple water sources, natural

evergreen trees.

Hammana

View of Hammana

BAROUK is a village in the ChoufDistrict of Lebanon. Historically,the village is known for being the“land of good”, because of itsfountain (Nabeh-el-Barouk).Barouk is crowned by its mountain“Jabal el Barouk” that stands 1943m above sea level. The mountainalso has the largest naturalreserve in Lebanon, the Al ShoufCedar Nature Reserve, andcontains the oldest and mostelegant cedar forest in Lebanon,the “Cedrus Libani”.That cedar is considered, amongwith other cedar forests, the realCedars of Lord “Arz el Rab.”

Location of Barouk Road map from Hammana to Barouk

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

BAROUK

Visits� Largest natural reserve in Lebanon, the

Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve.

Barouk

Barouk cedars

During the 16th to 18th centuries, DEIR AL-QAMAR was the capital and the residence of the Emirate of Mount Lebanon.

It is also notable for its 15th-century Fakhreddine Mosque, Fakhreddine II Palace, and the palace of the Emir Yusuf Shihab.

The 17th century Deir al-Qamar Synagogue is also in the village, although closed to the public. During its peak, the city was the Centre of Lebanese literary tradition.

Location of Deir El-Qamar Road map from Barouk to Deir El-Qamar

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

DEIR EL-QAMAR

Visits� Deir El-Qamar: Saydet el Talle Church

and the Emir Bashir Palace.

Deir El-Qamar

Deir El-Qamar

BEITEDDINE is a small town andthe administrative capital ofthe Chouf District. The town islocated near the town of Deirel-Qamar from which it isseparated by a steep valley.

The town is well known for theBeiteddine Palace, which hoststhe annual Summer BeiteddineFestival.

Location of Beiteddine Road map from Deir El-Qamar to Beiteddine

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

BEITEDDINE

Visits� Mamluk inspired Fakhreddine Mosque,

the Yousef Chehab Palace, the Kharj

Barracks, the Palace of Fakhreddine II

Ma’ani, its Synagogue.

Beiteddine

Beiteddine Palace

Location of Beirut

BEIRUT, the capital and the largest city of Lebanon, has hosted successive historic periods of major powers and civilizations in the Mediterranean and West Asia. It has layers of Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Mameluke, Ottoman and French mandate periods. Today’s archaeological highlights include a Phoenician port, several Roman remains of a hippodrome, baths and temples.

Road map from Beiteddine to Beirut

ITINERARY 6: Jounieh – Nahr El Kalb – Bikfayya – Bolonia – Mtein – Hammana – Barouk –Deir El-Qamar – Beiteddine – Beirut

BEIRUT

Visits� Capital of Lebanon.

Map of Beirut

Beirut National Museum

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

SIDON

Visits� Multi-layered city

Location of Sidon

SIDON

SIDON is known for its multi-layered sea citadel. Founded in the fourth millennium BC, it is one of three major port city-states of the Canaanite/Phoenician epoch, cited 35 times in the Old Testament. In its long history, it has been home to the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Crusaders, Mamluks and Ottomans.

Map of Sidon

Sidon sea citadel

ECHMOUN, a Phoenician temple dedicated to the god of healing (hence the name), is located at the entrance ofSidon. It is considered one of the best-preserved Phoenician temples in Lebanon.

Road map from Sidon to EchmounLocation of Echmoun

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

ECHMOUN

Visits� One of the best-preserved Phoenician

temples in Lebanon.

Echmoun

CHHIM has several landmarksaround it, like The Temple ofEshmun which is an ancientplace of worship dedicated toEshmun, the Phoenician god ofhealing. It is located near theAwali river. The site wasoccupied from the 7th centuryBCE to the 8th century CE,suggesting an integratedrelationship with the nearbycity of Sidon.

Road map from Echmoun to ChhimLocation of Chhim

CHHIM

Visits� Temple of Chhim

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

Chhim

Temple of Chhim

Meticulously sculpted byYoussef Ghossoub, the Statue ofthe Virgin Mary stands at thewest entrance of JEZZINEoverlooking the villages ofBkassine, Wadi Jezzine, theBkassine Pine Forest and thewaterfall. It’s religioussignificance and cultural iconhas become a key point in theregion with vast naturallandscapes surrounding it. Inher hand, the Virgin Mary holdsthe key to the town of Jezzine.The view from there is fantasticand it is a great spot to takepanoramic pictures.

Road map from Chhim to JezzineLocation of Jezzine

JEZZINE

Visits� Religious landmarks

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

Jezzine

Saydet El-Maabour

THE BEAUFORT CASTLE islocated 40 km from Sidon on anescarpment of almost 1000meters above the valley. Thecastle was built as a defensiveand strategic post for theCrusaders. Consecutively usedby the Ayyubids, the Mamluksand Amir Fakhreddine. It waslater restored during the Frenchmandate following anearthquake.

Road map from Jezzine to Beaufort Castle (Arnoun)Location of Arnoun

ARNOUN

Visits� The Beaufort Castle

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

Arnoun

The Beaufort castle

MAGHDOUCHE is known forOur Lady of the Guard Churchcontaining a grotto, believed tobe the place where the VirginMary stayed while Jesus visitedthe surrounding cities of thesouth.

Road map from Arnoun to MaghdoucheLocation of Maghdouche

MAGHDOUCHE

Visits� Known for Our Lady of the Guard

Church containing a grotto.

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

Maghdouche

Our Lady of the Guard Church

SARAFAND (Sarepta), is a majorPhoenician site locatedbetween Sidon and Tyre.Presently it is now a fishingshore and a touristic attractionbecause of its restaurants. Thesite was well studied andexcavated in 1969-1974, by theUniversity Museum of theUniversity of Pennsylvania.Some of the finds are now inthe National Museum of Beirut.

Road map from Maghdouche to SarafandLocation of Sarafand

SARAFAND

Visits� Major Phoenician site located between

Sidon and Tyre.

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

Sarafand

Sarafand Phoenician site

Road map from Sarafand to TyreLocation of Tyre

TYRE

Visits� Two main archeological sites – Al Bass

and Al Mina – are testimony to its historical significance.

� The Phoenician Museum

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

TYRE, built around 2700 BC, it is thehome of Elissar, the Phoenicianprincess who founded Carthage, aswell as the home of Europa whowas abducted by Zeus disguised asa white bull.Two main archaeological sites - AlBass and Al Mina - are a testimonyto its historical significance. Tyrewas originally made up of twosettlements – one on the mainlandand the other on an island – thetwo cities are related to a causeway.Moreover, there is a PhoenicianMuseum in Tyre, a patrimonial andmaritime museum relating thehistory of ancient Tyre and itsrelation with the sea.

Map of Tyre

Tyre archaeological site

UMM AL-AMAD

Visits� Encompasses layers of tangible Greek

civilization artifacts.

UMM AL-AMAD as a Phoenician cityencompasses layers of tangible Greekcivilization artifacts witnessed by(archeological findings) at the easternshoulder of the Naqoura Sea- southLebanon. Umm Al-Amad wasdiscovered by a French explorer in1772, though the first excavationsdidn’t take place until 1861. The cityof more than 60,000 square metersstill bears witness to an importanthistorical period and tells ofarchitectural art and precision inengraving and sculpture with toolsdating back to the Iron Age, whichwas named after the discovery ofiron nearly 3,000 years ago. Umm Al-Amad’s two temples were builtroughly between 287 and 222 B.C.

Road map from Tyre to Umm Al-AmadLocation of Umm Al-Amad

ITINERARY 7: Sidon – Echmoun – Chhim – Jezzine – Arnoun – Maghdouche – Sarafand - Tyre- Umm Al-Amad

Umm Al-Amad

Umm Al-Amad Phoenician site

FROM LEBANON TO CYPRUS–GREECE

Riding the Phoenician Wave

Phoenicians’ Route Transnational Itinerary

The UNWTO, the Council of Europe (EPA-EICR) and the Ministry of Tourism of Lebanon developed three pilot cultural route tourism itineraries presented

on Monday 7 November 2016 at 16:00-18:00 pm, at the South Gallery room 9, WTM London, United Kingdom

View NNA news

ITINERARY 8: FROM THE LEBANESE CITY PORTS OF LEBANON THE CULTURAL TOURISM JOURNEYOF THE PHOENICIAN ROUTE WILL CONTINUE TO CYPRUS-GREECE-EUROPE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE PHOENICIANS’ ROUTE PARTICIPANTS

List Of Current Members Of The Phoenician RouteInternational PartnersItaly, Spain, France, Lebanon, Tunisia, Greece, Croatia, Malta, Cyprus, Governorate of Jericho, TRANSVERSAL NETWORKS

Local PartnersLouis Cardahi Foundation LAU, Municipality of Baalbek, Municipality of Byblos, Municipality of Jounieh, Municipality of Tyre

LAU Architecture, Urban Planning I, Fall 2018Mrs. Juliana Najm, course instructorDr. Rachid Chamoun, course coordinator, director of LAU-Louis Cardahi FoundationMs. Maria Bachour, architect, management assistant at LAU-Louis Cardahi FoundationMr. Rabih Chaddad, consultant at the Ministry of Tourism, Lebanon

LAU Students TeamCamille A., Elsa A., David A. S., Joana A. A., Malak Al S., Zein A. A., Ahmad B., Sara B., Celine B. S., Marwan C., Sarah C.,Hikmat C., Marie Christine D., Rand E., George E., Carole E. D., Joseph E. H., Karen E. K., Dima E. S., Nour F., Maribelle F.,Nour H., Vanessa H., Sara H., Ahmad I., Youssef I., Mahasen J., Nour K., Jad K., Rasha K., Marwa M., Massa M., Hadi M.,Rayan N., Jad N., Haya O., Nancy S., Khaled S., Rihab S., Farah Z.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT