race and ethnicity chapter ten. 2 outline race and ethnicity race and ethnicity prejudice prejudice...

Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity

Chapter TenChapter Ten

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OutlineOutline

Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination RacismRacism Sociological PerspectivesSociological Perspectives Ethnic Groups in CanadaEthnic Groups in Canada Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the

FutureFuture

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The Social Significance of Race The Social Significance of Race and Ethnicityand Ethnicity

Majority and Minority GroupsMajority and Minority Groups

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RaceRace: a category of people who have : a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin physical characteristics such as skin colour, hair texture, eye shape, or other colour, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes subjectively selected attributes

Ethnic GroupEthnic Group: a collection of people : a collection of people distinguished, by others or themselves, distinguished, by others or themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristicsnationality characteristics

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Ethnic Groups have the following Ethnic Groups have the following characteristics:characteristics:1. Unique cultural traits (clothing, 1. Unique cultural traits (clothing,

music, religion)music, religion)

2. a sense of community2. a sense of community

3. a feeling of ethnocentrism3. a feeling of ethnocentrism

4. ascribed membership from birth4. ascribed membership from birth

5. territoriality 5. territoriality

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The Social SignificanceThe Social Significance– Ethnicity and race form a base of Ethnicity and race form a base of

hierarchical ranking ..illustrated by hierarchical ranking ..illustrated by white privilegewhite privilege

– The dominant group holds power over The dominant group holds power over othersothers

– The classic study, “The Vertical Mosaic” The classic study, “The Vertical Mosaic” by John Porter, revealed strong links by John Porter, revealed strong links between class, ethnicity, and racebetween class, ethnicity, and race

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Top 10 Ethnic Origins in Canada Canadian Census 2001

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Majority and Minority GroupsMajority and Minority Groups– MajorityMajority: a group that is advantaged : a group that is advantaged

and has superior resources and rights in and has superior resources and rights in a society a society

– MinorityMinority: (or subordinate group): a : (or subordinate group): a group whose members, because of group whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discriminationobjects of collective discrimination

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Majority and Minority GroupsMajority and Minority Groups– Visible Minority: refers to an official Visible Minority: refers to an official

government category of nonwhite or government category of nonwhite or non-Caucasian persons non-Caucasian persons

– Some examples: Chinese, Japanese, Some examples: Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Arabs Koreans, Filipinos, and Arabs

– Numbers: 2001 census, about 4 million Numbers: 2001 census, about 4 million or 13% of Canadiansor 13% of Canadians

– Minority does not necessarily mean smallMinority does not necessarily mean small—it can also refer to power or the lack —it can also refer to power or the lack thereofthereof

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PrejudicePrejudice

DefinedDefined: a negative attitude based on : a negative attitude based on preconceived notions about members preconceived notions about members of selected groups of selected groups

Its etymology: Latin: Its etymology: Latin: prae prae (“before”) (“before”) and and judicium judicium ((““judgment”) judgment”)

Racial PrejudiceRacial Prejudice: involves beliefs that : involves beliefs that certain racial groups are innately certain racial groups are innately inferior to others or have a inferior to others or have a disproportionate number of negative disproportionate number of negative traitstraits

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PrejudicePrejudice

Roots of prejudice: ethnocentrism and Roots of prejudice: ethnocentrism and stereotypesstereotypes

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism::– DefinedDefined: the tendency to regard one’s own : the tendency to regard one’s own

culture and group as the standard, and thus culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior inferior

StereotypesStereotypes::– DefinedDefined: overgeneralizations about the : overgeneralizations about the

appearance, behaviour, or other characteristics appearance, behaviour, or other characteristics of members of particular groupsof members of particular groups

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PrejudicePrejudice

StereotypesStereotypes::– Etymology of the termEtymology of the term: from the Greek : from the Greek

stereos stereos (“solid”) and refers to a fixed (“solid”) and refers to a fixed mental impressionmental impression

– EffectsEffects: Negative stereotypes result in : Negative stereotypes result in negative outcomes such as hurt, pain, negative outcomes such as hurt, pain, harm, or anguish to the recipientsharm, or anguish to the recipients

– SourcesSources: Media, ethnic jokes, learned : Media, ethnic jokes, learned attitudes from parents, classmates, fellow attitudes from parents, classmates, fellow workers, and religious associationsworkers, and religious associations

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PrejudicePrejudice

Theories:Theories: ScapegoatScapegoat: a person or group that is : a person or group that is

incapable of offering resistance to the incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others hostility or aggression of others

Authoritarian personalityAuthoritarian personality: a person : a person characterized by excessive conformity, characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority submissiveness to authority intolerance, insecurity, a high level of intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinkingthinking

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PrejudicePrejudice

Measuring prejudice: Borgardus constructed Measuring prejudice: Borgardus constructed a scale that uses social distance as a criteria.a scale that uses social distance as a criteria.

Social DistanceSocial Distance: the extent to which people : the extent to which people are willing to interact and establish are willing to interact and establish relationships with members of racial and relationships with members of racial and ethnic groups other than their ownethnic groups other than their own

In the following table, those who agree to In the following table, those who agree to number one are the least prejudiced. Those number one are the least prejudiced. Those who select number seven are the most who select number seven are the most prejudiced.prejudiced.

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The BorgardusThe Borgardus Scale of Scale of PrejudicePrejudice

1. I would marry or accept as a close 1. I would marry or accept as a close relative.relative.

2. I would accept as a close friend.2. I would accept as a close friend.

3. I would accept as a next-door neighbour.3. I would accept as a next-door neighbour.

4. I would accept in my school or church.4. I would accept in my school or church.

5. I would accept in my community but 5. I would accept in my community but would not have contact with.would not have contact with.

6. I would accept as a resident of my 6. I would accept as a resident of my country but not in my community.country but not in my community.

7. I would not accept at all even as a 7. I would not accept at all even as a resident of my country.resident of my country.

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PrejudicePrejudice

1991 Canadian study1991 Canadian study: Canadian : Canadian born respondents reported born respondents reported significantly less comfort when significantly less comfort when interacting with Canadians of interacting with Canadians of West Indian, Black, Muslim, Arab, West Indian, Black, Muslim, Arab, Indo-Pakistani, and Sikh originsIndo-Pakistani, and Sikh origins

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DiscriminationDiscrimination

Defined:Defined: actions or practices of actions or practices of dominant group members (or their dominant group members (or their representatives) that have a representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group subordinate group

ExamplesExamples: refusal to hire, : refusal to hire, associate with, or become a friend associate with, or become a friend of those of a subordinate groupof those of a subordinate group

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– De jureDe jure:: legal discrimination which is legal discrimination which is encoded in laws. Examples: The encoded in laws. Examples: The Chinese Exclusionary Act, parts of the Chinese Exclusionary Act, parts of the Indian ActIndian Act

– De factoDe facto:: informal discrimination informal discrimination which is entrenched in social customs which is entrenched in social customs and institutionsand institutions

– The research by LaPiere reveals that The research by LaPiere reveals that people say they would accept others of people say they would accept others of subordinate groups but when asked to subordinate groups but when asked to do so, they refusedo so, they refuse

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Merton’s Four Combinations of Merton’s Four Combinations of Prejudice and DiscriminationPrejudice and Discrimination

Prejudiced and Discriminatory

Those who are

prejudiced and who

discriminate against others

Not Prejudiced

and non Discrimin-

atory

Those not prejudiced

and who do not

discriminate

Not Prejudiced and Discrimin-

atory

Because of peer pressure or for political or economic

benefits traditional

ways

Prejudiced and

Not

Discriminatory

Are prejudiced but because of peer pressure or for political or economic interests do

not discriminate

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The most extreme form of discrimination The most extreme form of discrimination is the actual homicide of whole is the actual homicide of whole subordinate groupssubordinate groups

The term The term GenocideGenocide: the deliberate, : the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or systematic killing of an entire people or nation nation

ExamplesExamples: Europeans killing Native : Europeans killing Native Americans, the Nazis destruction of Jews, Americans, the Nazis destruction of Jews, the “ethnic cleansing” of Muslims in the the “ethnic cleansing” of Muslims in the former Yugoslavia by the Serbsformer Yugoslavia by the Serbs

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RacismRacism

DefinedDefined: a set of ideas that implies : a set of ideas that implies the superiority of one social group the superiority of one social group over another on the basis of over another on the basis of biological or cultural characteristics, biological or cultural characteristics, together with the power to put these together with the power to put these beliefs into practice in a way that beliefs into practice in a way that denies or excludes minority women denies or excludes minority women and men and men ElementsElements: prejudice, : prejudice, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and discriminationdiscrimination

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RacismRacism

Examples of types of racismExamples of types of racism– OvertOvert: Beating death of a 65 year old Sikh : Beating death of a 65 year old Sikh

Temple employee in Surrey in 1998Temple employee in Surrey in 1998– PolitePolite: Study by Ginzberg found that with : Study by Ginzberg found that with

equal qualifications, white job applicants equal qualifications, white job applicants received employment offers three times received employment offers three times more often than blacksmore often than blacks

– SubliminalSubliminal: 250,000 Canadians signed a : 250,000 Canadians signed a petition that RCMP officers wearing petition that RCMP officers wearing turbans was “un-Canadian”turbans was “un-Canadian”

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RacismRacism

Examples of types of racism Examples of types of racism – InstitutionalInstitutional: The Canadian Civil : The Canadian Civil

Liberties Association (1991) found Liberties Association (1991) found evidence in 15 employment agenciesevidence in 15 employment agencies

– SystemicSystemic: criteria set that are not : criteria set that are not overtly racist but, in effect, are. overtly racist but, in effect, are. Criteria such as weight, height, and Criteria such as weight, height, and education can be used to exclude education can be used to exclude subordinate racial groupssubordinate racial groups

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Sociological Perspectives on Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic RelationsRace and Ethnic Relations

Symbolic InteractionistSymbolic Interactionist Functionalist Functionalist ConflictConflict FeministFeminist PostmodernPostmodern Critical Race TheoryCritical Race Theory

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Symbolic Symbolic InteractionistInteractionist

ThemeTheme: an awareness of the importance : an awareness of the importance of intergroup contact and the fact that it of intergroup contact and the fact that it may either intensify or reduce racial and may either intensify or reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudiceethnic stereotyping and prejudice

The contact hypothesisThe contact hypothesis: contact : contact between people from different groups between people from different groups should lead to favourable attitudes and should lead to favourable attitudes and behaviours when certain factors are behaviours when certain factors are present present

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Criteria for Positive Outcomes of Criteria for Positive Outcomes of Inter-racial or Ethnic ContactInter-racial or Ethnic Contact

Four

Receive positive

feedback when they interact

with one another in

positive, non-discriminatory

ways

One:

Have Equal Status

Two:

Pursue the same

Goals

Three

Cooperate with one

another in achieving their goals

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Functionalist Functionalist PerspectivesPerspectives Problem statement: how do Problem statement: how do

members of subordinate racial members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become part of and ethnic groups become part of the dominant group?the dominant group?

Two ways:Two ways:– AssimilationAssimilation– Ethnic PluralismEthnic Pluralism

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Functionalist Functionalist PerspectivesPerspectives

AssimilationAssimilation– Defined: a process by which members of Defined: a process by which members of

subordinate racial and ethnic groups subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominate become absorbed into the dominate culture culture

– Types: Types: Cultural assimilationCultural assimilation: members of an : members of an

ethnic group adopt dominant group traits ethnic group adopt dominant group traits such as language, dress, values, and religionsuch as language, dress, values, and religion

Structural assimilation or integrationStructural assimilation or integration: : when members of the subordinate group gain when members of the subordinate group gain acceptanceacceptance

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AssimilationAssimilation– Types: Types:

Biological or amalgamation: Through inter-Biological or amalgamation: Through inter-marriage. Examples: Mexico, Brazil and marriage. Examples: Mexico, Brazil and Hawaii.Hawaii.

Psychological: a change in racial or ethnic Psychological: a change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of an individualself-identification on the part of an individual

Ethnic PluralismEthnic Pluralism– DefinedDefined: the coexistence of a variety of : the coexistence of a variety of

distinct racial and ethnic groups within distinct racial and ethnic groups within one societyone society

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Ethnic PluralismEthnic Pluralism– Equalitarian or accommodationEqualitarian or accommodation: when : when

ethnic/racial groups live together on a equal ethnic/racial groups live together on a equal basis. Example: Switzerlandbasis. Example: Switzerland

– In Canada, the goal of the Canadian In Canada, the goal of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act of 1988Multiculturalism Act of 1988

– Segregation: the spatial and social separation Segregation: the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religionclass, gender, and/or religion

– Examples: Blacks in Nova Scotia; Reserve Examples: Blacks in Nova Scotia; Reserve system for Aboriginal Canadianssystem for Aboriginal Canadians

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Conflict PerspectivesConflict Perspectives

ThemeTheme: a focus on economic stratification : a focus on economic stratification and access to power informs our and access to power informs our understanding of ethnicity and raceunderstanding of ethnicity and race

Terms:Terms:– Internal ColonialismInternal Colonialism: a situation in which : a situation in which

members of a racial or ethnic group are members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the under the economic and political control of the dominant group. Example: Aboriginal peoplesdominant group. Example: Aboriginal peoples

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Conflict PerspectivesConflict Perspectives

Terms:Terms:– Split-Labour-Market TheorySplit-Labour-Market Theory: the : the

division of the economy into two areas of division of the economy into two areas of employment: a primary sector or upper employment: a primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher paid (usually the tier, composed of higher paid (usually the dominant group) workers in more secure dominant group) workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, made up of lower-paid (often subordinate made up of lower-paid (often subordinate groups) workers in jobs with little security groups) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions and hazardous working conditions

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Feminist PerspectivesFeminist Perspectives

Theme: minority women are doubly Theme: minority women are doubly disadvantaged as a result of their gender disadvantaged as a result of their gender

Term: Term: Gendered racismGendered racism: the interactive : the interactive effect of racism and sexism in the effect of racism and sexism in the exploitation of women of colourexploitation of women of colour

Combined with split-labour-market theoryCombined with split-labour-market theory Example: who is more likely to be a nurse Example: who is more likely to be a nurse

or a custodian in a Canadian hospital? or a custodian in a Canadian hospital?

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Postmodern Postmodern PerspectivesPerspectives Focus: That ethnic and racial Focus: That ethnic and racial

identities are largely the effect of identities are largely the effect of personal choice (agency) and personal choice (agency) and subjective definitionsubjective definition

Further, these identities are Further, these identities are socially constructed and given socially constructed and given meaning in our fragmented meaning in our fragmented societysociety

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Postmodern Postmodern PerspectivesPerspectives

DiscourseDiscourse: refers to the different : refers to the different ways of structuring knowledge and ways of structuring knowledge and social practice social practice

DeconstructingDeconstructing: to analyze the : to analyze the assumptions and meanings embedded assumptions and meanings embedded in scientific works in scientific works

Racist DiscourseRacist Discourse: an identifiable : an identifiable repertoire of words, images, and repertoire of words, images, and practices through which racial power is practices through which racial power is directed against ethnic and racial directed against ethnic and racial minority groupsminority groups

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Postmodern Postmodern PerspectivesPerspectives

Discourse of denialDiscourse of denial: suggests that : suggests that racism does not exist in our nation racism does not exist in our nation Discourse of colour-blindnessDiscourse of colour-blindness: that : that Caucasions do not recognize skin colour of Caucasions do not recognize skin colour of racial minorities racial minorities

Critique: Very difficult to use in Critique: Very difficult to use in understanding racial and ethnic understanding racial and ethnic relationships because the concepts are so relationships because the concepts are so abstractabstract

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Critical Race TheoryCritical Race Theory

Origins:Origins:– From the civil rights movement from From the civil rights movement from

such persons as Martin Luther King Jr., W. such persons as Martin Luther King Jr., W. Du Bois, Malcolm X, and Cesar ChavezDu Bois, Malcolm X, and Cesar Chavez

Key premises:Key premises:– Racism is so much part of North America Racism is so much part of North America

that it appears “natural” and ordinarythat it appears “natural” and ordinary– Affirmative action helps surface Affirmative action helps surface

concerns but does not effect ordinary lifeconcerns but does not effect ordinary life

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Critical Race TheoryCritical Race Theory

Key premises:Key premises:– The best way to learn about racism The best way to learn about racism

is to listen to those who have been is to listen to those who have been affected by itaffected by it

– Interest convergence:Interest convergence: white elites white elites tolerate or encourage racial tolerate or encourage racial advances if the dominate-group advances if the dominate-group members believe that their own self-members believe that their own self-interest is increasedinterest is increased

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Ethnic Groups In Ethnic Groups In CanadaCanada Canada is a nation that has Canada is a nation that has

become increasingly multi-ethnicbecome increasingly multi-ethnic Types:Types:

– AboriginalAboriginal– Charter EuropeansCharter Europeans– Multicultural Minorities Multicultural Minorities

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AboriginalsAboriginals

Defined: the original or indigenous Defined: the original or indigenous occupants of Canadaoccupants of Canada

Various terms: Native or First Nations: Various terms: Native or First Nations: refers to about 55 sovereign peoplesrefers to about 55 sovereign peoples

Subtypes:Subtypes:– Status Indian: those with legal rights Status Indian: those with legal rights

under the Indian Actunder the Indian Act– Non-status Indian: those without legal Non-status Indian: those without legal

statusstatus

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Subtypes:Subtypes:– Metis: descendents of Indian and non-Metis: descendents of Indian and non-

Indian unions (primarily French Indian unions (primarily French settlers and Indian Women)settlers and Indian Women)

– Inuit: (formerly termed Eskimo) Those Inuit: (formerly termed Eskimo) Those located in the Eastern Arctic and located in the Eastern Arctic and northern islandsnorthern islands

In Pre-European contact, there may In Pre-European contact, there may have been between one and twelve have been between one and twelve million in North Americamillion in North America

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Theories of why there was such a Theories of why there was such a drastic depopulation?drastic depopulation?– GenocideGenocide– Forced MigrationForced Migration– Forced AssimilationForced Assimilation

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GenocideGenocide– Many were actually massacred or died from Many were actually massacred or died from

European diseases European diseases Forced MigrationForced Migration

– Infamous “Trail of Tears”: in 1832, the Infamous “Trail of Tears”: in 1832, the Cherokee Nation were forced to leave Cherokee Nation were forced to leave Southeastern United States to OklahomaSoutheastern United States to Oklahoma

– Forced migration of prairie peoples into Forced migration of prairie peoples into reserves to make room for European settlersreserves to make room for European settlers

– The Indian Act of 1876 gave control of almost The Indian Act of 1876 gave control of almost every aspect of Indian life by the Canadian every aspect of Indian life by the Canadian Federal StateFederal State

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Forced Assimilation:Forced Assimilation:– The ideology that Aboriginal peoples The ideology that Aboriginal peoples

were savages or uncivilized and that were savages or uncivilized and that they would best succeed if they they would best succeed if they became like Europeansbecame like Europeans

– Example: the Residential Schools Example: the Residential Schools which were a joint project of the which were a joint project of the Canadian Government and various Canadian Government and various Christian ChurchesChristian Churches

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Aboriginal Peoples Today:Aboriginal Peoples Today:– 2001 census (see Figure 10.1) reveal 2001 census (see Figure 10.1) reveal

this pattern:this pattern:– Total: 1,000,000Total: 1,000,000– North American Indian (Status and North American Indian (Status and

Non-Status): 609,850Non-Status): 609,850– Metis: 292,310Metis: 292,310– Inuit: 45,070Inuit: 45,070

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Aboriginal Peoples Today:Aboriginal Peoples Today: Characteristics:Characteristics:

– Most disadvantaged of all Canadians in Most disadvantaged of all Canadians in terms of income, employment, housing, terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and healthnutrition, and health

– Life chances are less (ten years less Life chances are less (ten years less than others)than others)

– Highest infant mortality rate and Highest infant mortality rate and diseasesdiseases

– Limited educational opportunitiesLimited educational opportunities

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Aboriginal Peoples Today:Aboriginal Peoples Today: Hope for the future:Hope for the future:

– National organizations emerging National organizations emerging including women’s groupsincluding women’s groups

– Claiming landsClaiming lands– Sovereignty movements: Example: Sovereignty movements: Example:

Nunavut.Nunavut.

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Charter Canadians: Charter Canadians: Quebecois and the BritishQuebecois and the British

British ImmigrantsBritish Immigrants– Another term: White Anglo-Saxon Another term: White Anglo-Saxon

Protestant (WASP)Protestant (WASP)– Most privileged and dominantMost privileged and dominant– Variations: from working class and Variations: from working class and

women (with less power) to the women (with less power) to the Economic EliteEconomic Elite

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Charter Canadians: Charter Canadians: Quebecois and the Quebecois and the BritishBritish

Quebecois:Quebecois:– In 1608, the first settlement of French In 1608, the first settlement of French

immigrants in Quebec Cityimmigrants in Quebec City– After the seven years war of conquest After the seven years war of conquest

(1756-1763), the British defeated the (1756-1763), the British defeated the FrenchFrench

– Pattern: French were allowed to keep Pattern: French were allowed to keep their religion, their language, their their religion, their language, their culture while the economic and political culture while the economic and political power went to the Britishpower went to the British

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Quebecois:Quebecois:– Quiet Revolution (rapid modernization, Quiet Revolution (rapid modernization,

industrialization and secularization processes) industrialization and secularization processes) from 1960-1966.from 1960-1966.

– Most salient effect: Quebec nationalism and Most salient effect: Quebec nationalism and the Sovereignty movementthe Sovereignty movement

– Process:Process: From 1970s, the sovereignty movement gained From 1970s, the sovereignty movement gained

momentum to a near success in 1995.momentum to a near success in 1995. The separatist party (Parti Quebecois) governed The separatist party (Parti Quebecois) governed

Quebec until 2003 with the success of the Liberal Quebec until 2003 with the success of the Liberal Party and Jean CharestParty and Jean Charest

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French Canadians Today:French Canadians Today:– 23% of Canadians of whom 85% live in 23% of Canadians of whom 85% live in

QuebecQuebec– Separatism has now received a new life Separatism has now received a new life

because of the Liberal Sponsorship because of the Liberal Sponsorship ScandalScandal

– Yet, the Bloc Party seems to be more Yet, the Bloc Party seems to be more concerned about protecting Quebec concerned about protecting Quebec interests than in actual separation from interests than in actual separation from CanadaCanada

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Multicultural Multicultural MinoritiesMinorities

Most Canadian immigrants today are Most Canadian immigrants today are members of visible minorities (80%)members of visible minorities (80%)

Change: from discrimination (1869) Change: from discrimination (1869) to a point system (1967) that to a point system (1967) that evaluates new immigrants without evaluates new immigrants without ethnic, racial, or religious criteriaethnic, racial, or religious criteria

Major types:Major types:– White ethnicsWhite ethnics– ChineseChinese

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Multicultural Multicultural MinoritiesMinorities Major types:Major types:

– JapaneseJapanese– South AsianSouth Asian– Jewish Jewish

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Place of Birth of Immigrants 2001 Census

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Multicultural Multicultural MinoritiesMinorities Immigration Trends from 1929 to Immigration Trends from 1929 to

the Present:the Present: Pattern: Pattern:

– Prior to 1960, the majority of Prior to 1960, the majority of Canadians were from the United Canadians were from the United States or EuropeStates or Europe

– By 2001, the majority come from By 2001, the majority come from Asia and the Middle East Asia and the Middle East

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Racial and Ethnic Inequality Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Futurein the Future

Worldwide Racial and Ethnic Worldwide Racial and Ethnic StrugglesStruggles

Major problem: racial and ethnic Major problem: racial and ethnic warswars– Examples: Yugoslavia, Spain, Northern Examples: Yugoslavia, Spain, Northern

Ireland, Russia, Middle East, Africa, Ireland, Russia, Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin AmericaAsia, and Latin America

– Costs: death, dislocationCosts: death, dislocation– Future: Will continue into the futureFuture: Will continue into the future

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Racial and Ethnic Inequality Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Futurein the Future

Diversity in CanadaDiversity in Canada– Patterns: Most new immigrants live in citiesPatterns: Most new immigrants live in cities– Most settle in Toronto, Montreal, and VancouverMost settle in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver– Now, 13% of Canadians belong to visible minority Now, 13% of Canadians belong to visible minority

groupsgroups Effects:Effects:

– Some fear a backlash against the visible Some fear a backlash against the visible minorities because of economic downturnsminorities because of economic downturns

– Recent Muslim unrest in France could foreshadow Recent Muslim unrest in France could foreshadow future problemsfuture problems

– Hope for new tolerance, openness, and Hope for new tolerance, openness, and acceptanceacceptance

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QuestionsQuestions

Explain what affirmative action is and Explain what affirmative action is and why it was created? Do you think it is why it was created? Do you think it is effective? effective?

Describe how Jane Elliott’s trainings on Describe how Jane Elliott’s trainings on racism illustrate the conflict perspective.racism illustrate the conflict perspective.

Give examples (not from the text book) Give examples (not from the text book) of the different types of racism. of the different types of racism.

Explain the postmodern perspective on Explain the postmodern perspective on RacismRacism

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ReferencesReferences

http://www.janeelliott.com/http://www.janeelliott.com/ Hanschild, Waldeman Hanschild, Waldeman Blue EyedBlue Eyed

Toronto, Visual Education Centre Toronto, Visual Education Centre Limited/Criterion Pictures, 1996. Limited/Criterion Pictures, 1996.

Porter, JohnPorter, John The vertical mosaic : The vertical mosaic : an analysis of social class and an analysis of social class and power in Canadapower in Canada Toronto, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1965 University of Toronto Press, 1965

race and ethnicity chapter ten. 2 outline race and ethnicity race and ethnicity prejudice prejudice...

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