quick chemistry review potential energy stored energy covalent bonding sharing e - nonpolar =...
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Quick Chemistry Review
Potential Energy stored energyCovalent Bonding sharing e-
Nonpolar = equal sharing
Polar = unequal sharing
Ionic Bonding charged particlesAnions = negative charge
Cations = positive charge
Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds
Important because molecules can come together, bond temporarily and than separate
I. POLYMERS repeating unitsA. Carbohydrates
* Usually in ring form in aqueous solution
1.Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
2. Disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose
3. Polysacharides: starch, chitin, glycogen
B. Fats Glycerol + 3 Fatty AcidsSaturated = all single bonds
Unsaturated = one or more double or triple bonds
1. Phospholipids
2. Steroids: cholesterol
C. ProteinsAmino group + R’ group + carboxyl group
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary Quaternary
Proteins may be DENATURED by
•heat• pH
D. Nucleic Acids
• DNA• RNA
II. METABOLISM
Catabolic = exergonicAnabolic = endergonic
III. ENZYMESProteins = biological catalysts
•Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• Cofactors
•Enzyme Specificity
•Induced Fit
•Competitive Inhibitors
•Noncompetitive Inhibitors
•Allosteric Regulation
IV. WATER• polar and asymmetrical
1. Cohesive •cohesion
•surface tension
•adhesion
2. Stabilizes Temperature
• high specific heat
• acts as a heat sink
3. High Heat of Evaporation• evaporative cooling
4. Expands when it freezes• contributes to its use in
the environment
5. Versatile Solvent• due to polarity
V. ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA. Isomers
•Structural
• Geometric
• Stereoisomers
B. Functional Groups• Hydroxyl
(-OH) alcohols
• Carbonyl(-C=O) at end = aldehyde
in middle = ketone
• Carboxyl(-COOH) carboxylic acid
• Amino
(-NH2) amines
• Sulfhydryl (-SH) thiol
•Phosphate(-PO4) organic phosphate