PUBLIC SPEAKINGTips and tools for creating and presenting Speeches

Public Speaking-Similarities to Conversation: Focus Verbalize thoughts/ideas Respond to confusion,

boredom, questions Adapt to listeners

Differences to Conversation: Planned Formal Roles defined & stable

The Seven Components of the Public Speaking Process Source: The person who

originates the message. Receiver: The listener or

audience that hears and listens to, the message sent by the source.

Verbal messages are the words chosen for the speech.

Nonverbal messages are movements, gestures, facial expressions, and vocal variations that can reinforce or contradict words.

Channel: The means of distributing your words, whether by coaxial cable, microwave, radio, video or air.

Situation: The time, place and occasion in which the message sending and receiving occurs.

Noise: The interference with, or obstacles to, communication.

General Purpose

To InformTo PersuadeTo Entertain

Artifact Demo

Specific Purpose

.Audience-Centered

Audience-Centered

Audience-Centered

Further audience knowledge What is in it for the audience? What do you want the audience

to do with the information? What is overarching idea about

your topic?

Space junk

Buying a car

Foodborne illnesses

Examples

Specific Purpose/Clarification

The 9,000+ pieces of debris that orbit the earth threaten commercial and scientific satellites.

Space junk-To inform my audience about the dangers of space junk-dead satellites & bits of expended rocket stages-that orbits the earth.

Specific Purpose/Clarification Buying a car-to teach

the audience how to avoid high-pressure sales tactics to successfully buy a car. By following these steps, you will not be taken for a ride by salespeople.

Foodborne illnesses

Required Tools for Outline-Introduction

Attention Getter-Engage the audience

Clarification Step-Offer specific purpose & idea + credibility

Preview-Provide a road map

Required Tools for Outline Attention Getter-

Engage the audience Tell a story Ask a question Use a quotation Use humor Arouse

curiosity/suspense

Required Tools for Outline Clarification-Offer specific

purpose & idea + credibility Spell out what audience

gains from this-relevance/significance

Credibility-yours/outside source

Necessary background information

Required Tools for Outline

Preview-Provide a road map Briefly state the 2 or

3 Major points you will cover

Required Tools for Outline-Body

Body,

Body,

Body!

Rules: All Major points (I., II., III.) must be

written as declarative sentences All Main points (A., B., C.) must be

written as declarative sentences Any substructure (1., 2., a., b.) only need

key words/phrases Outlines need to follow traditional format Transitions need to be written b/t major

points

More outline guidelines

Body,

Body,

Body

2 or 3 main points-I, II, &/or III Building blocks of thesis Should emerge from research Written as simple, declarative

sentence Each has an A & B &/or a C

Support Main point Written as simple declarative sentence

Outline guidelines cont.

Body,

Body,

Body

Thesis: A college education is valuable. It helps you get a good job It increases your earning potential It gives you greater job mobility It helps you secure more creative work It helps you to appreciate the arts more fully It helps you to understand an extremely complex world It helps you understand different cultures It helps you avoid taking a regular job for a few years It helps you increase your personal effectiveness

Guidelines for creating points

Main points Eliminate those points that seem least important to your thesis

Combine those points that have a common focus A college education helps you get a

good job. A college education increases your

personal effectiveness

Create building blocks

*Main points

Sub points

Evidence

I. A college education helps you get a job.A. College graduates earn higher

salaries.B. College graduates enter more

creative jobs.C. College graduates have greater

job mobility.

More Main points

*Main points

Sub points

Evidence

II. A college education increases your personal effectiveness.A. A college education helps you

improve your ability to communicate.B. A college education helps you acquire

the skills for learning how to think.C. A college education helps you acquire

coping skills.

Guidelines

Main points

*Sub points

Evidence

A. A college education helps improve your ability to communicate.1. Writing skills

a. Evidence neededb. Evidence needed

2. Speech skillsa. Evidence neededb. Evidence needed

Topic Idea from research for Informative

Researching

Elephants

While researching elephants for info speech, discover how they do not hang out randomly within herd. Grouped in social circles based on elephant’s lineage on mother’s side. Potential interest b/c we are social animals, too. Learn about elephant society & maybe how status operates in human society.

Organizational Patterns

Topical

Chronological

Causal

Comparison/

Contrast

Spatial

Classification or division Divides the topic into subclasses or topics

Terms used: kinds, classes, reasons, varieties, brands, breeds, features, categories, methods, techniques, schemes, strategies, groupings, policies, tactics, shapes, levels, sizes, theories, actions…

Draft Using Topical

Topical I want to inform my audience about the categories of elephant social circles The central structure (composed of the

matriarch & her calf)

The main family unit (the matriarch’s other offspring & her sisters)

The bond group (other relatives with their own families

Patterns Cont.

Chronological

Time arrangement Terms used: steps, stages,

periods, phases, chapters, epochs, historical eras or historical phases

Draft Using Chronological

Chronological

I want to inform my audience that the steps used in training elephants for circus performance is controversial. Separating young from mother Breaking the elephant (training

submissiveness) Teaching elementary/advanced

performing tricks.

Patterns Cont.

Causal Focuses on either cause or effects of

something Terms used for cause speech: causes,

reasons, grounds, motives, sources, roots, antecedents, explanations, determinants

Terms used for effect speech: effect, results, consequences, impacts, outcomes, upshots, end results

Draft Using Causal

Causal I want to inform my audience about the human-related causes of declining elephant populations in Africa Habitat destruction &

degradation Hunting elephants for meat Continued ivory poaching

Patterns Cont.

Comparison/

Contrast

Comparison-addresses new idea by showing the similarities between tow seemingly unlike things

Contrast-points out the differences between two seemingly similar things

Do not use both-choose one and focus

Comparison

Comparison

Terms used: similarities, parallels, resemblances, analogies, correlations

I want to inform my audience about the similarities between the working elephant & the working horse. Their use as an agriculture assistant Their use in ceremony & tourism

Patterns Cont.

Spatial Discusses topic according to the way things fit together in a physical space Terms used: districts, sections,

boroughs, regions Areas, segments, sectors,

divisions Layers, strata, components,

zones

Spatial

Spatial I want to inform my audience about the regions of Asian elephant subspecies Southern India & Sri Lanka

(Elephas maximus maximus) Southeast Asia (Elephas

maximus indicus) Malaysia & Sumatra (Elephas

maximus sumatrensis)

Outline Guidelines

Main points

Sub points

*Evidence

Evidence of Fact/Opinion Examples-a few types

Illustration-longer, more detailed example

Women are objectified, often in the most obscene & degrading ways. Songs such as Prodigy’s single “Smack My Bitch Up” or “Don’t Trust a Bitch” by the group Mo Thugs encourage animosity & even violence against women. Nine Inch Nails enjoyed both critical & commercial success with “Big Man w/ a Gun” which describes forcing a woman into oral sex & shooting her in the head at pointblank range.

Outline Guidelines

Main points

Sub points

*Evidence

Evidence of Fact/Opinion Examples-a few types

Narration-told in story-like fashion

My story began like many others: I married early-after only 1 yr. of college. & I headed off to work to “put hubby through” doing clerical work, as was also so common then. What happened to get me back on the road to finish college? 1 extraordinarily boring job experience. It made me realize that I would probably work for most or all of my life & I did not want to got throuh life w/o enjoying my work.

Outline Guidelines

Main points

Sub points

*Evidence

Evidence of Fact/Opinion Examples-a few types

Specific examples

1. Some university athletic budgets are now as much as $33m2. Each school in the 1997 Rose bowl received $8.25m which it divided w/ other schools in its conference.3. Coors Brewing Company paid $5m to the Univ. of Colo. when the university agreed to name the new field house “Coors Events Center”.

More Evidence of Fact

Evidence Statistics Averages Correlations Difference Percentages

Make them clear, meaningful, visually reinforcing, use in moderation

More Evidence of Opinion

Evidence Testimony-opinions of experts accounts of witnesses

Providing daycare/assistance is good business. The Feb 8, 1995 WSJ points to several progressive firms like Marriot Intl. Its program stopped a 300% yearly turnover rate. 48 Hrs. reports that Toyota’s program is responsible for the 60% of employees who have a perfect attendance record. As Toyota’s vice president of human resources said, “It’s not a fringe benefit anymore. It’s a necessity.” As Marriot’s director of work-life programs said, “you don’t manage people as a second class work force. They’re integral to the job, a part of the fabric of the company.”

More Forms of Support

Evidence Definitions Quotations Comparisons & Contrast Simple Statement of

Fact/Series of Facts

Required Tools for Outline-Conclusion

Review-Restate the road map Briefly state the 2 or

3 Major points you just covered

Restate thesis from Clarification stepFinal line-clincher

Final Thoughts…

Practice,

Practice,

Practice

MUST practice to become familiar with outline, phrasing & development

Fake it! NEVER say Thank you-the

audience always thanks you!