psychotropic drugs review

PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012

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REVIEWREVIEWREVIEWREVIEW

PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY; GOVBIOTECHNOLOGY; GOVBIOTECHNOLOGY; GOVBIOTECHNOLOGY; GOVERMENERMENERMENERMENT T T T

SCIENCE COLLEGESCIENCE COLLEGESCIENCE COLLEGESCIENCE COLLEGE

Abstract A drug is defined as any chemical agent which affects protoplasm and is intended for use in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of disease. The word ‘drug’ is derived from French word ‘drogue’ which means ‘a dry herb’The Science which include whole of the knowledge about drugs is called “Pharmacology” the Greek word ‘pharmacon’ meaning ‘drug’ and logos meaning ‘study’ or discourse And a drug is always related to addiction and mind and drug is differentiated into psychotropic, therapeutic and competitive drugs

Keywords: psychoactive drug, sedatives, ,tranculiseer,opiods,

tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine

Introduction This drugs act on the brain and alter behavior, consciousness and capacity of perceptions. Hence these are called mood altering drugs. These include sedatives,tranculiseer,opiods and stimulant they are also known as psychoactive drug tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine, and Heroin. Tobacco smoking is spreading rapidly in developing countries And among women. The average consumption of cigarettes is particularly high in Asia and the Far East, with the Americas and Eastern Europe following closely behind.

Whereas the consumption of alcohol is decreasing in developed countries, it is increasing in countries of the former Soviet Union and in developing countries, especially in the Western Pacific Region. Worldwide, about 200 million people use some type of illicit drug, most commonly Cannabis, but also others such as amphetamines, opioids, and cocaine. The use of illicit drug is more frequent among males and younger people. The number of people who inject drugs is also increasing, which contributes to spreading HIV. And drugs are chemical substances that are ingested, injected, inhaled, or put into the body some other way, causing a change in how the body functions.

Psychotropic drugs of different types


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Psychoactive Drugs drawback Affect mental processes and behavior Affect thought processes and actions Alter perceptions of reality Change level of alertness, response time and perception of the world Achieve effects by interacting with the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Psychoactive Drug Use

• Is a common activity • Is part of a range of human behaviours • Can be classified in many ways,

including legal status, drug effects • Alters mood or consciousness, although

there are other ways to achieve this: e.g. skydiving, meditation, extreme (and non-extreme) sport, sex. Children, for example, love to alter their consciousness by ‘spinning around’

The Drugs Drug Classifications • status

legal chemical medical social

• action and properties depressants stimulant hallucinogenic etc

Five Historical Themes: Why do people use drugs?

I. Human beings have a basic need to find ways to cope with their environment and existence.

• Early man by chance and experimentation found that ingesting certain plants could ease fear and

anxiety, reduce pain, treat some illnesses, give pleasure, and let them talk to their gods in order to control their environment

II. The human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness or mood.

• Psychoactive drugs: Any substance that directly alters normal functioning of the central nervous system. These drugs are described by their chemical, trade, and street names.

• If psychoactive drugs did not affect the human brain chemistry in a desirable manner, then they would not be used.

III. Governments and businesses have been involved in cultivating, manufacturing, taxing, and prohibiting drugs.

IV. Technological advances in refining and synthesizing drugs have increased the potency of these substances

V. The development of more efficient and faster methods of putting drugs in the body has intensified the effects.eg. Mix, absorb, inhale, inject, snort, dissolve, smoke, and crush

History of Psychoactive Drugs

� prehistoric & the Neolithic Period (8500 BC -4000 BC)

• It has been estimated that 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances although only about 150 have historically been used for that purpose.

• Alcohol has been the most popular psychoactive substance over the millennia

� Ancient Civilizations (4000 BC – AD 400)

• Heavy drinking was recognized as a problem by the Egyptians when their hieroglyphics recommended the moderate consumption of beer.

• Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine


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, recommended opium as a painkiller. � Middle Ages (400-1400) • A Greek philosopher emphasized that

opium and other drugs can be medicine at low doses, a psychoactive drug at a moderate dose, and a deadly poison at high doses.

� Renaissance and Age of Discovery (1400-1700)

• Through trade and colonization European explorers, soldiers, merchants, traders and missionaries carried their own culture’s drug using customs and drugs to the rest of the world.

• During this time came about the first laws about alcohol use and taxation

� Age of Enlightenment and Early Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)

• London Gin Epidemic from 1710 – 1750: 1 in 6 houses was a gin house.

• Production of gin was 1.23 million gallons in 1700 to 6.4 million gallons in 1735 to 7 million gallons by 1751.

• The Tippling Act of 1751 prohibited distillers from selling gin (prices rose and consumption declined). This incident showed how unlimited availability of a desirable substance causes excess use. Only stiff taxes and strict regulation of sales brought the epidemic under control.

� Age of Enlightenment and Early Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)continued:

• 1804: a German pharmacist discovered how to refine morphine from opium. Morphine is 10 times more powerful than opium causing it to be a more effective pain reliever.

• 1855: the reusable hypodermic needle was invented (drugs could easily be put directly into the bloodstream causing more intense effects).

• 1874: Heroin was refined from morphine, but it was not until 1898 that is was marketed as a remedy for coughs, chest pains, and tuberculosis.

• 1785: The first Temperance (limiting drinking) Movement was started by Dr. Benjamin Rush.

� Twentieth Century (1900-2000)

• The invention of the automatic cigarette rolling machine (1884), a milder stain of tobacco enabling smokers to inhale deeply, advertising, and a more plentiful supply of the leaf vastly expanded the market for cigarettes.

• 1920: The Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) – Prohibited the manufacture and sale of any beverage with alcohol content greater than .5%.

• 1934: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded by two alcoholics Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith.

Five common ways that drugs enter the body:

� Inhaling: Acts more quickly than any other method of use (7-10 seconds before the drug reaches the brain and begins to cause changes).

� Injecting: Intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous (15-30 seconds intravenously, 3-5 minutes in a muscle or under the skin).

� Mucous Membrane Absorption: Snorted in the nose, under the tongue, or between the cheeks and the gums (3-5 minutes).

� Oral Ingestion: Absorbed in stomach (20-30 minutes).

� Contact Absorption: Applied to the skin through saturated adhesive patches (1 to 2 days).

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What is an addiction?• When a person becomes dependent on

a drug, so much so that he feels that he cannot live without it, then it is called addictions

• Addictions consist of psychic dependence, tolerance and physical dependence

Flow chart for drugs

smoking kills

Highly carcinogenic


What is an addiction? When a person becomes dependent on a drug, so much so that he feels that he cannot live without it, then it is called

consist of psychic e, tolerance and physical

Flow chart for drugs

smoking

drinking

inhaling drug

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Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are a type of drug that causes you to have hallucinations. They affect the way you see and perceive things. The user may see or hear things that aren't really there, or what they see may be distorted in some way. The effects of hallucinogens vary greatly and it is impossible to predict how they may affect a particular person at a particular time

Marijuana • THC (Tetrahydrocannabinl• Can amplify senses • Is it addictive

THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in various parts of the brain, blocking synaptic transmission. These receptors commonly bind chemicals, such as anandamide, whose functions are not well known


Hallucinogens are a type of drug that causes you to have hallucinations. They affect the way

perceive things. The user may see or hear things that aren't really there, or what they see may be distorted in some way.

effects of hallucinogens vary greatly and it is impossible to predict how they may affect a particular person at a particular time

THC (Tetrahydrocannabinl )

THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in various parts of the brain, blocking synaptic transmission. These receptors commonly bind chemicals, such as anandamide, whose

Cannabis is a plant that grows mainly intropical and subtropical climates and has beenUsed as a drug for centuries. The main forms

• Of cannabis are marijuana and hashish. Marijuana is produced by drying the tops and leaves Hashish is a concentrated formmarijuana made from the resin secretions of the CannabisTetrahydrocannabinl (THC) is the mostsignificant psychoactive chemical ingredient found of THCdetermines thedrug Dry mouth and rapid heartbeat

• Some loss of coordination and poor sense of balance

• Reduced ability to concentrate, control muscle contractions and judge time and distances (shouldn’t operate vehicles).

Blood vessels in the eye expand

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Cannabis is a plant that grows mainly in tropical and subtropical climates and has been Used as a drug for centuries. The main forms

Of cannabis are marijuana and hashish. produced by drying the of the cannabis plant. concentrated form of

marijuana made from the resin the Cannabis plant.

Tetrahydrocannabinl (THC) is the most psychoactive chemical

ingredient found in Cannabis. The level determines the potency of The

mouth and rapid heartbeat Some loss of coordination and poor

Reduced ability to concentrate, control muscle contractions and judge time and distances (shouldn’t operate vehicles).

Blood vessels in the eye expand (eyes look red)g.

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Psychomotor stimulants

They are psychoactive drugstemporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both. Heroin is a narcotic that is highly addictive; It is processed from morphine, a naturally occurringextracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant

Healthy lungs


Psychomotor stimulants

psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or

Heroin is a narcotic that is highly addictive; It is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy

Stimulants are used primarily to relieveFatigue and increase alertness. Themost widely used stimulants are nicotine,which is found in tobacco products, andcaffeine, which is found in soft drinks, coffeeAnd tea. Cocaine and amphetamines areMore potent stimulants. People who usestimulants build up a tolerance, whichmeans they have to take larger and largerquantities in order to maintain the desiredEffects. Greater levels of use increase thelikelihood of physical and psychologicalDependence .

Consequences of Tobacco

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Stimulants are used primarily to relieve and increase alertness. The

most widely used stimulants are nicotine, which is found in tobacco products, and

which is found in soft drinks, coffee tea. Cocaine and amphetamines are potent stimulants. People who use

stimulants build up a tolerance, which means they have to take larger and larger quantities in order to maintain the desired

levels of use increase the likelihood of physical and psychological

Consequences of Tobacco-

Use:

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Nicotine

� Nicotine binds to receptors in the presynaptic neuron and causes it to undergo more action potentials.

Why do some nicotine that it has a calming effect (even though it’s excitatory)?

� Probably because, since it is addictive, so a nicotine level increase in the blood reduces craving for nicotine.


Nicotine binds to receptors in the presynaptic neuron and causes it to undergo more action potentials.

Why do some nicotine users claim that it has a calming effect (even though it’s excitatory)?

Probably because, since it is addictive, so a nicotine level increase in the blood reduces craving

• Cocaine • Blocks dopamine and noradrenalin

reabsorption at synapses in • Result: • Increased energy, alertness, talkativeness• Intense feeling of euphoria.• Length of “high” • How is cocaine absorbed in the

body? • Absorbed through the skin inside the

nostrils, where it causes constriction of blood vessels, delaying absorption.

• Crack – A form of cocaine that forms a vapor when heated. Thus, it can be inhaled and absorbed very quickly and lead to very intense effects.

• This causes greater addiction and overdose problems than other forms of cocaine

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Blocks dopamine and noradrenalin reabsorption at synapses in the brain.

Increased energy, alertness, talkativeness Intense feeling of euphoria. Length of “high” - ~ 40 minutes

How is cocaine absorbed in the

Absorbed through the skin inside the nostrils, where it causes constriction of

delaying absorption. A form of cocaine that forms a

vapor when heated. Thus, it can be inhaled and absorbed very quickly and lead to very intense effects. This causes greater addiction and overdose problems than other forms of

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Opiates narcotics

o

The term opiate describes any of the narcotic opioids alkaloids found as natural products in the opium poppy plantThe term "narcotics" refers to substances used to induce sleep or stupor, to dull the senses, and/or to relieve pain. In the term, "narcotics" may refer to any addictive drug subject to illegal use, or refer to opium and its natural and synthetic derivatives. Cocaine is considered a "narcotic" under the Controlled Substances Act, but it is not a narcotic in terms of the classification system used for this class. Some of the common physiological responses from narcotics use include respiratory depression (slowed breathing), drowsiness, confusion, and euphoria. Excessive use of narcotics can lead to nausea, vomiting, convulsions, increased risk for STD's when narcotics are injected, convulsions, coma and death.


narcotics

term opiate describes any of the narcotic opioids alkaloids found as natural products in the opium poppy

The term "narcotics" refers to substances used to induce sleep or stupor, to dull the senses, and/or to relieve pain. In the legal system, the term, "narcotics" may refer to any addictive drug subject to illegal use, or refer to opium and its natural and synthetic derivatives. Cocaine is considered a "narcotic" under the Controlled Substances Act, but it is not a

ms of the classification system used for this class. Some of the common physiological responses from narcotics use include respiratory depression (slowed breathing), drowsiness, confusion, and euphoria. Excessive use of narcotics can lead to

ng, convulsions, increased risk for STD's when narcotics are injected, convulsions, coma and death.

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What Are Opioids? Opioids are natural or synthetic

substances that act on the brain’s opiate receptors.

Opioids dull pain and relieve anxiety that comes from thinking about pain.

People abuse opioids because they provide a feeling of euphoria (a

Heroin Heroin dealers often add substances

such as sugar, starch, quinine, and powdered milk to heroin to increase profits, which increases the risk of overdose or death.

Very often, users are not aware of precisely what they are putting into their bodies…

In medical use, the term narcotic refers to opium; narcotic analgesics are

often Referred to as opioids. The tern

analgesic refers to the paineffect of narcotics.

Opium, morphine, heroin and codeine are the

Most commonly used narcotics. Opium is extracted from the seed pod of the opium poppy; morphine and codeine are derived from the substance found in opium. Heroin is a synthetic drug made by modifying the chemicals

in opium.

o


What Are Opioids? atural or synthetic

act on the brain’s opiate

pain and relieve anxiety from thinking about pain.

e opioids because they a feeling of euphoria (a” rush”).

Heroin dealers often add substances such as sugar, starch, quinine, and powdered milk to heroin to increase profits, which increases the risk of

Very often, users are not aware of precisely what they are putting into their

In medical use, the term narcotic refers to opium; narcotic analgesics are

Referred to as opioids. The tern analgesic refers to the pain-relieving

Opium, morphine, heroin and codeine

Most commonly used narcotics. Opium is extracted from the seed pod of the opium poppy; morphine and codeine are derived from the substance found in opium. Heroin is a synthetic drug made by modifying the chemicals

Synthesis of heroin • It is synthesized form of morphine,

derivative of opium poppy.• Does not occur naturally but it is

produced by acetylatingwhich leads to 3 folds increase in its potency.

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is synthesized form of morphine,

derivative of opium poppy. Does not occur naturally but it is

acetylating of morphine which leads to 3 folds increase in its

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Intoxicant

The drugs that produce mirthful and comfortable feelings due to depression of the cortical inhibitory centers are called intoxicants for example alcohol. Because it is used by vary large section of population, it need a detailed description Acts as an inhibitor in at least two ways:

1) Enhancing effects of the inhibitory NT GABA by binding to its receptor.

2) Decreases glutamate activity. Glutamate is an excitatory NT.

Result: • Small Quantities: reduces

(therefore people become more talkative and confident), impairs reaction times and fine muscle coordination (unsafe to drive vehicles)

• Large Quantities: memory loss, slurred speech, loss of balance, poor muscle coordination, sometimes violentbehavior

• Slows down sympathetic nervous system.

• Disrupts memory processing.• Reduces self-awareness.• Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.• The worst drug from a macro

perspective out there.

Effects of Alcohol Use…Accident


The drugs that produce mirthful and comfortable feelings due to depression of the cortical inhibitory centers are called intoxicants for example alcohol. Because it is used by vary

population, it need a detailed

Acts as an inhibitor in at least two

Enhancing effects of the inhibitory NT GABA by binding to its receptor. Decreases glutamate activity. Glutamate

Small Quantities: reduces inhibitions (therefore people become more talkative and confident), impairs reaction times and fine muscle coordination (unsafe to

Large Quantities: memory loss, slurred speech, loss of balance, poor muscle coordination, sometimes violent

Slows down sympathetic nervous

Disrupts memory processing. awareness.

Involved in up to 60% of all crimes. The worst drug from a macro

Effects of Alcohol Use…

Bleeding Pancreas of an Alcoholic, he’s now dead!

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Bleeding Pancreas of an Alcoholic, he’s

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Used to help a person with sleepdisturbances get restful sleep Lack of sleep is one of the greatestproblems faced by persons withchemical dependency and psychiatricillnesses (lack of sleep can increasemood changes, irritability, andpsychiatric symptoms

How do psychoactive drugs affect health?

• Psychoactive drugs impose a substantial health burden on Society. Tobacco and alcohol in particular are major causes of death and disability in developed countries, and the impact of tobacco is expected to increase in oworld.

Using psychoactive drugs, be it to find pleasure or to avoid pain,

Can harm health and cause social problems both in the short and longer term. Health effects can include diseases of the liver or theLungs, cancer, deaths and injuries caused by accidents, overdoses, suicide, and assaults. Examples of social effects include arrests, theBreaking up of relationships, as well as neglect of work and family duties.

How does drug addiction affect the functioning of the

Brain? Drug addiction, also referred to as drug dependence, is disorder of the brain caused by the use of psychoactive drugs. Drugperson may experience cravings for the drug and difficulty in controlling its consumption, suffer from withdrawal symptomsthe drug is reduced or discontinued, and need increasing doses of the drug to feel its effects (tolerance).The person may come to neglect other pleasures or interests, spendmore time getting or using the drug or recovering from it, and persist in despite clear evidence that it is causing Psychoactive drugs affect communication between brain cells in certain regions of thebrain. For instance, some drugs mimic and


help a person with sleep

Lack of sleep is one of the greatest problems faced by persons with chemical dependency and psychiatric illnesses (lack of sleep can increase mood changes, irritability, and

do psychoactive drugs

Psychoactive drugs impose a substantial health burden on Society. Tobacco and alcohol in particular are major causes of death and disability in developed countries, and the impact of tobacco is expected to increase in other parts of the

Using psychoactive drugs, be it to find

pleasure or to avoid pain,

Can harm health and cause social problems both in the short and longer term. Health effects can include diseases of the liver or the

injuries caused by accidents, overdoses, suicide, and assaults. Examples of social effects include arrests, the Breaking up of relationships, as well as neglect

How does drug addiction affect the functioning of the

Drug addiction, also referred to as drug dependence, is disorder of the brain caused by the use of psychoactive drugs. Drug-dependent person may experience cravings for the drug and difficulty in controlling its consumption,

withdrawal symptoms when use of the drug is reduced or discontinued, and need increasing doses of the drug to feel its effects (tolerance).The person may come to neglect

r pleasures or interests, spend more and more time getting or using the drug or

nd persist in using the drug despite clear evidence that it is causing harm. Psychoactive drugs affect communication between brain cells in certain regions of the brain. For instance, some drugs mimic and

Psychoactive drugs affectthe brain Based on the different ways in which they affect the brain, psychoactive drugs can bedivided into four main groups: depressants (e.g., alcohol and sedatives), stimulants (e.g.,nicotine and ecstasy), opioids (e.g., morphine and heroin), and hallucinogens (e.g., PCPand LSD). Despite their differences, all of them affect regions of the brain involved inMotivation, which plays a role in drug dependence.

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Psychoactive drugs affect

Based on the different ways in which they affect the brain, psychoactive drugs can be divided into four main groups: depressants (e.g.,

sedatives), stimulants (e.g., nicotine and ecstasy), opioids (e.g., morphine and heroin), and hallucinogens (e.g., PCP and LSD). Despite their differences, all of them affect regions of the brain involved in Motivation, which plays a role in drug

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others block the effects of naturally occurringMolecules that carry specific messages from one brain cell to another (neurotransmitters).

How does drug addiction develop?• The development of drug addiction can

be seen as a learning process. A person takes a drug and experiences the psychoactive effect, whrewarding or reinforcing, and which activates circuits in the brain that will make it more likely that the person will repeat this behavior. The brain responds as if taking the drug was important for survival.

• Studies show that the dependencesome drugs is significantly heritable and develops due to the interaction of several genes with other individual and environmental factors. Exposure to drugs could have a much greater effect on somebody who carries a genetic vulnerability to drug depensomeone who does not. Genetic differences may influence how pleasurable a drug is for an individual, to what extent it harms health, how strong the withdrawal symptoms and cravings are, and how the person

Develops tolerance.

The development of drug addiction can be seen as a learning process


others block the effects of naturally occurring ecules that carry specific messages from

one brain cell to another (neurotransmitters).

How does drug addiction develop? The development of drug addiction can be seen as a learning process. A person takes a drug and experiences the psychoactive effect, which is highly rewarding or reinforcing, and which activates circuits in the brain that will make it more likely that the person will repeat this behavior. The brain responds as if taking the drug was important for

Studies show that the dependence on some drugs is significantly heritable and develops due to the interaction of several genes with other individual and environmental factors. Exposure to drugs could have a much greater effect on somebody who carries a genetic vulnerability to drug dependence than on someone who does not. Genetic differences may influence how pleasurable a drug is for an individual, to what extent it harms health, how strong the withdrawal symptoms and cravings are, and how the person

Why do drug addiction and mental illness often coexist?

• Drug addiction is more common among people with mental disorders than among the general population. For example, people with

Mental disorders are more likely to be alcohol dependent at some stagepeople without a mental illness.• Conversely, drug-dependent people are more

likely to suffer from• Mental disorders than non

people. For instance, peoplewho are dependent on alcohol, tobacco, or cocaine are more likely to depression than non-dependent people.This indicates either a common basis for both afflictions, or an interaction of effects at some level. Drug use may eitillness, or it may be a way of easing some of the symptoms of a mental disorder or the side effects of medication. Also, since many drugs produce effects typical of some mental illnesses, drug dependence and mental illness may have the same neurobiological causes.

Individuals often suffercombination with depression

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Why do drug addiction and mental illness often coexist?

Drug addiction is more common among people with mental disorders than among the general population. For example, people

s are more likely to be alcohol stage in their lives than

people without a mental illness. dependent people are more

likely to suffer from Mental disorders than non-dependent

For instance, people who are dependent on alcohol, tobacco, or cocaine are more likely to suffer from

dependent people. This indicates either a common basis for both

interaction of effects at some level. Drug use may either bring about mental

be a way of easing some of the mental disorder or the side

edication. Also, since many drugs produce effects typical of some mental illnesses,

ependence and mental illness may have the same neurobiological causes.

Individuals often suffer from drug problems in combination with depression

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How can addiction to psychoactive drugs be prevented and treated?

• The most effective way to treat drug addiction seems to be a combination of medication and behavioral therapies which are a kind of psychotherapy. New and better treatments are currently being developed.

• Some medications used for the treatment of drug addiction either block the effects of the drug or cause unpleasant reactions. Other substances can be used as substitutes for a drug, for instance methadone can replace heroin. Such substitutes act like the drug in some ways without inducing some of the more harmful effects.

• Drug addiction can also be treated through various behavioral therapies that try to replace the motivationwith the Motivation to engage in other behaviors. Such therapies aim to help people ‘unlearn’ their Drugbehavior, learn new ways to respond to cravings, and develop new skills to remain drug-free.

Conclusions Drug use and addiction i

substantial health burden on society. Recent advances in brain research may help to find ways to reduce that burden.

Aspects that should be taken into account to ensure effective actions include:

1. The health impact of drug use depends on the type of drug and the way it issued (amount, frequency, etc.).

2. The greater a people drug use, the higher the risk of becoming dependent.

3. Effective public health programmed can reduce the overall health burden of drug use.


How can addiction to psychoactive drugs be prevented

The most effective way to treat drug addiction seems to be a combination of medication and behavioral therapies

a kind of psychotherapy. New and better treatments are currently being

Some medications used for the treatment of drug addiction either block the effects of the drug or cause unpleasant reactions. Other substances can be used

a drug, for instance methadone can replace heroin. Such substitutes act like the drug in some ways without inducing some of the more

Drug addiction can also be treated through various behavioral therapies that try to replace the motivation to use drugs with the Motivation to engage in other behaviors. Such therapies aim to help people ‘unlearn’ their Drug-taking behavior, learn new ways to respond to cravings, and develop new skills to

Drug use and addiction impose a substantial health burden on society. Recent advances in brain research may help to find ways to reduce that burden. Aspects that should be taken into account to ensure effective

The health impact of drug use depends drug and the way it issued

(amount, frequency, etc.). The greater a people drug use, the higher the risk of becoming dependent. Effective public health programmed can reduce the overall health burden of drug

Methadone is a medicationused as a substitute for heroin

• The rapid advances in our understanding of how the brain works brings with it a host

of new ethical issues in both research and treatment of drug dependence. Biomedicalresearch is guided by moral principles such as ensuring that the benefits to society areGreater than the risks to those who consent to treatment or research participation. Ethical issues that need to be addressed include, for instance, equality of accesspotential treatment of persons without their consent, public funding for treatment ofDependence, public credibility of clinical trials, and moral questions arising from animal experimentation and genetic screening.

4.Dependence is caused by many factors and it is currently impossible to predictWho will become drug dependent?5. Drug dependence is a medical disorder that could affect anyone and that can6. Drug dependence and mental illness often affect the same individu7.Beyond stopping drug use, effective treatment requires changes in the behaviourof users and often the use of substitute drugs.

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Methadone is a medication

The rapid advances in our understanding of how the brain works brings with it a

of new ethical issues in both research and treatment of drug dependence. Biomedical research is guided by moral principles such as ensuring that the benefits to society are Greater than the risks to those who consent to treatment or research participation. Ethical issues that need to be addressed include, for instance, equality of access to treatment, the potential treatment of persons without their consent, public funding for treatment of Dependence, public credibility of clinical trials, and moral questions arising from animal experimentation and genetic screening.

caused by many factors and it is currently impossible to predict Who will become drug dependent? . Drug dependence is a medical disorder that

could affect anyone and that can be treated. 6. Drug dependence and mental illness often affect the same individuals.

Beyond stopping drug use, effective treatment requires changes in the behaviourof users and often the use of substitute drugs.

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Reference ; � ICSE Biology-2/pg882URLs :

� http://www.americanscience.com� http://www.bioschool.com

� pdf refrences1. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR. The epidemiology of falls and syncope. Clin Geriatr Med 2002;18:1412. Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF. Risk factors for falls in a communitybased prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol 1989;44:M112–M117.3. Cumming RG. Falls and fractures in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1998;12:43–53. 4. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and AmericanAcademy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:664–672.


/pg882

http://www.americanscience.com http://www.bioschool.com

pdf refrences; 1. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR. The

2002;18:141–158. 2. Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF. Risk factors for falls in a communitybased prospective study of people 70 years and

M117. 3. Cumming RG. Falls and fractures in the

4. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on

n of falls in older

672.

8. Treatment must be accessible to all in need.9. Prejudice and discrimination against drug dependent people is one of ththeir treatment. 10. Brain research should continue to help devise effective ways to reduce the harmCaused by drug use and dependence.Recent advances in the treatment of drug dependence raise difficult ethical issues that must be addressed.

5. Rubenstein LZ, Powers CM, MacLean CH. Quality indicators for the management and prevention of falls and mobility problems in vulnerable elders. 2001;135:686–693. 6. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: A systematic review and metaPart I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 7. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: A systematic review and metaPart II. Cardiac and analgesic drugs. 1999;47:40–50. 8. Ray WA, Thapa PB, Gideon P. Benzodiazepines and the risk of fallsin nursing home residents. 2000;48:682–685. 9. Mendelson WB. The use of sedative/hypnotic medication and itscorrelation with falling down in the hospital. Sleep 1996;19:698

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8. Treatment must be accessible to all in need. Prejudice and discrimination against drug

dependent people is one of the main barriers to

10. Brain research should continue to help devise effective ways to reduce the harm Caused by drug use and dependence. Recent advances in the treatment of drug

ficult ethical issues that

5. Rubenstein LZ, Powers CM, MacLean CH.

the management and prevention of falls and

vulnerable elders. Ann Intern Med

6. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME.

people: A systematic review and meta-analysis,

J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:30–39. 7. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME.

people: A systematic review and meta-analysis,

and analgesic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc

8. Ray WA, Thapa PB, Gideon P. Benzodiazepines and the risk of falls in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc

9. Mendelson WB. The use of sedative/hypnotic itscorrelation with falling down

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psychotropic drugs review

Technology

drugs act

synthesizing drugs

prohibiting drugs

psychoactive drugs drawback

psychoactive drug tobacco

word drug

drug effects

cultures drug