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LEARNING

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Page 1: Psych learning

LEARNING

Page 2: Psych learning

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What is Learning?

• Learning: – The process by which experience or practice

results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.

Page 3: Psych learning

Behavior and Fear Conditioning

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVJMhk4oANM&feature=related

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Page 4: Psych learning

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Behaviorists

• Look at how people respond to the things in their environment that affect them.

• Don’t think it is important to study one’s– Inner needs– Thoughts – Feelings– Motives

Page 5: Psych learning

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Associative Learning (Stimulus Response)

• People learn to associate events– Lighting– Thunder

• 2 types of Associative Learning– Classical Conditioning

• Stimulus from environment > reflexive response from subject

– Operant Conditioning• Behavior from subject > response from

environment

Page 6: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning– Form of learning that occurs when 2

stimuli—a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus—that are paired (presented together) become associated with each other.

Page 7: Psych learning

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Ivan Pavlov & Classical Conditioning

• (1849-1936)• Russian

physiologist• Studied digestion • Psychology

hopeless as an independent science.

Page 8: Psych learning

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Pavlov Cont.

• Serendipity • Noticed dogs salivated before food

presented• Sounded bell before feeding dogs• Dogs salivated at sound of bell whether food

or not.• Ringing a bell alone would not ordinarily

produce salivation.• Classical conditioning has been

demonstrated in all species.

Page 9: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)– Stimulus that automatically produces

response without any previous training.• Meat

– Naturally salivate when anticipate eating» Naturally & automatically elicit response

• Lighter to your finger– Automatically pull away

» Fire unconditioned stimulus» Stimulus > Response

Page 10: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned response (UCR)– Reaction that is automatically produced when

an unconditioned stimulus is presented.• Unlearned naturally occurring response

– Dog• Unconditioned response was salivation

– Lighting your finger• Unconditioned response pull away

Page 11: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• A neutral stimulus (NS)– Stimulus that, before conditioning, does not

elicit a particular response.– Dog

• Bell– Does not naturally & automatically produce a response

Page 12: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Conditioned stimulus (CS)– Neutral stimulus that acquires ability to elicit a

conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

– Dog• Paired sound of bell with meat

– Tone no longer neutral stimulus» Conditioned stimulus

Page 13: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Conditioned response (CR)– Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; it is similar to the unconditioned response.

– Several pairings of the NS and UCS during an acquisition phase lead to a situation in which the CS presented by itself elicits a CR.

• Bell > Salivation • Wouldn’t naturally salivate at sound of bell

Page 14: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning Cont.

• Neurological change occurs before eating.

• Dopamine in addicts is released even before they get the drug in anticipation of receiving it.

Page 15: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning Cont.

• Sound of a can opener• Fish swim fast when knock on the aquarium.• Taught the fish to have a physiological

response to the tapping. • Learned tap = food • Consistent• Short time interval• * Conduct experiment on Crunch.

Page 16: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

Page 17: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

• Advertising using Classical Conditioning?– Taught to pair what with what?

Page 18: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• John Watson & Rosalie Rayner– Demonstrated

• Emotions can be learned by classically conditioning

– 9-month-old Little Albert to fear a white rat.

• Every time Albert reached for rat– Struck steel bar

Page 19: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

• Rosalie Rayner & John Watson (1920'S)• Conditioning Little Albert to fear white rat. • Not ethical by present-day standards.

Page 20: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

• Loud noise– No learning

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)– Rat

• Unconditioned Response (UCR)

• Fear (of loud noise)– No learning

• Conditioned Response (CR)– Fear of rat

Page 21: Psych learning

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Little Albert Cont.

• Generalized

• Became frightened of

–White animals

–Stuffed animals

–Fur coats

–Santa Claus beards

Page 22: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning in Humans

• Discrimination– Ability to tell difference between similar

stimuli.• Rat not the same as fur coat

Page 23: Psych learning

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Mary Cover Jones (1924)

• 3 yr. Old Peter

• Afraid of white rats

• Placed cage at a distance

• Gave child candy

• Each day moved cage closer

• Candy + white rat = pleasure

• Rat conditioned stimulus for pleasure

Page 24: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Optimum sequence for CS to precede the UCS (by about .50 second).

• Stronger the UCS, stronger the conditioning.

• More times the CS & UCS are presented together– Stronger the CR becomes

• Steel bar hit every time you touch the rat

• *Complete crunch experiment

Page 25: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning Cont. Aversion Therapy

• A type of Classical Conditioning technique for reducing or eliminating behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant stimulus. – Antibuse – Squirrels hot pepper

Page 26: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning Cont.

• Extinction: Weakening of associations.

• Dog door story

–Open all the time

–Open sometimes

–Closed all the time

–Behavior becomes extinct

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Classical Conditioning• Extinction• General term for a reduction & eventual disappearance of a

behavior • Process of getting rid of a conditioned response• Classical conditioning

– Extinction occurs when repeated presentation of CS alone leads to a decrease in the strength of the CR.

Page 28: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning• Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance

of an extinguished CR after the passage of time.

Page 29: Psych learning

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Spontaneous Recovery

• Dog door– Dog stops checking– One day checks again– Extinction

• Car– Battery dead– Stop checking– Check again– Extinction

Page 30: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Many of our fears and anxieties may have been classically conditioned.

• A phobia is an irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger it poses.

Page 31: Psych learning

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Desensitization Therapy

• Joseph Wolpe, 1973

• Fear of flying– Hierarchy of

fear

– Pair item with relaxation

Page 32: Psych learning

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Classical Conditioning

• Taste-aversion learning refers to the development of a dislike or aversion to a flavor or food that has been paired with illness.

• Garcia Effect

Page 33: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

• Also known as instrumental conditioning, an organism operates on its environment to produce a change.

• Teaches subjects to associate behaviors with their consequences– Subject acts first– Environment responds to the action

• Classical Conditioning– Environment acts first by triggering or eliciting a

response from subject

Page 34: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

• Behaviors more likely to be repeated if they are followed by a reward or an incentive to do it again.

• Less likely to be repeated if followed by a punishment.– Principles apply to both Operant &

Classical Conditioning• Extinction• Generalization• Discrimination

Page 35: Psych learning

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Edward Thorndike

• Studied behavior of animals– Placed them in a

small chamber• Puzzle box

Page 36: Psych learning

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Thorndike's Puzzle Box

• Did not know how to escape.

• 1st cats explored restlessly, meowed.

• Eventually stepped on the foot switch accidentally– Trap door opened. – On succeeding trials,

they operated the switch faster.

Page 37: Psych learning

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Edward Thorndike

• Believed that when cat stumbled upon a behavior that produced a desirable effect– Created a link or associative bond between

• Stimulus (in this case, being in the cage)• Response (stepping on the switch).

– Later, in the same stimulus situation response occurred faster.

• Thorndike’s Law of Effect – People are more likely to do things when

the consequences feel good.

Page 38: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

• Example:

–Training a dog to roll over.

–How did you do it?

–What steps did you take?

Page 39: Psych learning

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Shaping

• Reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.

Page 40: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner influenced by Thorndike, & John B. Watson’s behavioral view of psychology.

• Watson– If we could understand how to

• Predict • Control behavior

– Would know all there was to know about psychology.

• Skinner looked for the stimuli that control behavior.

Page 41: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning Chamber or Skinner Box.

Page 42: Psych learning

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Skinner

• Skinner box recorded– How fast– How often

• Pressed the bar

– Taught animals weird behaviors to get food• Reward• Used shaping

– Operant Conditioning• Subject acts first• Reward from environment• If subject likes reward will probably repeat behavior

Page 43: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcer – Event or stimulus that increases the frequency of

the response that it follows.

Page 44: Psych learning

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Reinforcers

• Primary Reinforcers– Food– Hour extra sleep– Something that feels good & satisfying all by

itself.• Secondary Reinforcers

– Not satisfying all by themselves– Learn they are worth repeating a behavior

• Money / Concert tickets– By themselves not fun

» Buy fun stuff» See a show with the tickets

Page 45: Psych learning

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Reinforcers

• Positive reinforcers– Gives subject something

• More likely that a behavior will be repeated– Food– Money– Concert tickets– Praise

• Presented after the target response occurs.

Page 46: Psych learning

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Reinforcers

• Negative reinforcers– Events or stimuli that are removed

because a response has occurred.• Takes away something unpleasant

– Example Skinner Box• Rat gets shock

• Press bar to stop shock– Behavior reinforced when the pain of the

current stops

Page 47: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

Page 48: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

• Punisher– Stimulus that

produces a decrease in responding

– May take the form of presentation of a stimulus or termination of a stimulus.

Page 49: Psych learning

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Operant Conditioning

• Punishment– Process of using a punisher to decrease

response rate.

• Punishment is not an especially effective means of altering behavior. – May repeat the behavior but not in the

presence of the punisher– Sometimes creates fear & aggression– Doesn’t encourage desired behavior– RAT EXPERIMENT!!``````````````

Page 50: Psych learning

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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning

• Latent learning occurs when learning has taken place, but is not demonstrated.

Page 51: Psych learning

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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning

• Latent learning occurs when learning has taken place, but is not demonstrated.

Page 52: Psych learning

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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning

• Observational learning (modeling)– Learning that occurs through watching &

imitating the behaviors of others.• Parents• See person doing the behavior reinforced for the

behavior– Gold & silver class watch teacher do what you have

been trying to do easier.

Page 53: Psych learning

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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning

• Keys to observational learning– Participant identifies with the person being

observed.

• Vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment. – Put ourselves in the other person’s place for a

moment– Better able to imagine the effects of the

reinforcer or punisher. • Brown eye, blue eye study

Page 54: Psych learning

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Cognitive and Social Perspectives On Learning

• Attempts to influence behavior through observational learning occur every day (along with efforts based on classical conditioning).

• Observational learning– Used to reduce or eliminate phobias.