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Psocoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap,West AfricaB.D. Turner a & R.A. Cheke a ba Department of Zoology , King's College , Londonb Centre for Overseas Pest Research , LondonPublished online: 17 Feb 2007.

To cite this article: B.D. Turner & R.A. Cheke (1983) Psocoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap, WestAfrica, Journal of Natural History, 17:3, 379-404, DOI: 10.1080/00222938300770261

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JOIRNAL OF NATVRAI, H~sTOn~-, 1983, 1 7 : 3 7 9 - 4 0 4

Psocoptera of the To ,o-Benin Gap, West Africa

B. D. TURNER and R. A. CHEKE~

Department of Zoology, King's College, London and ? Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London

I n t r o d u c t i o n Knowledge of the Psocoptera of Africa is patchy. Some countries have been

extensively covered whilst for others only a few records are available. This is true for West Africa although this region has been studied in greater detail than elsewhere in the continent. In addition to Badonnel's series of publications on Angolan psocids (Badonnel 1955, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1977 a)he has also worked on the psocids of the Belgian Congo, now Zaire (Badonne11946, 1948 a, 1949 a, 1959; see also Ball 1943), of Cameroon (Badonnel 1943) the Ivory Coast (Badonnel 1949b, 1979) and Guinea (Badonnel 1948b). The Medler collection of Psocoptera from Nigeria has been studied by New (1972, 1973; Medler 1980).

This present study is concerned with the area between Nigeria and the Ivory Coast (see fig. 1), principally the countries of Togo and the People's Republic of Benin, formerly Dahomey. Previously called the Dahomey Gap, this area is of considerable biological interest (see, for example, Moreau 1969, Diamond and Hamilton 1980) since the equatorial rain forest belt is divided in this region by a southward extension of the peri-Saharan savanna belts. This effectively isolates the forests of Ghana and those further westward from the main rain forest mass of central Africa.

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F~G. 1. Vegetational zones of the Togo-Benin Gap region of W. Africa (redrawn from Keay, R. W. J., 1950. Vegetation map of Africa south of the tropic of Cancer, London, O .U.P.).

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380 B . D . Turner and R. A. Cheke

The first extensive collection of Psocoptera from the Togo-Benin Gap, described here, was made by R.A.C. during the period 1977-1981. In addition some material was also collected from several sites in the more northern countries of Upper Volta, and Niger. The collection contains 388 individuals in 28 species and 16 genera. Twelve of these species are new to science and are described.

M e t h o d s Psoeids were obtained by beating vegetation, primarily in Guinea savanna and

gallery forest habitats. Material was also collected from large sticky traps, known as Bellec Plaques (Bellec 1976, Cheke et al. 1982) designed to trap adult simuliids. Specimens were stored in 80% ethanol, and prepared for description as described by Turner (1975). The following measurements were made on permanent (in Euparol) and temporary (in glycerine) mounts: WL~forewing length, from wing tip to the point of articulation; H F - - h i n d femur length, from femur/troehanter suture to tibial condyle; H T - - h i n d tibia length; H t l - - l eng th of 1st hind tarsal segment; I t t 2 - length of 2nd hind tarsal segment; Ht3--1ength of 3rd tarsal hind tarsal segment; all measured from condyle to condyle; C ~ n u m b e r of etenidiobothria on 1st tarsal segment of hind tarsus. The shortest inter-ocular distance (IO) and the greatest eye diameter (D) were measured and expressed as the ratio IO/D (Ball 1943).

Measurements were made using a calibrated eye piece accurate to 0"0175 mm at x 30 (wing measurements) and to 0 '007mm at x 75 magnification (all other

measurements). Drawings were made using photomicrographs and the scales are 1-0mm (wings) or 0-1 mm (all other drawings).

Holotypes and paratypes are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH). The remaining material is in B.D.T.'s collection.

Z o o g e o g r a p h i c a l no te The Psoeoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap fall into four groupings (table 1). Of those

species tha t have been previously described the cosmopolitan and pan-tropical groups contain several ubiquitous species spread by man. The rest of the described species are African in their distribution. Two species, Hemipsocus africanus and Archipsocus ghesquierei, have relatively broad distributions and in each ease have been recorded from both sides of the Togo-Benin Gap. Blaste medleri was collected from Sahel vegetation in Upper Volta and Niger and has also been reported from Tunisia and Nigeria although details of the local habitats in these lat ter collections are not known. I t seems likely that this species has a widespread peri-Saharan distribution in Sahel vegetation. The remaining African species all link the Togo- Benin psocids with the more eastern countries of Nigeria, Angola and Zaire. None af the Ivory Coast or Guinea species have been taken in these collections.

This apparent eastward link is further reinforced by the new species only two of which show any connection with countries to the west of the Gap. Peripsocus marginatus resembles P. pauliani, which although first described from the Ivory Coast has subsequently been found to have a pan-tropical distribution, and Rhyopsocus plesiafer is close to R. afer, a widespread African species. The remaining new specie s have their most similar counterparts in the countries to the east of the Gap. At the present time it cannot be ascertained whether this apparent isolation of species to the west of the Togo-Benin Gap is a feature of the psocid fauna of West Africa or merely an artefact resulting from different amounts of sampling in the various countries concerned. This can only be resolved by a more extensive study of the psocids of countries to the west of the Togo-Benin Gap.

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Pso('optera of the Togo-Benin (~ap. West Afl'i(.a 381

Table 1. The zoogeography of the Togo-Benin Gap Psocoptera. The known distribution of the African species is given in brackets. The countries given in brackets after the new species are those where the morphologically most similar known psocid species are found.

Cosmopolitan species:

Pan-tropicM species:

African species:

New species:

Liposcelis bostrychophilus L. entomophilus Ectopsocus maindroni

Nanopsocus oceanicus Pseudocaecilius citricola Ps. tahitiensis Trichadenotecnura pardus

Thylacella congolensis (Nigeria, Zaire) Liposcelis hirsutus (Zaire) Caecilius brunneonitens (Angola, Nigeria, Zaire) Paracaecilius pallicornis (Angola) P. wittei (Zaire) Hemipsocus africanus (widespread in Africa, inc. Ivory Coast) Archipsocus ghesquierei (Angola, Ivory Coast, Zaire) Blaste medleri (Nigeria, Tunisia) Pearmania crenulata (Nigeria)

Rhyopsocus plesiafer (widespread in Africa) Caedlius propinquifaUax (Cameroon, Zaire) C. fuscolineus (Zaire) Laehesilla mutabilis (Zaire) Ectopsocus maculosus (Madagascar) Peripsocus marginatus (Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Zaire) P. acuminatus (Angola, Cameroon) P. togoensis (Cameroon, Malaya) Blaste togoensis (Angola) Trichadenotecnum eolesae (Angola) Lachesilla nigripalpa Pseudoscottiella forcipiforma ~ (no close affinities)

Sub-order T R O G I O M O R P H A Family L E P I D O P S O C I D A E

Thylacel la congolensis (Badonnel) Udamolepsis congolensis Badonnel, 1949 a, 6 Thylacel la congolensis (Badonnel), Smithers, 1967, 3

This was a common species found in a variety of situations in Togo and was virtually the only psocid to be caught on the Bellec Plaque sticky traps (Bellec 1976) used to sample adult Simulium spp. (Cheke et al. 1982). I t is likely tha t this species primarily inhabits dead vegetation and the flood refuse deposited on river banks or trapped in riparian vegetation. No males of Thylacella cowolensis were found and it therefore seems likely that this species is parthenogenetic. The collection contains 32~s and 13 nymphs, t

t Detailed locality and date records of the known species included in this paper are available from B.D.T. on request.

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382 B .D. Turner and R. A. Cheke

Family P S O Q U I L L I D A E Rhyopsocus plesiafer sp. nov.

(Figs. 2-4) Coloration (11 months in alcohol). Head pale transparent brown with darker

pigmentation on the inner edges of the ocelli and the epieranial suture, eyes black; antennal bases pale, flagellum darker; maxillary palps pale. Thorax eoloured as head giving a slightly darker hue when viewed from an an'gle; legs unieolourous pale brown; fore- and hind-wings hyaline, colourless except for the brown veins. Abdomen slightly paler brown than thorax, terminalia pale.

Structure. Very distinct epicranial suture, frontal sutures indistinct; oeelli present; post-elypeus with a subeutieular net-like pattern; head generally sparsely setose.

Thorax with several strong setae on mesonotum otherwise only with occasional small setae; legs setose but coxae virtually glabrous; veins distinct on fore and hind wings; forewing (fig. 2) veins and margin with a single row of setae and an additional submarginal row inserted on the wing membrane, cu 2 glabrous, setae on main veins inserted 2 to ¼ the setal length apart; hindwings glabrous, wing membrane bearing much greater density of microtrichia than forewing.

Ninth abdominal tergite with two large setae, about twice the length of other abdominal setae, one adjacent to each paraproet (fig. 3); paraprocts (fig. 3) with 4 trichobothria not arranged in a field, several small setae, a single longer seta opposite the long tergal seta and a strong peripheral seta; epiproct simple sub-triangular with a row ofsetae along the posterior edge, a single peripheral seta on each side near the boundary with the 9th tergite and two longer setae more medially; gonopophyses (fig. 4) sparsely setose with several stronger setae distally, slightly selerotized along the dorsal surface.

Measurements (in ram.). HOLOTYPE ~, IO 0"266, D 0"126, IO/D 2"11, FW 1.16, HF 0"266, HT 0"406, H t 1 0-168, H t 2 0"042, H t 3 0"049.

unknown. HOLOTYPE, ~), Togo, 5 km S Lama-Kara, 9 ° 31'N l°12'E, in laboratory 14.vii.80

(BMNH). This species is clearly close to R. afar Badonnel (1948 a) which has been found in

several African countries. I t differs from Badonnel's description ofR. afer in having a shorter and triangular pterostigma; the radial stem shorter than r2 + 3 and r4+ s and the medial stem about equal to m~ and m~_, longer forewing vein setae, head, thorax and abdomen unicolourous, the antennae dark, stubbier gonopophyses and dif- ferences in the setation of the epiproets and paraprocts.

Sub-order T R O C T O M O R P H A Family L I P O S C E L I D A E

Liposcelis bostrychophi lus Badonnel Liposcelis bostrychophi lus Badonnel 1931, 250

This species, thought to be African in origin is common and widespread. I t is frequently found as a pest of stored products (Broadhead 1950). Two females were taken from Man(.pfera indica L., 49's were feeding on a dead grasshopper and the remaining 179's in the collection were taken indoors. The specimens came from Benin, Niger and Togo.

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Psocoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap, West Africa 383

Liposcelis entomophilus (Enderlein) Troctes entomophilus Enderlein, 1907 a, 34 Liposcelis entomophilus (Enderlein) Broadhead 1947, 109

This widespread and distinctive species has been recorded from a number of African countries (Smithers 1967). The collection contains 9~'s and 1 nymph all from vegetation, including Mangifera indica, Aidia genipiflora (DC) Dandy and Ficus spp., in Togo.

Liposcelis hirsutus Badonnel Liposcelis hirsutus Badonnel 1948 a, 270; Broadhead 1950, 373

This species was originally described from the Belgian Congo, now Zaire. Seven ~'s were taken from vegetation in Upper Volta and Togo.

Belaphotroctes sp. A single, damaged, dealated female specimen was taken on Mangifera indica in

Togo. The material available is not suitable for more detailed consideration. This genus is known from several African countries and N. America (Smithers 1967, 1972).

Family PAGHYTROGTIDAE Nanopsocus oceanicus Pearman

Nanopsocus oceanicus Pearman 1928, 134 B~lonnel (1977 b) synonymized Tapinella africana Badonnel (1948 a), T. paUida

Ba~lonnel .(1948a), Onychotroctes africanns (Badonnel) (Badonnel 1971) and T. oceanica (Pearman) (Smithers 1967), all with Nanopsocus oceanicus.

This species is widespread not only in Africa but also in the Caribbean and the Far East. The 8~'s and 3 nymphs in the collection were beaten from riverside vegetation (Ficus sp., Mangifera indica, A idia genipiflora and A nogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill. and Perr.) in Benin and Togo.

Sub-order P S O G O M O R P H A Family GAEGILIIDAE

Caecilius brunneonitens Pearman Caecilius brunneonitens Pearman 1932, 96

This species was originally described from Kenya. I t has also been found in Angola and Zaire and more recently several new records of the species have been given by Broadhead and Richards (1982) from sites in Kenya. It is apparent from the Togo and Benin records that this species is probably trans-African. Two 3's, 19 and 1 nymph were collected from Manffifera indica and Aidia genipiflora in gallery forest in Benin and Togo.

Caecilius propinqui]allax sp. nov. (Figs. 5--10)

Coloration (23 months in alcohol). Head pale straw yellow; eyes black; antennae with scape, pedicel and f l only very slightly darker than general head coloration, f2 darkening distally, rest of flagellum brown; maxillary palps pale.

Thorax generally pale straw yellow with some brown pigmentation on the meso- and metanotal sclerites; forewings pale straw yellow, hyaline with a greater depth of

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384 B . D . Turner and R. A. Cheke

coloration in the anal cell; hind wing colourless, hyaline; legs pale straw yellow except for brown t 2 and claws.

Abdomen slightly paler straw yellow than head and thorax. Structure. Labrum without styli, distal margin with two lateral rugose areas

adjacent to the internal 'comma' shaped selerifications and a single setose sensillum either side of the midline; lacinia with rounded slightly dentieled cusp distally (fig. 5); antennae with a basiconie sensillum on the distal end off6 and flo-

Forewings (fig. 6) with one row of setae on the veins, cu2 bears several setae towards the nodulus, wing margin with two rows ofsetae, wing tip moderately acute, radial fork reaches the level of the origin ofnt3; hind wings with setose margin except on the costa from wing base to r~, setae in single row except between r 2 + 3 and r4+ 5.

Epiproct setose with two long setae on distal margin, paraprocts (fig. 7) with 16 trichobothria in a sense field, the distal margin has a field of barbules ventral ly and several t runcated setae apically (adjacent setae of similar size are not truncated thus), gonopophyses (fig. 8) characteristic of the family; subgenital plate (fig. 9); spermatheca (fig. 10) with long glandular region equal in length to the shorter diameter of the somewhat teardrop-shaped sac.

A single damaged (no abdomen) male o f this species in the collection enables the following, but incomplete, description to be made:

Coloration (24 months in alcohol) as female with the following exceptions; all antennal segments brown; anal cell of wing darker; notal plates of thorax darker brown, abdominal eolour unknown.

c~ Structure. Eyes large; antennae with enlarged and slightly curved first flagellal segment, no basiconie sensilla on f l to fs (terminal segments missing); lacinia as female, denticles visible on the cusp rim on one side; labrum with rugose pads as female and six sensory setae between them on the distal edge. Wings as female, areola postica slightly smaller and lower, no setae on CUz.

Abdomen and genitalia unknown.

Measurements (in ram) ]-IOLOTYPE ~, IO 0"294, D 0"182, IO/D 1"62, FW 2"52, H F 0"644, H T 0"868, Ht~ 0"226, Ht2 0"098, Ct 17.

PARATVPE ~, IO 0"18, D 0.322, IO/D 0"56, FW 2"38, H F 0"448, H T 0"854, Ht l 0"280, H t : 0"080, Ct 22.

HOLOTYPE, (~, Benin, Kandi, 11 ° 8'N 2 ° 56'E, on Mangifera indiea 17.vii.79 (BMNIt).

PARATYPES, Benin, 3~ same data as holotype, l? , lc? (damaged), Togo, 5 km S of Lama-Kara, 9 ° 31'N 1 ° 12'E, dn Mangifera indica, 16.vi.79. (BMNH).

This species is morphologically close to the descriptions of C. bamboutensis Badonnel (1943, 144) and C. linguipennis Badonnel (1943, 142) from the Cameroons but differs from both in size and details of coloration and genitalic form. I t fits the 'flavidus' group of Mockford (1965) bearing some resemblance to C. auranticus (Hagen), but being much paler in colour, and with marked differences in the disposition of veins in the fore wing and in the shape of gonopophyses. I t is close to C. fallax Badonnel (1948a, 283) but since only the male has been described, the comparison cannot be completed. There are slight differences in the shape of pterostigma, areola postica and tip of laeinia. The measurements of the male propinquifallax are considerably smaller than those offallax and so tbr the time being it is considered as a distinct species.

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Psoeoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap, West Africa

2

385

~0

Fins.

6

I / 2-10. (2-4) Rhyopsocus plesiafer sp. nov.: (2) forewing; (3) paraproct:

(4) gonopophyses. (5-10) Caecilius propinquifallax sp. nov.: (5) lacinia: (6) forewing: (7) distal edge of paraproct: (8) gonopophyses: (9) subgenital plate: (10) spermatheca. The scale for figs 2 & 6= l'00mm: for 3, 4 & 8-10=0"l mm: 5 & 7 not to scale.

Caedl ius fusco l ineus sp. nov. (Figs. 11-16)

Coloration (24 months in alcohol). Head pale ivory yellow with distinct dark brown median stripe down face which starts diffusely ha l fway along the epicranial suture, extends anteriorly across the frons, encompassing the pale ocellar tubercle, and across the postclypeus. The line is continued apparent ly across the anteclypeus since the sclerotized molar regions of the mandibles are visible through the cuticle a t this point, the anteclypeus and labrum are without markings; scape and pedicel brown, f l and f2 pale remainder of flagellum brown; maxillary palps unicolourous pale.

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386 B . D . Turner and R. A. Cheke

Thorax pale ivory yellow, nota with brown sclerotization; legs pale except for t 2 which is brown; forewings very pale tawny colour, veins in distal half brown, hind wing pale, veins pale.

Abdomen unicolourous, pale ivory yellow. 9- Structure. Labrum strongly setose with no styli, distal margin with two lateral

rugose areas adjacent to two short internal sclerotizations, median sensory field little distinguished from general setae field; lacinia with a rounded distal cusp.

Forewings (fig. 11), cu2 with several setae on distal half, wing margin with two rows of setae along anterior edge to r4+ s wing tip sparsely setose, posterior margin with one row of setae, radial fork slightly proximal of origin of m3; hindwing margin with single row of setae except for c to r 1 .

Epiproct setose with two tong setae on distal margin; paraprocts (fig. 12) sparsely setose except for the posterior margin which bears one stronger seta, ventral to a sclerotized area, amongst a small field of setae, a field of small barbules lie ventral to the setae; gonopophyses (figs. 13, 14), left dorsal valve (fig. 13) with several setae, the right dorsal valve (fig. 14) with only one; spermatheca (fig. 15) with rounded sac with glandular area equal in length to about half the sac diameter, subgenital plate (fig. 16) setose with lateral sclerotized regions on posterior margin.

Measurements (in mm.) HOLOTYPE ~), IO 0"266, D 0"280, IO/I) 0"95, F W 2"84, H F 0"77, H T 1"022, H t 1 0"266, Ht2 0"112, Ct 18.

unknown. HOLOTYPE, ~, Benin, Kandi, 11 ° 8'N 2 ° 56'E, on Mangifera indica 17.vii.79

(BMNH). PARATYPE, ~) same data as holotype (BMNH). This species fits Mockford's (1965) 'flavidus' group and is structurally close to

C. auranticus (Hagen). I t differs from C. propinquifallax sp. nov. in having the face stripe, in several morphological features of the labrum and genitalia and in size. I t is closest to C. virgatus (Broadhead and Richards 1982) from E. Africa, which also has a face stripe but there are differences in the form of the wings and genitalia between the two species.

Study of the genitalia of the para type indicates tha t the multiple seta'cion of the left dorsal valve of the holotype is an abberation. The paraprocts of the para type have low rounded tubercles associated with the sclerotized areas on the posterior margin. These are not found in the holotype.

Paracaecil ius pal l icornis (Badonnel) Caecil ius pal l icornis Badonnel 1955, 129 Paracaecil ius pallicorrtis (Badonnel) Badonnel 1969, 95.

This species was described from Angola. The collection contains a single specimen with damaged wings from Manvifera i~lica in Togo. The structure of the genitalia and in part icular the form of the spermatheca confirm its identity. In his diagnosis of this genus Smithers (1972, 123) stresses two rows of setae on r and an and that cu2 is setose. These characters are not apparent in either Badonnel's drawings or descriptions of Paraeaecilius species (Badonnel 1969, 95). The specimen in the collection from Togo has only a single row of setae on an and cu is glabrous: r is damaged and its setation is not clear. Thus the par t of Smithers' (1972) diagnosis of this genus, referred to above, should be deleted.

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Psocoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap. West Africa 387

Paracaecilius wittei (Badonnel) Eocaecilius wittei Badonnel 1959, 13 Paracaecilius wittei (Badonnel) Badonnel 1969, 97

This species has been described and recorded from Zaire and Angola. A single Iemale was collected from Mimusops sp. in Benin.

Family LACHESILLIDAE Lachesilla mutabil is sp. nov.

(Figs. 17-19) Coloration (12 months in alcohol). Head unicolourous dark brown; clypeus with

faint 'fan' of slightly darker lines and dark anterior margin; labrum pale; antennae and maxillary palps brown with pale articulations.

Thorax and legs unicotourous brown slightly paler than head, wings colourless, veins pale grey-brown.

Abdominal sclerites mid-brown, intersegmental membranes pale, terminalia mid-brown.

Structure. Eyes outstanding, epicranial suture distinct, frontal sutures indistinct; lacinia with two unequal tines.

Forewings (fig. 17), pterostigma hatchet-shaped, (origin of ra 2 abberrant), rm fusion short, CUla gently rounded.

Epiproct setose with two longer setae on posterior border; paraprocts (fig. 18) with median field of setae, 9 and 10 trichobothria and a sensory bristle; external valve (fig. 18) setose dorso-distally, tip rounded, constricted sub-basally, ventral valve represented by small sclerotized square structure at base of external valve; sub-genital plate (fig. 19) setose and sclerotized, posterior margin slightly flattened; 9th sternum with weakly sclerotized circular surround to the spermapore.

Measurements (in mm.) HOLOTVPE ~, IO 0"35, 1) 0"14, IO/D 2"5, FW 1"72, HF 0"462, HT 0"784, Htl 0"252, Ht 2 0"098, Ct 11.

unknown.

HOLOTYPE, (~, Togo, 5 km S of Lama-Kara, 9 ° 8'N 0°57'E, caught in laboratory, 14.vii.80. (BMNH).

PARATYPE, ~, same data as holotype (BMNH). In addition to these two specimens this Togo sample also contains two more

Lachesilla specimens. These are about 1/5 smaller (see below) and have paler coloration. There are no apparent differences in the colour pattern, wing form and genitalic structure between these smaller, paler individuals and L. mutabilis as described and they are therefore tentatively also ascribed to this species. When more specimens are available the extent of the variation in these species can be assessed more accurately. I t is of interest that the size difference between these two types of individual is approximately that suggested by Hutchinson (1959) as being sufficient for the coexistence of sympatric species.

Measurements (in mm.) Q (smaller individual) IO 0"28, D 0"112, IO/D 2"5, FW l'51, HF 0-392, HT 0"616, Htl 0"210, Ht 2 0"056, Ct 7.

Small specimens, 2~ same data as holotype (one dissected), (BMNH). Other specimens studied, Togo, same locality as holotype 1~, 7.viii.80; Togo,

Lama-Kara, 9 ° 32'N 1 ° l l 'E, 1Q on hotel terrace, 15.vii.79; Niger, Niamey, La Poudri~re, 13 ° 32'N 2 ° fiE, 1~, on Azadirachta indica A. Juss, 25.ix.77.

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388 B . D . Turner and R. A. Cheke

This species seems to fit the 'pedicularia ' species grouping of Garcia Aldrete (1974) and is very close to L. mucronata Badonnel (1946, 175) from Zaire. Lachesilla mutabilis sp. nov. differs from mucronata in the shape and setation of the subgenital plate and in having the vestigial ventral valve. They also differ in details of the epiproct and 9th sternum. Lachesilla mucronata is considerably larger than L. mutabilis.

15

11

16

19

::~:!::~: i: ~ ' ~

17

Fins. l l-20. (ll-16) Caecilius fuscolineus sp. nov.: (ll) forewing: (12) distal edge of paraproct: (13) left and (14) right gonopophyses: (15) spermatheca: (16) subgenital plate. (17-19) Lachesilla mutabilis sp. nov.: (17) forewing: (18) paraproct and gonopophyses: (19) subgenital plate. (20) Lachesilla nigripalpa sp. nov.: forewing. The scale for figs. l l , 17 & 20=l '0mm: 13-16 & 18-19=0-1mm: 12 not to scale.

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Ps<>coptera <>f the Togo Benin Gap. West Afi'ica 389

Lachesilla nigripalpa sp. nov. (Figs. 20-23)

Coloration (24 months in alcohol). Head pale sandy brown, vertex and frons with small brown spots arranged in linear fields adjacent to the eyes and epicranial suture and separated by a band free of spots, these fields coalesce on vertex near the occiput, median field of spots extend around the ocellar tubercle and out to antennae bases, antennae bases connected above and below to eye with two brown irregular stripes; clypeus with radiating fan of darker lines, antennae segments brown except for colourless distal ends: maxillary palps with black fourth segment, remaining segments becoming paler proximally.

Thorax same as head ground colour, legs slightly paler proximally; forewing membranes faintly dusky, veins brown; hind wing membranes colourless, veins brown.

Abdomen with pale brown transverse stripes, more deeply eoloured laterally, terminalia pale brown.

Structure. Eyes outstanding, head setose with several longer setae on vertex adjacent to eyes; lacinia unequally bifi<l, distal tine with fissure: man<tible tips heavily ehitinized.

Forewings (fig. 20) r and m+cu thickened; pterostigma almost rectangular, granular; areola postiea triangulate.

Epiproct rounded, long setae only on posterior margin; paraprocts (fig. 21) with setae mainly along posterior margin, small setae field in ventral half, several strong median setae, 9+9 trichobothria and sensory seta; external valve boat shaped (fig. 22) setose in distal half, no ventral valve remnant; subgenital plate (fig. 23) with concavity on posterior margin, setae restricted to V-shaped medial area.

Measurements (in mm.) HOLOTYPE ~, IO 0"39, D 0"18, IO/D 2"17, FW 2"10, HF 0"455, HT 0"798, Ht, 0"259, Ht 2 0"091, Ct 16.

unknown. HOLOTYPE, 9, Benin, Kandi, 11 ° 8'N 2 ° 56'E, on Mangifera indica, 17.vii.79.

(BMNH). PARATYPE, ~), Togo, Mo Bridge 17km NW of Sokodr, 9 ° 5'N 1 ° 3'E, caught on

Bellee Plaque, 6.vi.79. (BMNq-I). This species cannot be placed in any o f Garcia Aldrete's (1974) groups. I t exhibits

some characteristics of his 'foreepeta' and 'J' groups but fits neither adequately. Laehesilla nigripalpa is distinct in its coloration and form and setation of the subgenital plate and external valve from any of the described Lachesilla species.

Family PERIPSOCIDAE Ectopsocus maindroni Badonnel

Ectopsocus maindroni Badonnel 1935, 81 This species, originally described from Arabia, has now been found in a number of

African countries as well as the Far East and the New World. This pan-tropical species has been recorded as a stored product pest (Broadhead 1954). Three females were taken from gallery forest in Togo.

Ectopsocus macttlostts sp. nov. (Figs. 24-27)

Coloration (25 months in alcohol). Head mid-brown with paler markings, pale blotch on each epicranial sclerite, pale inverted V shaped marking from ocelli to

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390 B . D . Turner and R. A. Cheke

clypeus continuing as a pale boundary around the sides of the clypeus, elypeus with radiating pat tern on light and darker lines, genae with two darker brown lines and a pale area between antennal base and eye; maxillary palps unicolourous mid-brown; scape brown, pedicel and f l eolourless, distal half off2 eolourless, rest brown.

Thoracic selerites and legs mid-brown, intersegmental membrane pale, forewings (fig. 24) mid-brown speckled with colourless areas as shown, veins as membrane except distal par t of r 1 defining par t of the pterostigma and sections of r which are darker brown; hind wing membrane pale with slight pigmentation a t base of costal cell, veins pale brown.

Abdomen pale, terminalia pale. ~_ Structure. Head setose with several strong setae on vertex; laeinia unequally

bifid, the larger fine itself being divided; eyes small not reaehing level of vertex. Forewings (fig. 24) with r and m meeting at a point, r2 + 3 anteriorly curved just

before wing margin, radial fork acute; veins with single row of setae, membrane with dense covering of mierotriehia and the occasional seta; hind wing with r and ra connected by erossvein, veins and wing margins glabrous, membrane with mierotriehia.

Epiproct rounded with strong marginal setae and two small lateral fields of lesser setae; paraproets (fig. 25) with 6 strong setae ventral oftr iehobothrial field (8 + 8 and one sensory seta), several small peripheral setae and field on small barbules anterior of triehobothrial area; gonopophyses (fig. 26) globose, setese external valve, membranous dorsal valve, large plough-shaped ventral valve beset with barbules; subgenital plate (fig. 27) bilobed eaeh lobe with a strong apical and internal seta and a smaller external seta.

Measurements (in mm.) HOLOTYPE ~, IO 0"336, D 0"112, IO/D 3"0 H F 0"322, H T 0"518, H t 1 0"182, Ht2 0"086, Ct 13.

d unknown. HOLOTYPE, ~, Benin, Wgw6 River 14km. N of B~tgrou, 9 ° 22'N 2 ° 17'E, on

riverside vegetation, 26.vi.79 (BMNH). This species, known only from the holotype, is very close to E. maculatus,

deseribed by Smithers (1964, 249) from Madagascar. They differ in details of patterning, in particular E. macnlosus sp. nov. had additional eolourless blotches in R2+3, R4+s, R1, M3 and in A X and has pigmentation only in the distal ~ of the pterostigma. Other differences between the two species may be seen in the shape of gonopophyses and the selerotization of the subgenital plate. On the limited evidence available they appear to be two distinct species but this can only be satisfactorily resolved when sufficient material is available to indicate the extent of any variation in E. maculatus.

Peripsocus marg ina tus sp. nov. (Figs. 28-31)

~- Coloration (25 months in alcohol). Head mid grey brown with lighter fawn patches between the epicranial suture and eyes, the epistomal suture and eyes adjacent to a darker area dorsal to the antennal bases, pigmentation on genae darker except around the eye, postclypeus becoming darker laterally and anteriorly,

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Psoeoptera of the Togo Benin Gap. West Afl'ica 391

anteclypeus brown overshadowed by a distinct milky white band of intersegmental membrane, labrum dark brown; antennal and maxillary palp segments grey-brown.

Thoracic sclerites mid brown, notal sclerites dark brown, membranous areas fawn; femora pale becoming darker distally, tibiae and tarsi dark brown except for paler distal region of tibiae; forewings with grey brown markings on a paler background (fig. 28), veins brown; hiad wings pale greyish brown with slightly darker pigmentation in proximal region of cell C, veins except eu2 brown.

Abdomen pale pinkish fawn dorsally darker laterally and ventrally, 9th abdominal segment and terminalia dark brown.

Structure. Head setose; eyes large, ocellar tubercle at junction ofepicranial and epistomal sutures; post-clypeus with striae; lacinia tapering distally to small single cusp.

Forewings (fig. 28) with longish rim fusion and typical peripsocid vein configur- ation; hiild wing with short rim fusion.

Epiproct (fig. 29) bluntly triangulate with strong marginal setae, several weaker setae in distal half; paraprocts with 17 trichobothria and one sensory hair in each sense field, setae in posterior distal hale gonopophyses (fig. 30), ventral valve tapering distally with barbules on the distal third, dorsal valve with apical setose lobe, two strong setae on distal margin adjacent to lobe in a field of strong barbules, external valve larger setose, approaching the length of the dorsal valve; subgenital plate (fig. 31) with strong apical slightly bifid setose lobe bearing strong terminal setae.

Measurements (in mm.) HOLOTYPE ~ IO 0"280, D 0"161, IO/D 1"74, FW 1"79, HF 0"336, HT 0"644, Ht i 0'154, Ht2 0"093 Ct 13.

unknown.

HQLOTYPE, ~, Benin, Kandi, 11 ° 8'N 2 ° 56'E, Mangifera indica, JT.vii.79 (BMNH).

PARATYPES, l~, same data as holotype (BMNH), 29, Togo, Foret Classde d'Aledjo, 3 km SW Pewa, 9 ° 16'N i ° 14'E, on Ficus sp. 19.vii.79 (BMNH), I~ Togo, Lama Kara, 9 ° 32'N 1 ° l l 'E, on Mangifera indica, 5.viii.80. (BMNtt).

This species bears a resemblance to the common P. pauliani Badonnel (1949 b, 43) first described from the Ivory Coast but found throughout the Oriental and Pacific regions (Thornton and Wong 1968, 20) and in a number of Neotropical countries (Mockford 1974, 145; Turner 1975, 573).

P. marginatus sp. nov. differs from P. pauliani in having a pale border on the membrane alongside the veins and margin of the forewing, a largerexternal valve and a lobe on the dorsal valve. The subgenital plate is more strongly setose. Peripsocus ghesquierei Badonnel (1948a, 313) described from Zaire has a wing pattern reminiscent of P. marginatus but the paler areas of the membrane which border the veins and margin are broader and there are a number of genitalic differences between these two species. Badonnel (1969, I l) described a male which he assigned to Peripsocus balli described previously from a female specimen from Zaire (Badonnel 1948 a, 311). The forewing pattern ofP. marqinatus is very similar to that given for the male ofP. balli but the wing pattern and particularly the ~ genitalia of P. balli bear little resemblance to P. marginatus. It seems likely that the ~ described by Badonnel as P. balli may well be that ofP. marginatus. New (1972, 136) records 2 c~ from Nigeria which agree with Badonnel's (1969) description and these too may be P. marginatus.

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392 B .D. Turner and R. A. Cheke

z3 il

24

30 ~ 9 25

28

Fins. 21-31. (21-23) Lachesilla nigripalpa sp. nov.: (21) paraproct: (22) gonopophyses: (23) subgenital plate. (24-27) Ectopsocus maculosus sp. nov.:(24) forewing: (25) paraproct: (26) gonopophyses: (27) subgenital plate. (28-31) Peripsocus marginatus sp. nov.: (28) forewing: (29) epiproct: (30) gonopophyses: (31) subgenital plate. The scale for figs 24 & 28=l-0mm: 21-23, 25-27 & 29-31=0"1 ram.

Peripsocus a c u m i n a t u s sp. nov. (Figs. 32-34)

Coloration (25 months in alcohol). Head pale fawnish white, with slightly darker pigmentation around eyes and epicranial suture, labium and postclypeus more distinctly pale brown; antennal segments and distal two maxillary palp segments pale brown.

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Psocoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap, West Africa 393

Thoracic notal sclerites mid-brown very diffuse reddish-brown broad line laterally continuing along abdomen; forewings (fig. 32) unicolourous pale fawn, veins brown; hind wings colourless, veins pale brown; legs pale brown.

Abdomen pale fawnish-white with broad diffuse reddish-brown lateral markings, dorsal sclerites similarly pigmented; 9th tergite and terminalia brown.

~- Structure. Ocellal tubercle at junction of epicranial and epistomal sutures, region of postclypeus adjacent to ocellal tubercle with small delineated transverse lanceolate region; lacinia narrowing sub-apically then expanding to a bifid deep cusp terminally.

Forewings (fig. 32) of typically peripsocid form with short rJm fusion; hind wing also with very short rs/m fusion.

Epiproct broad and short, sparsely setose except for strong marginal setae, pigmented in apical half; paraprocts with 16 trichobothria in a sense field, several strong setae, minute barbules; gonopophyses (fig. 33), long bluntly pointed dorsal valve with apical field of setae, barbules absent, ventral valve with barbules on ventral margin apically, external valve small rounded, strongly setose; subgenital plate (fig. 34) with bifid setose apical lobe lightly pigmented laterally.

Measurements (in mm.) HOLOTYPE Q, IO 0"332, D 0"154, IO/D 2"16, FW 2"03, HF 0"378, HT 0"700, Ht l 0"182, Ht 2 0"100, Ct 13.

unknown. HOLOTYPE, ~), Benin, Kandi, 11 ° 8'N 2 ° 56'E, on Mangifera indica 17.vii.79

(BMNH). The genitalia of P. aeuminatus sp. nov. resemble those of P. machadoi Badonnel

(1955, 183) (see also Broadhead and Richards 1980, 363) but differ in small details such as the presence ofbarbules, shape of the dorsal valve apex and the pigmentation and relative proportions of the subgenital plate. They are also markedly different in wing and body pattern. Peripsocus camerunus Badonnel (1943, 153) has unpatterned forewings but shows little similarity to P. acuminatus when genitalia are compared.

Peripsocus togoensis sp. nov. (Figs. 35-37)

Coloration (12 months in alcohol). Head pale buff with faintly paler areas either side ofepicranial suture; anterior edge ofpostclypeus pale brown; antennal segments pale brown.

Thoracic sclerites very pale brown, membranous areas off white; forewings (fig. 35) unicolourous very pale buff veins brown; hind wings colourless veins pale brown femora off white, tibiae and tarsi pale brown.

Abdomen off white, terminalia very pale brown. Structure. Ocellal tubercle at junction of epicranial and epistomal sutures,

lacinia narrows slightly sub-apically, distally with a bifid cusp. Forewings (fig. 35) and hind wings with relatively long rs/m fusions, pterostigma

with granulate appearance, Epiproct rounded with strong marginal setae and field of small setae on posterior

half; paraprocts with 22 and 20 trichobothria in sense fields, setose in the posterio- ventral half including several strong marginal setae, setose area also bears small barbules; gonopophyses (fig. 36), dorsal valve with large triangulate setose lobe bearing strong barbules, external valve large setose, ventral valve with long tapering

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394 ]3. D. Turner and R. A. Cheke

apex bearing barbules to its widest part; subgenital plate (fig. 37) with apical lobe whose external margin merges smoothly with the S.G.P. margin, lobe setose and 'gutter shaped'.

Measurements (in ram.) H<)I,OTVPE ~+, IO 0'238, D 0'154~ IO/D 1"55, FW 1"82, HF 0-364, HT 0-672, H t 1 0-174, Ht : 0-100, Ct 13.

unknown. HOLOTYPE, ~3, Togo, Lama Kara, 9 ° 32'N 1 ° 1 l'E, on Mangifera indica, 5.viii.80

(BMN-H). The distinctive lobe on the dorsal valve distinguishes this species from almost all

other described peripsocids. Peripsocus stigmatus Thornton and Wong (1968, 40) from Malaya has u similar but darker patterning, especially on the forewings. There is also a somewhat similar lobing of the dorsal valve. The relative lengths of the gonopophyses and the absence of the stigma or strong guttering on the subgenital plate serve to separate these two species. Peripsocus togoensis is separated from P. camerunus Badonnel (1943, 153) off differences ofgonopod length and shape and on subgenitM plate structure.

Family PSEUDOCAECILI IDAE Pseudocaecilius citricola (Ashmead)

Psocus citricola Ashmead 1879, 228 Pseudocaecilius citricola (Ashmead) Mockford & Gurney 1956, 364 Elipsocus criniger Perkins 1899, 85 Pseudocaecilius elutus Enderlein 1903, 261; synonymized with criniger by Thornton et al., 1972. Pseudocaecilius criniger (Perkins) Thornton et al., 1972 (Synonymized by Turner 1976, 212)

This is a common pan-tropical foliage frequenting species and was collected mainly from Ma~ifera indica at several localities in both Benin and Togo.

Pseudocaecilius tahitiensis (Karny) Epipsocus tahitiensis Karny 1926, 288 Pseudocaecilius tahitiensis (Karny) Lee & Thornton 1967, 79

This species, closely related to Ps. citricola, has previously been described from Micronesia, Galupagos and Kenya and like Ps. citricota is probably spreading around the tropics. I t is separated from Ps. citricola by its slightly smaller size and distinctive differences in the structure of the subgenital plate (Lee and Thornton 1967, 83). Two ~'s were taken from Mangifera i~Mica at Fazao, Togo.

Pseudoscottiella forcipi forma sp. nov. (Figs 38-45)

Coloration (13 months in alcohol). Head unicolourous cream, brown diffuse stripe connecting eye with antennul base, pale brown shading around anterior periphery ofpostclypeus and labrum; scape and pedicel brown as is first ½rd off1, rest of antennal segments pule; maxillary pulps becoming faintly darker distally.

Base colour of thorax cream with sclerites pale brown, darker brown diffuse line laterally connecting with wing bases by upward extensions of the line; legs pale; forewings (fig. 38) pale and hyaline with brown pigmentation forming the pattern; hindwings membrane and veins very pule with hint of v. pale brown along anterior edge.

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Psoeop te ra of the T o g o - B e n i n Gap, West Africa 395

. . . L . - [

3 4

3 3 ~

I

3 6

/

3 9

FIGS. 32-40. (32-34) Peripsocus acuminatus sp. nov.: (32) forewing: (33) gonopophyses: (34) subgenital plate. (35-37) Peripsocus togoensis sp. nov.: (35) forewing: (36) gonopop- hyses: (37) subgenital plate. (38-40) Pseudoscottiellaforcipiforma sp. nov.: (38) forewing of female: (39) distal margin of female paraproct: (40) gonopophyses excluding ventral valve. The scale for figs. 32, 35 & 38 = l '0 mm: 33, 34, 36, 37 & 40 =0"1 mm: fig. 39 not to scale.

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Abdomen cream with slight pigmentation to the dorsal anterior sclerites, and laterally on the posterior edges of sclerites.

9 Structure. Head and antennae strongly setose, epicraniM suture and ocellal tubercle present but indistinct; lacinia unequally bifid with one longer narrower bluntly pointed line and one short, s tubby cusped tine.

Forewings (fig. 38) with long %/m fusion, areola postica about half length of pterostigma, both cells of similar depth, veins with only one row of setae except for r2 + 3, r4+ 5, m and m2 where there is a suggestion of a double row of setae, c with 3 rows setae which continue round margin until areola postica, continue along anal margin as a single row of setae, ('~12 glabrous, hind wing with rs/m fusion longer than that in the forewing, wing margin with 2 rows of setae apically reducing to single row on costa near r~/rl bifurcation, posteriorly the marginal setation changes midway between m and ca1 with the replacement of strong by weak setae leaving two rows of setae of unequal length and thickness, in addition there is apically a row of setae on the membrane periphery between r2 + 3 and m; hind wing veins glabrous.

Epiproct triangular with rounded posterior margin, setose with three strong setae in triangular configuration sub-peripherally on either side; paraprocts with I 1 tr ichobothria in a sense field, two rows of three strong setae and two small fields of small setae, margin setose with several pointed tubercles (fig. 39); gonopophyses of the Pseudoscottiella type (fig. 40), dorsal valve lobate with posterio-ventral tapering appendage bearing barbules, external valve rounded bearing strong setae, ventral valves (fig. 41) with tapering apices bearing barbules; subgenital plate (fig. 41) bluntly pointed posteriorly.

Coloration (25 months in alcohol). Entire antennal flagellum brown otherwise head as 9. Thorax and its appendages as female, forewing (fig. 42) with less distinct pat tern. Abdomen as 9.

Structure. Eyes large, antennal segments very setose, other head features as ~. Fore- (fig. 42) and hind wings as 9. 9th tergite with two sclerotized rugose lobes overlapping the epiproct (fig. 43),

epiproct with median rugose area and six small marginal setae; paraprocts with l0 and 12 trichobothria in sense field, setose with several stronger setae, margin structure as female (fig. 39): phallosome(fig. 44) with no internal radular rods: hypandrium (fig. 45) with two strongly chitinized curved processes, heavily rugose distally.

Measurements (in mm.) HOLOTYPE, 9, IO 0"350, D 0"168, IO/D 2"08, FW 2"38, H F 0"405, H T 0"770, Ht~ 0"231, H t 2 0"098, Ct 12.

PA~ATYPE, ~, IO 0"252, D 0"238, IO/D 1"05, FW 2"17, H F 0"462, H T 0"812, Htx 0"273, Ht2 0'084, Ct 17.

HOLOTVPE, 9, Togo, Fazao, 8 ° 45'N 0 ° 50'E, on Manffifera indica, 12.vii.80 (BMNH).

PAt~.ATYPE, (~, Togo, Foret Class@ d'Aiedjo, 3 km. SW. Pewa, 9 ° 16'N 1 ° 14'E, on Ficus sp. 19.vii.79 (BMNIt).

Other specimens studied. Togo, Fazao, 8 ° 45'N 0 ° 50'E, 2~, 1 ~ (phallosome missing) on Manqifera indica, 22.xi.81.

This species is placed in Pseudoscottiella by having m two branched and 9 genitalia characteristic of the genus, the 9th tergite and epiproct of the c~ are also typical. The hypandrium and phallosome however are unlike those of other Pseudoscottiella spp. The phallosome is characteristically elongate resembling other

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Psocoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap, ~Vest Africa 397

pseudocaeciliid genera rather than lozenge-shaped as in this species. The hypandria of other Pseudoscottiella spp. have at most two short processes variously sculptured. The phallosome and hypandrium of P. forcipiforraa sets it apart from all other African pseudoscottielliids and also from the Oriental and Pacific species which are distinguished by the presence of internal rods in their phallosomes (Thornton, Lee and Chui 1972, 122). The discovery of this present species suggests that the hitherto accepted African/Oriental dichotomy of this genus and the related Scottiella, is in need of reappraisal.

Family HEMIPSOCIDAE Hemipsocus africanus Enderlein

Hemipsocus africartus Enderlein 1907 b, 33. This is a common African leaf-frequenting species. The original description has

been augmented by Badonnel in 1946 (p. 174) with figures of the female genitalia and in 1949 with a description of the distinctive male genitalia. Smithers (1972, 153, fig. 4.490) gives a figure of the phallosome of 'Hemipsocus sp.' which accords well with Badonnel's 1949 description and uith 3"s from this (.olleetion. Many adults of H. africanus had a pattern of thin red markings on the head and thorax. These patterns fade in alcohol and appear to be undeveloped in teneral specimens.

The collection contains 40 d~'s, 33~'s and 69 nymphs from Benin and Togo. They were mainly taken from Manffifera i~xlica with some adults being commonly attracted indoor by light.

Family ARCHIPSOCIDAE Archipsocus ghesquierei Badonnel

Archipsocus ghesquierei Badonnel 1946, 173; Badonnel 1980, 629. The specimens in this collection agree well with Badonnels' recent redescription

of A. 9hesquierei in the '9hesquierei complex' of African archipsocids (Badonnel 1980). I t is known from Zaire, Angola, Nigeria and the Ivory Coast. From both Togo and Benin, the specimens were found under silk on Mimusops sp. leaves, in crevices of rocks and on Mangifera indica bark.

Family PSOCIDAE Blaste medleri New

Blaste medleri New 1972, 136, Blaste rrtuiri Smithers 1979, 84. syn. nov.

The male of this species was originally described from Nigeria. Smithers (1979, 84) described both sexes ofBlaste muiri from Tunisia but Badonnel (pers. comm.) has pointed out that B. muiri is in fact the same species as B. medleri from Nigeria.

The material of this species in the present collection is from Upper Volta and Niger, on Mangifera indica and dead Combretum sp. and so it appears that Blaste rnedleri is a peri-saharan species.

Blaste togoensis sp. nov. (Figs. 46-49)

Coloration (25 months in alcohol). Head ivory with field of brown spots on vertex tapering anteriorly either side of epicranial suture, few pale brown spots adjacent to eyes; ocellal tubercle deeply pigmented, pigmentation extending between ocelli and epistomal suture; pedicel and scape pale, flagellal segments dark

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398 B.D. Turner and R. A. Cheke

brown; postclypeus with anterio-posterior brown stripes becoming darker and more diffuse anteriorly; anteclypeus and labrum brown, divided by broad pale band of intersegmental membrane; terminal segment of maxillary palps dark brown, rbst pale.

Notal sclerites of thorax dark brown, lateral sclerites mid-brown; femora pale becoming darker distally, tibiae mid brown, tarsi dark-brown; forewings (fig. 46), distal part ofpterostigma and membrane just posterior to it brown, very pale brown patterning as indicated, veins brown, hind wings hyaline, trace of pigment between c and r, veins brown.

Abdomen brown dorsally with pale median longitudinal band, pale laterally with 'blotchy' longitudinal brown stripe, terminalia brown.

Structure. Head and eyes setose, lacinia bifid with tines of unequal length terminating in rounded cusps.

Forewing (fig. 46) with rim connected by a short crossvein whilst in the hind wing r/m are fused for a short length.

Epiproct rounded, basal corners striated, distally with lateral rolled sclerotized edges and non-sclerotized rugose central region, margin of distal half and non- sclerotized area setose; paraprocts with 32 and 31 trichobothria in sense field, strongly sclerotized glabrous basal half (including sense field) distal half with one spot of pigment otherwise unsclerotized, setose; gonopophyses (fig. 47); sper- mathecal plate (fig. 48) with strong inverted v-shaped sclerite; subgenital plate (fig. 49) with short squat apical lobe.

Measurements (in ram.) HOLOT~PE ~, IO 0"434, D 0"280, IOfD 1"55, FW 3"36, HF 0"658, HT 1"372, Htl 0"350, Ht 2 0"143, Ct 19.

d unknown. HOLOTYrE. ~, Togo, Foret Class@ d'Aledjo, 3 kin. SW. Pewa, 9 ° 16'N 1 ° 14'E, on

Ficus sp., 19.vii.79 (BMNH). Having little in common with most described Blaste species, B. togoensis appears,

on the basis of the published description, to be most similar to B. lusambaensis Badonnel (1973, 90). I t differs from B. lusambaensis in the shape of the gonopo- physes, the sclerotization of the spermathecal plate and details of subgenital plate sclerotization.

Pearmania crenulata New (Figs. 50~2)

Pearmania crenulata New 1973, 10. Only the male of this species has been described. A description of the female is

given below together with additional comments on the male. Coloration (25 moilths in alcohol). Head pale brown, slightly darker across

vertex, frons and posterior part of labrum, face with strong reddish brown Y mark with origin of the three radiating lines centred on the pigmented ocellar tubercle, area between arms of Y with brown spots, brown stripe connects tubercle, area between arms of Y with brown spots, brown stripe connects antennal base of eyes; scape, pedicel and f l , of antennae pale, remaining flagellal segments dark brown; terminal maxillary palp segment and outer face of third segment dark brown, remainder pale.

Thorax pale brown, sutures darker on dorsal surfaces; terminal tarsal segment and distal tips of tibiae dark brown, rest of legs pale. Forewing (fig. 50) pale smokey

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Psocoptera of the Togo-Benin Gap, West Afi-ica 399

~ ~ ! ~ i : " - 41 -~ :;~7-- I"r 5,

/:>

4Sl

42

\

'/ 43

46

47

\

FIGS. 41-49. (41-45) Pseudoscottiellaforcipiforma sp. nov.: (41) subgenital plate and ventral valves: (42) forewing of male: (43) male epiproct: (44) phallosome: (45) hypandrium. (46-49) Blaste togoensis sp. nov.: (46) forewing: (47) gonopophyses: (48) spermathecal plate: (49) subgenital plate. The scale for figs. 42 & 46= l '0mm: 41, 43-45 & 47-49 --0-1 mm.

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400 B.D. Turner and R. A. Cheke

brown becoming darker marginally, distal half of pterostigma brown, veins brown; hind wings hyaline, veins brown.

Abdomen pale brown, terminalia darker. Structure. Epicranial suture distinct; lacinia unequally bifid, tines with cusps

apically. Forewing (fig. 50) bluntly pointed apically: hind wing with rsfi~ fused for a

length. Epiproct truncately triangular with sclerotized pouches on either side, strongly

setose, smM1 field of small setae mid-way along distal margin; paraprocts strongly sclerotized dorsally (may lock into pouches ofepiproct), 33 and 36 trichobothria per sense field, posterior half non-sclerotized, setose, rugose; gonopophyses (fig. 51) dorsal valve large with large fields of flattened barbules ventrally, pointed apex, external valve setose; sub-genital plate (fig. 52) weakly sclerotized with lobe bearing setae distally.

Measurements (in ram.) 9 IO 0"770, D 0"392, IO/D 1"96, FW 6"36, HF 1"225, HT 2'433, Ht~ 0"735, Ht2 0'257, Ct 24.

Additional note~ on structure of ~ qenitalia. Apical expansions of phallosome bear small barbules. Hind margin of 9th abdominal tergite toothed, some teeth being bifid. Epiproct with transparent semicircular area on posterior margin. Paraprocts with pointed setose lobe adjacent to the larger prominent glabrous prong. Lateral selerotized lobes ofhypandrium with differing numbers and shape ofexternM teeth.

Material studied, 9, Togo, For~t Class@ d'Aledjo, 3 km. SW. Pewa, 9 ° 16'N 1 ° 14'E, on Ficus sp., 19.vii.79 (BMNH). A male was also taken at the same locality.

Trichadenotecnum pardus Badonnel Trichadenotecnum pardus Badonnel 1955, 231.

This species, originally described from Angola, has been found also i n Madagascar, R6union, throughout the Caribbean and S. America. Mockford (1974) notes that the species is probably .parthenogenetic. The subgenital plate is distinctive with its spiral thickenings. Three 9'8 were taken from Fieus sp. in Togo.

Trichadenotecnum colesae sp. nov. (figs. 53 56)

Coloration (25 months in alcohol, head slide mounted). Head pale brown with blotches of darker brown on vertex and frons, brown striations on postclypeus; antennae brown.

Thorax pale brown, notal and pleural sclerites brown; legs brown, paler regions on distal half of first tarsal segments and femora; forewings (fig. 53) with brown spots on a eolourless background, hind wings hyaline, colourless except for trace of pigmentation along membrane adjacent to costa.

Abdomen pale brown with narrow segmental banding terminalia dark brown. Structure. Eyes large; head setose; antennae with strong setae; lacinia

unequally divided with large cusp and shorter semi-cusp; labrum with small lateral styli.

Forewing (fig. 53) and hind wing with r jm fused for a length. Epiproct (fig. 54) with dorsal transverse lobe bearing a strong seta on each lateral

aspect, three strong marginal setae on epiproet apex; paraproets (fig. 54) with 22 and 23 trichobothria, setose with strong internal spur bearing a single seta midway along its length; phallosome (fig. 55) with folded barbule bearing radula; hypandrium

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Psocoptera e f the Togo-Benin Gap. West At>i<.a 401

, j

5 0 •

!ii '

i '/ / i. - / . .

~ ~ " ' , 5

56

FiGs. 50-56. (50-52) Pearmania crenulata New: (50) forewing of female: (51) gonopophyses: (52) subgenital plate. (53-56) Trichadenotecnum colesae sp. nov.: (53) forewing: (54) epiproct and paraproct: (55) phallosome: (56) hypandrium. The scale for figs. 50 & 53 = l '0mm: 52, 53 & 54-56=0"1 mm.

(fig. 56) strongly asymmetric with two strong horns apically, on one side a sclerotized tr iangular lobe and on the other a rugose lobe.

Measurements (in ram.) I-IOLOTYPE C~, IO 0"308, D 0"224, IO/D 1"38, F W 2-21, H F 0"476, H T l ' 008 ,Ht I 0"322, H t 2 0"114, Ct 18.

unknown. HOLOTYPE, <~, Togo, 5km. S. L a m a Kara , 9 ° 31'N 1 ° 12'E, on Manfifera indica,

16.vi.79 (BMNH). This species is close to T. pardoides Badonnel (1955, 232) having a similar

phallosome structure and wing pat tern . They differ in the form of the epiproct, setation and spur shape of the paraproct and in details of the hypandr ium armature .

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402 B . D . Turner and R. A. Cheke

S u m m a r y The first major collection ofPsocoptera f~om the Togo-Benin Gap containing 28

species, in 16 genera is described. Twelve of the species are new (Rhyopsocusplesiafer sp. nov., Caecilius propinquifaUax sp. nov., C. fuscolineus sp. nov., Lachesilla mutabilis sp. nov., L. nigripalpa sp. nov., Ectopsocus maculosus sp. nov., Peripsocus marginatus sp. nov., P. acuminatus sp. nov., P. togoensis sp. nov., Pseudoscottiella forcipiforma sp. nov., Blaste togoensis sp. nov., and Trichadenotecnum colesae sp. nov.). Blaste muiri Smithers is synonymized with B. medleri New. The previously described psocid species, together with affinities which the new species have with the psocid fauna of other countries, are discussed in the light of the zoogeographical interest in this area.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s We thank the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew for assistance in

identifying the plants.

R e f e r e n c e s ASHMEAD, W. H., 1879, On a new Psocus. Canadian Entomologist, 11,228-229. BADONNEL, A., 1931, Contribution a l'~tude de la faune du Mozambique. Voyage de M. P.

Lesne (1928-29). (4 ¢ note), Copeognathes, Annales des sciences naturelles (Zoologie), series 10, 14, 229-260. 1935, P$ocopt~res nouveaux d'Afrique et d'Arabie, Revue Fran~aised'Entomologie, 2, 76-82. 1943, Psocopt~res du Cameroun, Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 37, 134-156. 1946, Psoeopt~res du Congo Belge, Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 39, 137- 196. 1948 a, Psocopt~res du Congo Belge (2 e note), Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 40, 266-322. 1948b, Psocopt6res de la Guin6e fran~,aise (Mission Lamotte 1942), Revue franqaise d'entomologie, 15, 80-88. 1949 a, Psoeopt6res du Congo Belge (3 ¢ note), Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Scierwes naturelte~ de Belgiqve, 25, 1-64. 1949 b, Psocopt6res de la Cbte d'Ivoire, Revue franqaise d'Entomologie, 16, 20-40. 1955, Psocopt6res de l'Angola, Publica~bes Culturias Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 26, 11-267. 1959, Psocopt6res, Explorations de la Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933- 1935), Fascicule, 95, 3-26. 1969, Psocopt6res de l'Angola et de pays voisins, avec r6vision de types africains d'Enderlein: (1902) et de Ribaga (1911), Publicaqbes Culturias da Companhia de Diamantes-de Angola, 79, 15-152. 1971, Sphaeropsocopsis reisi n. sp. p1:emier repr6sentant africain connu de la fammille des Sphaeropsocidae (Psocoptera, Nanopsocetae), avec compl6ments ~ la faune des Psocopt6res angolais, Publiea~bes Culturias da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 84, 15-28.

- - 1973, Psocopt6res de l'Angola IV. Publicaqbes Culturias da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 87, 59-104.

- - 1977 a, Psocopt6res de l'Ango!a V, Publica~bes Culturias da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 89, 103-152.

- - 1977 b, Psocopteres de File de la R6union, Bulletin du Museum nationale d'Histoire naturelle, 3 ~ serie, no. 478, Juillet-Aout 1977, Zoologie, 335, 917-949. 1979, Psocopt6res de la C5te d'Ivoire, Revue suisse de Zoologie, 86, 11-22.

- - 1980, Sur les esp6ces africaines du eomplexe Archipsocus ghesquierei Badonnel (Psocoptera: Archipsocidae), Revue zoologique africaines, 94, 628-645.

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Pso(.optera of the Togo-Benin Gap, West Africa 403

BALL, A., 1943, Contribution a l'6tude des Psocopt~res III. Ectopsocus du Congo Belge avec un remarque sur le rapport IO/D, Bulletin du Mus~e royale d'H istoire naturelle de Belgique, 19, 1-28.

BELLEC, C., 1976, Capture d'adultes de Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903, g l'aide de plaques d'aluminium, en Afrique de l'ouest, Cahiers ORSTOM: serie entomologie medicale. No. 3, 14, 209-217.

BROADHEAD, E., 1947, A further description of Liposcelis entoraophilus (Enderlein) (Corrodentia) (Liposcelidae), with a note on its synonomy, Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of I~,~on, ( B), 16, 109-113. 1950, A revision of the genus Liposcelis Motschulsky with notes on the position of this genus in the order Corrodentia and on the variability of ten Liposcelis species, Transactions of the Royal entomological Society of London, 101,335-388. 1954, The infestation of warehouses and ships' holds by psocids in Britain, Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 90, 103-105.

BROAlmEAD, E., and R[('HARDS, A. M., 1980, The Peripsocidae and Psocidae (Psocoptera) of East Africa, Systematic Entomology, 5, 357-397. 1982, The Psocoptera of East Africa--a taxonomic and ecological survey, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 17, 137-216.

CHERE, R. A., GARMS, R., and KERNER, M., 1982, The fecundity ofSimulium damnosum s.l. in northern Togo and infections with Onchocerca spp., Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 76, 561-568.

DfAMO~D, A. W., and HAMU,TON, A. C., 1980, The distribution of forest passerine birds and Quaternary climatic changes in tropical Africa, Journal of Zoology, London, 191,379- 402.

ENDERLEIN, G., 1903, Die Copeognathen des indo~australischen Faunengebietes, Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 1, 179-344.

- - 1907, Troctes entomophilus, ein neuer Insekten-liebhaber aus Columbian, Stettinsr entomologische Zeitung, 68, 34-36. 1907 b, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimanjaro, dem Meru und dem Ungebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas, 1905- 1906, unter leitung yon Prof. Dr. Yngre Sjostedt, L. Copeognatha. (Copeognatha, 15, 29-30).

GARCIA, ALDRETE, A. N., 1974, A classification above species level of the genus Lachesilla Westwood (Psocoptera: Lachesillidae), Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 27, 3-88.

HUTCHINSON, G. E., 1959, Homage to Santa Rosatia or why are there so many kinds of animals? American Naturalist, 93, 145-159.

KARN~', H. H., 1926, On some tropical Copeognatha, especially from the Fiji Islands, Bulletin of Entomological Research, 16, 285-290.

LEE, S. S., and THORNTON, I. W. B., 1967, The family Pseudocaeciliidae (Psocoptera)--A reappraisal based on the discovery of new Oriental and Pacific species, Pacific Insects Monograph, 16, 1-116.

MEDLER, J. T., 1980, Insects of Nigeria--Checldist and bibliography, Memoirs of the American entomological Institute, No. 80 (Psocoptera p. 57-60.).

MOCRFORD, E. L., 1965, The genus Caecilius (Psocoptera: Caeciliidae). Part 1. Species groups and the North American species of the flavidus group, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 91, 121-166. 1974, Records and descriptions of Cuban Psocoptera, Entomologica Americana, 48, 103- 205.

MOCKFORD, E. L., and GVRNEY, A. B., 1956, A review of the Psocids, or book-lice and bark-lice of Texas (Psocoptera), Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 46, 353-368.

MOREAr, R. E., 1969, Climatic changes and the distribution of forest vertebrates in West Africa, Journal of Zoology, London, 158, 39-61.

NEW, T. R., 1972, Psocoptera from Nigeria, Bulletin of the entomological Society of Nigeria, 3, 134-140.

- - 1973, A collection of Psocoptera from Nigeria, Occasional Publications of the en- tomological Society of Nigeria, 10, 1-22.

PEARMAN, J. V., 1928, Some Psocoptera from the New Hebrides, Entomologist's montMy Magazine, 64, 133-137. 1932, Some coccophagus Psocids (Psocoptera) from East Africa, Stylops, 1, 90-96.

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404 Psocoptera of the Tog() Benin Gap, West Africa

PER.I,:INS, R. C. L., 1899, Fauna Hawaiiensis. Cambridge. (Psocidae, Vol. 2, 77-87.). SMITHERS, C. N., 1964, On the Psocoptera of Madagascar, Revue de zoologie et de botanique

africaines, 70, 209-294. 1967, A catalogue of the Psocoptera of the World, The Australian Zoologist, 14, 1-145. 1972, The classification and phylogeny of the Psocoptera, Australian Museum Memoirs, 14, 1-349. 1979, A new species of Blaste and Mesopsocus dromedarius Ball (Psocoptera) from Tunisia, Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 114, 83-86.

THORNTON, I. W. B., and WO~G, S. K., 1968, The Peripsocid fauna (Psocoptera) of the Oriental region and the Pacific, Pacific Insects Monograph, 19, 1-158.

THORNTON, 2. W. B., LEE, S. S., and CHI~I, W. D., 1972, Psocoptera, Insects of Micronesia, 8, 45-144.

T('RNER, B. D., 1975, The Psocoptera of Jamaica, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 126, 533-609.

TURNER, B. D., 1976, Psocoptera of the Mascarene Islands, Systematic Entomology, 1,205- 225.

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