Protists I & II Lab 4 BIOL 171 Use Protists in a qualitative sense because it refers to many organisms that span clades. Remember!: Classification System Well be looking at all of these!
Saving for next week? Well be looking at all of these! Protists are everywhere in Eukarya! the junk drawer of the eukaryotes Ancestral Eukaryote Well be looking at all of these!
Protists are everywhere in Eukarya! the junk drawer of the eukaryotes Ancestral Eukaryote Only Land Plants, Fungi, and Animals are not protists. Alveolates, Strameopiles, Amebozoans, Opisthokonts proposed clades Lesser groups (diplomoands) are Phyla Entire groupds (excavata) are Supergroups 6 Kingdoms Plants (Plantae) Animals (Animalia) Fungi (Fungi)
Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista These are considered qualitative terms not correct science terminlogy. A constantly changing system
Linnaeus[5] (1735) 2 kingdoms Haeckel[6] (1866) 3 kingdoms Chatton[7] (1925) 2 groups Copeland[8] (1938) 4 kingdoms Whittaker[2] (1969) 5 kingdoms Woese [9][10] (1977,1990) 3 domains Animalia Eukaryote Eukarya Vegetabilia Plantae Protoctista Fungi Protista (not treated) Prokaryote Monera Archaea Bacteria Lab Study A: Alveolates
Dinoflagellates: mixed dinoflagellates (live & wet mount), and Peridinium (wet mount) not in manual Apicomplexans: Trypanosoma prepared slides Ciliate: Paramecium caudatum (wet mount) in manual Dinoflaggelates Trypanosoma and red blood cells Paramecium structures Lab Study B: Stramenopiles
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) make wet mount Also observe diatomaceous earth (the cell wall deposits from diatoms) make wet mount and look at prepared slides Diatom diversity Diatom cell wall made of silica Stramenopile flagella Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Living: Ectocarpus and Sphacelaria Preserved: Fucus and Laminaria Lab Study C: Rhizaria (different title from manual)
Foraminiferans - prepared slides Radiolarians prepared slides Foraminiferans (forams) - prepared slides Radiolarians - prepared slides Think about Morphological characteristics Ecology of the organism
How does the organism get around? What role do they play in the ecosystem? Do they have any economic value? Where do they live? Dont know the answer??Its probably a great research question!Ask me about it. Laboratory 4 (still) BIOL 171
Protists 2 Laboratory 4 (still) BIOL 171 What is red algae? Eukaryotic Photosynthetic NOT plants
Most are aquatic Lab Study D: Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
Simplest is single celled, but most have a macroscopic, multicellular body form Autotrophic (photosynthetic) manufactures its own organic nutrients from inorganic carbon sources Contain chlorophyll a and accessory pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin Not all are red!Many green, black, even blue, depending on the depth in the ocean they grow Living Specimens Porphyridium Preserved specimens Porphyra coralline algae Chondrus crispus Porphyra life cycle both sexual and asexual alternation of generations! Coralline algae living rock
Extremely important role in the ecology of coral reefs: sea urchins, fish, and mollusks eat them (herbivore enhancement). Create microhabitats that protect invertebrates from predation. Cell walls composed of calcium carbonate this allows it to fossilize Economic importance: soil conditioners, food additive for livestock, water filtration, medical vermifuge (stopped late in 18th century), preparation of dental bone implants Economic Uses Agar polysaccharide extracted from the cell wall of red algae, used to grow bacteria and fungi Carrageenan extracted from red algae cell walls, used to give the texture of thickness and richness to foods such as dairy drinks and soups. Porphyra (or nori) seaweed wrappers for sushi, billion-dollar industry! Lab Study E: Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
unicellular motile and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, and multicellular GREAT DIVERSITY Live primarily in freshwater Share many characteristics with land plants Storage of starch, presence of chlorophylls a and b, photosynthetic pathways, and organic compounds called flavonoids Most botanists support the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae Living Specimens Volvox Chlamydomonas Pediastrum Closterium Pandorina Volvox Daughter colonies Preserved Specimens Ulva Chara Body Form Characteristics
Table 4: Representative Green Algae (pg. 72) Name Body Form Characteristics Spirogyra Filamentous Ulva Leaf like Chara Branched Chlamydomonas Unicellular flagellate Pandorina Aggregate Volvox Colony (flagellate) Pediastrum Non-motile colony Closterium Non-motile single celled Lab Study F: Amoebozoans
Amoeba proteus Pseudopodia temporary extensions of amoeboid cells, function in moving and engulfing food Lab Study G: Slime Molds (Mycetozoa)
Protists which use spores to reproduce Heterotrophic requires carbon in organic form, cannot manufacture its own Feed using phagocytosis Suggests they descended from unicellular amoeba-like organisms Two types: plasmodial and cellular (we will be observing plasmodial type today) Physarum (slime mold) Plasmodial stage vegetative stage that consists of a multinucleate mass of protoplasm (no cell walls), feeds on bacteria as it creeps along the surface of moist logs or dead leaves Fruiting bodies reproductive structures that produce spores Physarum (plasmodial stage)
Is slime mold smarter than Japan's railway engineers?check it out! Slime Mold Life Cycle Psychedelic slime mold video: