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KINGDOMS OF LIFE

Protistaby Gina Hamilton

Illustrated by Charlotte Davenhill

About the Author: Gina Hamilton is a graduate of Columbia College, and has been an educator and curriculum designer since 1985. She has written 40 educational books for middle and high schoolstudents, as well as academic papers, and two novels. She is currently a feature and science editorfor a small-town newspaper where she has most recently written a series of articles about alternativeenergy. Hamilton lives in Maine with her husband and college-age son.

MP4851 Kingdoms of Life: ProtistaAuthor: Gina HamiltonIllustrator: Charlotte DavenhillManaging Editor: Lisa MartyLayout and Design: Jon Davis

Copyright©2006Milliken Publishing Company11643 Lilburn Park DriveSt. Louis, MO 63146

www.millikenpub.comPrinted in the USA. All rights reserved.

Permission to reproduce pages extends only to teacher-purchaser for individual classroom use, not to exceed inany event more than one copy per pupil in a course. The reproduction of any part for an entire school or schoolsystem or for commercial use is strictly prohibited.

EMP4851 Kingdoms of Life: Protista

Milliken Publishing, a Lorenz companyP.O. Box 802Dayton, OH 45401-0802www.LorenzEducationalPress.com

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MP4851 Kingdoms of Life: Protista

KINGDOMS OF LIFE

ProtistaTable of ContentsNational Science Standards Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IChapter One: What is a Protist?

Protista: The Variable Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1What is a Eukaryote? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Eukaryotic Cellular Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Three Lifestyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Functions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Questions on What is a Protist? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Lab Activity: Identifying Protists in Pond Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Chapter Two: The Protista Family TreePlant-like Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Diatoms, Euglenoids, and Dinoflagellates, Green, Red, and Brown AlgaeAnimal-like Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Parasitic Protozoa, Pseudopodia, Flagellates, CiliatesFungus-like Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Slime Molds, Water MoldsA Crossword on The Protista Family Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Lab Activity: The Needs of Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Chapter Three: Protist Internal Processes, Homeostasis, and Natural CyclesFunctions of the Living Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Functions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Respiration, Metabolism, and the Krebs Cycle, Homeostasis and TransportNutrition, Internal Transport and Synthesis, Growth and Movement

Questions on Protist Internal Processes, Homeostasis, and Natural Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Lab Activity: Observing the Growth of Water Mold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Chapter Four: Protist External Processes and Relationships in NatureTrophic Levels, Food Chains, and Energy Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28The Carbon Cycle and the Nitrogen Cycle, and their Ecological Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Symbiotic Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Evolution, Adaptation, and the Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Questions on Protist External Processes and Relationships in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Lab Activity: Food Chains Among Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Chapter Five: Protist ReproductionWhat is Ploidy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Alternation of Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Why Is There a Need for More than One Reproductive Strategy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Questions on the Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Lab Activity: Reproduction Rate of Protozoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Safety and Ethical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Biology Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Transparencies

Eukaryotic Cell, Three Lifestyles of Protista, Single-Celled Algae, Large Algae,The Protozoa, Amoeba Feeding, Krebs Cycle, Diversity Chart, Carbon Cycle,Mitosis, Meiosis, Alternation of Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-12

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CHAPTER The cell The molecular Biological The Matter, energy, The behaviorbasis of heredity evolution interdependence and organization of organisms

of organisms in living systems

WHAT IS A X X X XPROTIST?

THE PROTISTAFAMILY TREE X X X X X X

PROTISTINTERNALPROCESSES,HOMEOSTASIS, X X XAND NATURALCYCLES

PROTISTEXTERNALPLANTPROCESSES X X X X XANDRELATIONSHIPSIN NATURE

PROTISTREPRODUCTION X X X X

© Milliken Publishing CompanyI MP4851 Kingdoms of Life: Protista

CHAPTER Identify Design and Use Technology Formulate and Recognize CommunicateQuestions and Conduct and Mathematics revise scientific and analyze and defend aconcepts that scientific to improve explanations and alternative scientificguide scientific investigations investigations and models using explanations and argumentinvestigation communications logic and evidence models

WHAT IS A X X X X X XPROTIST?

THE PROTISTAFAMILY TREE X X X X X X

PROTISTINTERNALPROCESSES,HOMEOSTASIS, X X X X X XAND NATURALCYCLES

PROTISTEXTERNALPLANTPROCESSES X X X X X XANDRELATIONSHIPSIN NATURE

PROTISTREPRODUCTION X X X X X X

KINGDOMS OF LIFE

ProtistaNational Science Standards Correlations for Kingdoms of Life: Protista

“Science as inquiry” Requirements

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What is a Protist?

MP4851 Kingdoms of Life: Protista 1

Protista—The Variable Kingdom

The Kingdom Protista is a kingdom of exclusion. Organisms that are not clearly

bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals, are groupedinto this large and diverse kingdom.

The organisms in Kingdom Protista havethings in common with other kingdoms of life.Some members of this kingdom are single-celled, like the organisms in the two bacterialkingdoms. Some eat, move, and behave verymuch like animals. Some are autotrophic, andare producers in marine and aquatic ecosystemsworldwide. Some are saprobes, and breakdown dead matter, like fungi.

If they have so much in common with theother kingdoms of life, why aren’t protistsmembers of those other kingdoms? Why havethey been grouped into their own variedkingdom? In this book, we will explore thedifferences between protists and the otherkingdoms of life, as well as the similaritiesbetween protists and other kingdoms.

Protists, unlike bacteria, are eukaryotes.All life higher than bacterial life consists oforganisms composed of one or more eukaryoticcells. The word eukaryote means “true cell,”and each eukaryotic organism, whether single-celled or multicellular, has cells with a nucleusthat contain the organism’s DNA, and undergomitosis. Even the simplest single-celled protist,such as an amoeba or a diatom, is far morecomplex than the most complicated bacterium.

All protists require a moist environment,and most are entirely aquatic or marine. Somecan live in moist soil. Protists are not found indry regions, such as deserts or tundra. Withfew exceptions, most do not survive in verycold or very hot temperatures. A few species ofalgae can live below polar ice in near-freezingliquid water, and a few more at very hightemperatures, but they are the exceptions. Eventhough they are exceptions, these algae stillcannot survive freezing or boiling. Having no

mechanism for thermoregulation, most protiststhrive at temperatures that permit them toperform homeostatic functions—well above thefreezing temperature of water, and well belowthe boiling point of water. Outside of thisnarrow temperature range, they engage in self-protective activities, and slow down theirmetabolism to a great extent, or, in many cases,simply die out. Boiling water, for instance, will kill all protists, as any back country hikercan tell you.

Protists are responsible for a number ofwaterborne diseases in humans, as well as inwildlife and livestock. An example of a diseasethat affects humans and other animals isgiardiasis, which is caused by an amoeba(Giardia intestinalis) that lives in the intestinaltracts of humans or animals. Once in theintestines, they attach to the intestinal wall,where they compete for important nutrients.The loss of these nutrients causes cramps, gas,and diarrhea on a cyclical basis. The parasitesare then excreted in the fecal matter of thevictim, and are introduced to water supplies byrunoff into streams.

In developed nations, giardiasis is not muchof a problem. The amoeba that causes thedisease is killed easily by modern waterpurification techniques, and, as mentioned, byboiling. Occasional outbreaks are reported byday-care centers that work with very youngchildren, and are usually tied to insufficienthygiene after diaper changes. Outbreaks occurin nursing homes for largely the same reasons.Most cases can be cured with medication, andthe disease is easily prevented.

However, in the developing world,giardiasis is a major killer, especially of smallchildren. Water supplies in the developingworld are often contaminated, and public health programs to purify water do not exist.Any form of diarrhea can cause seriousdehydration, and the nature of the illness causesthe child not to be able to process fats from his

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2 MP4851 Kingdoms of Life: Protista

or her diet. Many children die of malnutritionbecause of giardiasis.

There are also human diseases caused byprotists that are carried to the final host byarthropod vectors. Ticks, mosquitoes, andbiting flies pass along protist-caused diseasessuch as malaria, yellow fever, sleepingsickness, and a host of others. Most of thesediseases are caused by protozoa calledsporozoa, which form spores as part of theirreproductive cycles.

Some protists are autotrophic. It is nowknown that autotrophic protists are the ancientancestors of modern plants. Others aresaprobes. It is currently believed that theseorganisms are the ancestors of modern fungi.Finally, some protists have distinct animal-likecharacteristics, and it is known that theseorganisms, in colony forms, are the ancestors ofmodern animals.

What is a Eukaryote?

Bacteria of both types, eubacteria andarchaebacteria, are prokaryotes, or “first cells.”All other living things on Earth are eukaryotes,or “true cells.” Eukaryotic life forms consist

of one or more cells that contain a nucleus, and usually, other organelles. These organellesare separated from the cytoplasm of the cell by membranes.

In a eukaryotic cell, the organism’s DNA iscontained wholly within the nucleus. Asecondary DNA, which in sexual organisms ispassed along through the mother’s line, iscontained within the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA, or mDNA, is passedwhole down to the cells during mitosis, andunlike nuclear DNA, also during meiosis.

How can this happen? In the early 1960s anumber of experiments showed thatmitochondria could not be produced by thecells themselves, the way that the other parts ofthe cell, including the nucleus, can be produced.They arose only from the division of already-existent mitochondria—they are self-replicating. By the end of the decade, it wasknown that mitochondria had their own DNA.Today, it is believed that mitochondria arequasi-independent organisms that are thedescendants of obligate symbionts among theancient monera. The result is a mutualsymbiotic relationship between prokaryotes andeukaryotes, without which eukaryotic lifewould cease to exist.

Eukaryotic Cellular Organization

Protophyta cells, such as those belonging toalgae, dinoflagellates, and diatoms, look verymuch like other protist cells, such as thosebelonging to protozoa and protofungi. Thereare a few differences, however. In addition tothe following organelles and structures,protophyta cells also contain chloroplasts, wherechlorophyll is stored. They also have a cell wallon the outside of the cellular membrane, whichgives the algae its shape. Some of these cellwalls have been further defined into hard shells,such as diatoms possess. One group ofprotozoa, an amoeba family called theforaminiferans, also make a hard shell aroundtheir bodies. This is not an extension of a cellwall, however, but a true shell, such as amollusc produces from calcium carbonate in thewater. Another group, the radiolarians, makeouter protective coatings from silica.

Here, then, are the basic parts of the

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(Fig.1A)Chloroplast and

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Mitochondrion

(Fig.1A)

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