protestant reformation pope believers clergy monks/nuns

Protestant Reformation

PopeBelieversClergyMonks/Nuns

Failed in ItalyPopes directly involved with affairs of stateSpanish/HRE Hapsburgs support PopeDominant in Southern Italy and VenetiaItalian Peninsula remained loyal to Catholicism

Catholic Church was a source of wealth for ItaliansItalian Renaissance and Papal patronage made Italy richItalian universities made questioning theological questions unheard of

Succeeded in Northern EuroChurch members pay church taxTax $ went to RomeRulers saw none of the $ locallyRulers resented this!Church critics appeal to nationalistic sentimentLuther = GermanWyclif = EnglishHuss = Bohemian (S. German or Slav)

Reformers back Centralization of monarchyNobles saw chance to seize Church landPrinting press spread ideas quicklyNorthern universities were more liberal and allowed for theological debate

CausesCorruption withinSimony, Nepotism, Pluralism, AbsenteeismChurch divisionAvignon PapacyGreat Schism of the WestConciliar Movement

Renaissance HumanismRenaissance SecularismCriticsSale of IndulgencesRenaissance Popes

Early Critics: John Wyclif1320-1384

English FriarCriticized vices of clergyCriticized Papal taxes and authorityAnti-transubstantiationScripture, not tradition, is authorityFollowers = LollardsLollard peasant revolt (1381) hurt Wyclifs cause

Early Critics: Jon Huss1369-1415

Czech PriestSimilar to Wyclif in many waysBohemia support Huss: State challenge to Papal authorityFollowers = HussitesHuss burned at stake: Council of Constance

Renaissance Critics: Erasmus1466-1536

True religion = inward sincerityPious devotionOutward ritual and ceremony meaninglessScripture is guide; not priesthoodSevere Humanist critic (Christian Humanism)

In Praise of Folly

Renaissance Critics: More1478-1535

Idea of communal livingNo class distinctionsNo competition (economic)Defied Henry VIIICatholic martyr (executed by Henry)

Utopia

StorylineRenaissance Popes focus on patronage of arts and wealthPope Leo X authorize Tetzel to sell Indulgences to help pay for re-building of St Peters BasilicaIndulgences used since Crusades to raise fundsTetzel expands their use/application

Martin Luther wrote 95 Thesis questioning use of Indulgences (1517)Luther meant to reform Church from within (Luther was a monk)95 Thesis widely read N German States used Luther to express their ideas or further their political/economic goals

Papal delegates and Luther debate: Luther refused to recantLuther excommunicatedGerman states hide/support LutherHenry VIII uses Luther to further his ends and breaks from RomeOthers began protests and were supported by various statesJohn Calvin, John Knox, Zwingli, Wesley, etc

Martin Luther1483-1546Justification by Faith2 SacramentsTrue Authority = BiblePriesthood of followersConsubstantiationBishops = Administrators only

Reject Papal authorityClergy may marryReligious services in the vernacularChurch is subordinate to the State

Key Events regarding LutherPosting of 95 Thesis (1517)Debate with Johann Eck in Leipzig (1520)Luther ExcommunicatedDiet of Worms (1521)Luther Outlawed by HRE

Peasants Revolt (1524-1525)Swabian Peasant uprising (12 Articles)Luther Admonished themWe should obey rulers here on Earth

Catholics & Lutherans suppressed uprisingConfessions of Augsburg (1530)Written by Philip MelanchthonCompromise in attempt to reconcile Lutheranism & CatholicismRejected by CatholicsBecame central statement of Lutheran belief

League of Schmalkalden (1531)Formed by German princes to defend against Charles V drive to re-Catholicize German StatesFrancis I of France allied with the League (even though he was Catholic see below)

Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1555) France try to keep Germany divided (aiding Lutherans accomplished this aim)Charles victorious over the League in 1547 (too late Lutheranism held too much sway)

8. PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555)Temporary end to Lutheran-Catholic Struggle in German StatesCuius regio, eius religio

Whose the religion, his the religionPrinces choose Lutheran or Catholic for his stateRe-affirmed independence of German StatesEnsured division of German States (stunted German Nationalism)

Still to ComeCalvinismZwingliAnglicanismAnabaptists and MennonitesUnitarianismPresbyterianismCatholic Counter Reformation