project tiger is the most famous wildlife conservation project of india

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  • 8/3/2019 Project Tiger is the Most Famous Wildlife Conservation Project of India

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    Project Tiger is the most famous wildlife conservation project of India, which was lunched in 1972 to protect thediminishing population of Indian tigers. As recently as 1970, the hunting of tigers was legal in India and thismajestic animal was hunted by the erstwhile royals and elites for pleasure and its beautiful skin. According tovarious estimates, during the 1950s and early 1960s, over 3,000 tigers lost their lives to trophy hunters. In thebeginning of the 1970s, the tiger population in India was estimated to be around 1,800, shocking and jolting theconcerned authorities to formulate an immediate plan to save Indian tigers and the result was the launch ofProject Tiger in 1972.

    India is home to the largest number of wild tigers in the world and shelters approximately 60% of the world's wildtiger population. Initially 9 Tiger reserves covering an area of 16,339 sq km were chosen for Project Tiger.Corbett National Parkwas the first national park of India to be covered under Project Tiger on April 1st, 1973.Now as many as 27 Tiger Reserves, covering an area of37,761 sq km, are included in Project Tiger.

    The main aim of Project Tiger was to create a safe haven and ideal environmental conditions for the survival andgrowth of tigers and its prey to ensure maintenance of a viable population of this wonderful animal in the country.From its inception in 1972, Project Tiger was aimed at saving the tiger and to identify and eliminate the factorsresponsible for the decline of tiger population in the country. The factors recognized by Project Tiger includedhabitat destruction, forestry disturbance, loss of prey, poaching and competition with local villagers and domesticanimals.

    One of the best examples proving the success of Project Tiger in India is the famousBandipur Tiger Reserve.According to surveys the number of tigers in Bandipur Tiger Reserve has risen from only 10 in 1972 to around 80in 1997. Similarly the number of tigers in Corbett Tiger Reserve also increased from mere 40 in 1972 to about150 in 1997. Tiger population in India may not still be in thrilling numbers and poaching still may be quite rampantbut a lot more effort is being put into saving this beautiful animal.

    Though Project Tiger once saved the tigers from extinction in India, today the Project faces some majorproblems, creating grave situations for India tigers. Reports of widespread poaching of tigers in two of thepremier Tiger Reserves of North India- Sariska and Ranthambore is heartbreaking news for tiger lovers allaround the world. Thanks to the efforts made by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the present Prime Minister of India, whovisited Ranthambore to review the condition and ordered a high level inquiry to book the culprits. A specialcommittee comprising of eminent ecologists and wildlife experts, under the direct supervision of the PrimeMinister himself, has also been constituted to find new ways to curb the menace of indiscriminate poaching oftigers in India.

    Project Tiger

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    Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation movement initiated inIndiain 1973 to protecttigers.The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constitutedtiger reservesrepresentative ofvarious regions throughout India and strives to maintain viable populations of Bengal tigersin their natural environment. Project Tiger, launched in 1973-74, is one of our mostsuccessful conservation ventures in the recent times. The project aims at tiger conservation inspecially constituted 'tiger reserves', which are representative of various bio-geographicalregions falling within india. It strives to maintain a viable tiger population in the naturalenvironment.

    In 2008 there were more than 40 Project Tiger reserves covering an area over 37,761 km2(14,580 sq mi). Project Tiger helped to increase the population of these tigers from 1,200 inthe 1970s to 3,500 in 1990s. However, a 2008 census held by the Government of Indiarevealed that the tiger population had dropped to 1,411. Since then the government haspledged US$153 million to further fund the project, set-up a Tiger Protection Force to combat

    poachers, and fund the relocation of up to 200,000 villagers to minimize human-tigerconflicts.

    The number of tigers in India's wild has gone up by 20%, according to the latest (2011) tigercensus, which has surveyed the whole of India for the first time. The census puts thepopulation of the big cat at 1,706. There were 1,706 tigers including tigers in the Sunderbansat the last count.

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    1 Goals and objectives 2 Organisation 3 History 4 Future plans 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

    [edit] Goals and objectives

    Project Tiger was meant to identify the limiting factors and to mitigate them by suitablemanagement. The damages done to the habitat were to be rectified so as to facilitate therecovery of the ecosystem to the maximum possible extent.

    The potential tiger habitats being covered are:[1]

    SivalikTeraiConservation Unit (Uttaranchal,Uttar Pradesh,Bihar,West Bengal), and inNepal

    North east Conservation Unit SunderbansConservation Unit Central Indian Conservation Unit Eastern Ghat Conservation Unit Western GhatConservation Units

    [edit] Organisation

    Project Tiger is administered by theNational Tiger Conservation Authority. The overalladministration of the project is monitored by a Steering Committee. A Field Directorisappointed for each reserve, who is assisted by the field and technical personnel. At the centre,a full-fledgedDirectorof the project coordinates the work for the country.

    Wireless communication system and outstation patrol camps have been developed within thetiger reserves, due to which poaching has declined considerably. Fire protection engineeringis carried out by suitable preventive and control measures. Villages have been relocated in

    many reserves, especially from core areas. Livestock grazing has been controlled to a greatextent in the tiger reserves. Various compensatory developmental works have improved thewater regime and the ground and field level vegetation, thereby increasing the animaldensity.tigers

    [edit] History

    The tiger population in India at the turn of the 19th century was estimated at 45,000individuals. The first ever all-India tiger census was conducted in 1972 which revealed theexistence of only 1827 tigers. In 1973, the project was launched inPalamau Tiger Reserve,

    and varioustiger reserveswere created in the country based on a 'core-buffer' strategy. Foreach tiger reserve, management plans were drawn up based on the following principles:

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    Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core areaand rationalization of activities in the buffer zone.

    Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages done to the eco-system byhuman and other interferences so as to facilitate recovery of the eco-system to its naturalstate.

    Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carrying out research aboutwildlife.

    Global organizations such as theWorld Wildlife Fund(WWF) contributed much funding toProject Tiger.[citation needed] Eventually, however, it was discovered that the project's fielddirectors had been manipulating tiger census numbers in order to encourage more financialsupport.[citation needed] In fact, the numbers were so exaggerated as to be biologically impossiblein some cases. In addition, Project Tiger's efforts were damaged bypoaching, as well as theSariskadebacle and the latest Namdapha tragedy, both of which were reported extensively inthe Indian media.[citation needed]

    The landmark report, Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India, published in 2007by theNational Tiger Conservation Authorityestimates only 1411 adult tigers in existence inIndia, plus uncensused tigers in theSundarbans.[2]

    The project to map all the forest reserves in India has not been completed yet, though theMinistry of Environment and Forests had sanctioned . 13 million for the same in March

    2004.

    TheForest Rights Actpassed by the Indian government in 2006 recognises the rights of someforest dwelling communities in forest areas. This has led to controversy over implications ofsuch recognition for tiger conservation. Some have argued that this is problematic as it willincrease conflict and opportunities for poaching; some also assert that "tigers and humanscannot exist".[3]Others argue that this is a limited perspective that overlooks the reality ofhuman-tiger coexistence and the role of abuse of power by authorities, rather than localpeople, in the tiger crisis. This position was supported by the Government of India's TigerTask Force, and is also taken by some forest dwellers' organisations.[4][5]

    Though Project Tiger once saved the tigers from extinction in India, today the Project facesmajor problems which are likely to critically endanger Indian tigers. [citation needed] Reports ofwidespread poaching of tigers in two of the premier Tiger Reserves of North India- Sariskaand Ranthambore is heartbreaking news for tiger lovers all around the world. Dr. Manmohan

    Singh, the Prime Minister of India, visited Ranthambore to review the condition and ordereda high level inquiry to book the culprits. A special committee of eminent ecologists andwildlife experts, under the direct supervision of the Prime Minister, has also been constitutedto find new ways to curb the menace of indiscriminate poaching of tigers in India.[citation needed]

    [edit] Future plans

    Wildlife protection and crime risk management in the present scenario requires a widelydistributedInformation Network, using state-of-the-art information andcommunicationtechnology. This becomes all the more important to ensure the desired level of protection infield formations to safeguard the impressive gains of a focused project like 'Project Tiger'.The important elements in wildlife protection and control are: Mapping/Plot

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    (graphics)plotting the relative spatial abundance of wild animals, identification of riskfactors, proximity to risk factors, 'sensitivity categorization', 'crime mapping' and immediateaction for apprehending the offenders based on effective networking and communication.

    Space technology has shown the interconnectivity of natural andanthropogenicphenomena

    occurring anywhere on earth. Several tiger reserves are being linked with the Project TigerDirectorate in theGISdomain for Wildlife Crime Risk Management. A 'Tiger Atlas of India'and a 'Tiger Habitat and Population Evaluation System' for the country is being developedusing state-of-the-art technology. This involves:

    Mapping, data acquisition and GIS modeling Field data collection and validation Data Maintenance, dissemination and use

    Satellitedata is being used and classified intovegetationand land use maps on a 1:50,000scale, with digitized data relating to contour, villages, roads, drainage, administrative

    boundaries and soil. The spatial layers would be attached with attribute data, viz. humanpopulation, livestock population, meteorological data, agricultural information and field datapertaining to wildlife, habitat for evolving regional protocols to monitor tigers and theirhabitat.

    Conservation of tigers and their prey species faces challenges from the need for income, lackof awareness, and lack of land use policy in landscapes having Tiger Reserves.

    [edit] See also

    List of tiger reserves in India

    [edit] References

    1. ^"Project Tiger Reserves",Project Tiger(National Tiger Conservation Authority, Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, Government of India),http://projecttiger.nic.in/map.htm

    2. ^Y.V. Jhala, R. Gopal, Q. Qureshi (eds.), ed (2008).Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey inIndia. TR 08/001. New Delhi: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India. pp. -151.http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf.

    3. ^Buncombe, A. (2007) The face of a doomed species The Independent, 31 October 2007online4. ^Government of India (2005) Tiger Task Force Reportonline5. ^Campaign for Survival and Dignity Tiger Conservation: A Disaster in the Makingonline

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