professor izhak rubin electrical engineering department ucla august 2005 [email protected]
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Unmanned-Vehicle Aided Multi-Tier Autonomous Intelligent Wireless Networks: Mobile Backbone Networks. Professor Izhak Rubin Electrical Engineering Department UCLA August 2005 [email protected]. FORCEnet Architecture using AINS Technologies. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Professor Izhak Rubin
Professor Izhak Rubin Electrical Engineering Department
UCLAAugust 2005
Unmanned-Vehicle Aided Multi-Tier
Autonomous Intelligent Wireless Networks:
Mobile Backbone Networks
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Professor Izhak RubinFORCEnet Architecture using AINS TechnologiesDevelopment of AINS system architecture for realizing FORCEnet using intelligent autonomous collaborating agents embedded in entities that perform communications networking, sensing, maneuvering and striking functions.
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Professor Izhak RubinAINS Innovative Networking Technologies enable a Network-Centric C4ISR Operation
Development of survivable and autonomously adaptable mobile communications network systems that support high quality transport of critical messaging flows and real-time streams in an adverse environment to enable network centric combat operations and warfare.
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Professor Izhak Rubin
Our Approach Breakthrough methods to guide intelligent
platforms to rapidly mitigate network system gaps, substantially re-constitute degraded configurations and enhance performance, at the right place at the right time.
Such methods include the autonomous layout and control of unmanned networked platform formations and UAV swarms in a multi-tier hierarchical mobile backbone networked infrastructure, and the formation of internets-in-the-sky.
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Professor Izhak Rubin
Our Innovative Networking Technologies: I
UV aided Mobile Backbone Networks (MBNs): Multi-tier adaptive autonomous networking
Robust survivable QoS Routing for mobile ad hoc wireless networks employing multi tier UV swarms
Architecture, infrastructure and approaches for the configuration of UAV platforms and swarms to jointly best support
Communications networking Sensing tasks Area search and surveillance
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Professor Izhak Rubin
Our Innovative Networking Technologies: II Power-control spatial-reuse Medium
Access Control (MAC) protocols and algorithms Integrated MAC scheduling, power control
and routing leading to significant enhancements in the throughput efficiency of shared radio channels
Integrated System Management (ISM) New paradigm in the design of system
management architecture that combines monitoring, control and resource allocations for C4ISR systems
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Professor Izhak RubinRobust Wireless Networking – Architecture and topology Synthesis Synthesis of a multi-tier (land, air
and sea based) mobile backbone network (MBN) New distributed algorithms to configure
the multi tier backbone network Dynamical adaptivity to failures,
application mixes and capacity requirements
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Professor Izhak Rubin
ANet 3
Hierarchical Configuration of UV-aided Mobile
Backbone Network (UV-MBN)
Backbone NodeGateway
ANet 1
ANet 2
ASPN 1ASPN 2
Professor Izhak Rubin
AINS based UV-aided Dynamically Reconfigurable
Network
UV aided Mobile Backbone Network Protocol (MBNP)
Quality of Service (QoS) UV-aided operation MBN based On Demand Routing with Flow Control (MBNR-FC) Swarm Networking
Fig. 4. Sample of Flow Blocking rates for flows of different classes using the IRI QoS based admission control mechanism
Mbns.exe
mbns.exe mbns.exe
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Professor Izhak Rubin
Illustration of our heterogeneous Mobile Backbone Network (MBN)
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Professor Izhak RubinUV aided Autonomous Mobile Backbone Network
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Professor Izhak Rubin
Backbone Construction
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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The MBN Topology Synthesis Algorithm (TSA)
Neighbor Discovery Every node exchange “Hello
Message” periodically. – Short timer
Every node updates its neighbor list periodically. – Long timer
Each node learns its 1-hop neighbor information and 2-hop BN neighbor information.
Association Algorithm Every node that is in a BCN state
or RN state attempts to associate with a BN with highest Weight.
The Weight of a node can be based on its ID, degree, congestion level, and a nodal/link stability measure.
If no acceptable neighboring BN is detected, try BCNs; If no BCN either, try RNs
HelloHello
HelloHello
HelloHello
HelloHelloHelloHello
HelloHelloHello
HelloHelloHello
HelloHello(BCN: 2,3)
Hello Message: ID, Weight, BN Neighbor List
(BCN: 1,3)
(BCN: 1,2,5,7)
(BCN: 3,6)
(BCN: 4,5,7)
(BCN: 6,7)
(BCN: 3,4,6)
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The MBN Topology Synthesis Algorithm (TSA)
BCN to BN Conversion Algorithm(1) Client coverage:
a BCN that receives an association request from a BCN or RN, converts itself to a BN.
(2) Connectivity of the BNet: A BCN node finds that by converting itself to a BN it will upgrade the Bnet connectivity.
BN to BCN Conversion Algorithm (1) All of its BN neighbors have at
least one common BN neighbor whose weight is higher than the weight of the underlying BN that is considering to convert.
(2) Each of its BCN clients have at least one other BN neighbor.
BN BN
BN
(BCN: 2,3)
(BCN: 1,3)
(BCN: 1,2,5,7)
(BCN: 3,6)
(BCN: 4,5,7)
(BCN: 6,7)
(BCN: 3,4,6)
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MBN Topology Synthesis Algorithm Convergence Time
The MBN topology synthesis algorithm convergence in constant time, of the order of O(1).
Convergence Time
0
5
10
15
20
25
100 200 300 400 500Number of Nodes
Num
ber o
f Cyc
les
TSA
w/ Rule 1 & 2 bound
Dai & Wu
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Total number of backbone nodes (BNs) in the network
The backbone network (Bnet) size is independent of the number of nodes in the network or the nodal density.
The backbone network (Bnet) size is only proportional to the area size.
Backbone Network Size
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100 200 300 400 500Number of Nodes
Num
ber o
f BN
s
TSA
Minimum
Dai & Wu
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Control Message Overhead of TSA
The control message overhead of TSA is independent of the number of nodes in the network or the nodal density.
Hello Message Rate (per node)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
100 200 300 400 500Number of Nodes
Rat
e (K
bps)
TSA
Dai & Wu
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Data Delivery Radio of 25 UDP flows
Data Delivery Ratio
0
20
40
60
80
100
100 200 300 400 500Number of Nodes
Del
ieve
ry R
atio
(%)
AODV
w/ Rule 1 & 2
Dai & Wu
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Average End-to-end Delay Performance
Average End-to-End Delay
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
100 200 300 400 500Number of Nodes
Del
ay (s
)AODV
w/ Rule 1 & 2
Dai & Wu
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Average Data Path LengthAverage Path Length
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
100 200 300 400 500Number of Nodes
Num
ber o
f Hop
sAODV
w/ Rule 1 & 2
Dai & Wu
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Average Path Length We expect the employment of the MBNR scheme to yield a longer average path
length value than that obtained under AODV (since routes are now established only across the backbone network). Interestingly, our simulation results indicate that the MBNR protocol does not always produce longer path lengths.
RREQ packets are transmitted as broadcast packets, when such a packet experiences collision, no MAC layer retransmission takes place. Consequently, if the network is already overwhelmed by RREQ storm, it is likely that a route will not be discovered in time or that a “non-shortest path route” will be selected
Average Path Length
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
BN Neighbor Limit
Path
Len
gth
(hop
s)
100 nodes200 nodes300 nodes
Average Path Length
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
BN Neighbor Limit
Path
Len
gth
(hop
s)
100 nodes200 nodes300 nodes
(a) Stationary network (b) Mobile network
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Professor Izhak RubinQoS based Robust Scalable Routing (MBNR)
MBN based Robust Routing protocols (MBNR) On-demand routing mechanism that uses selective control packet
forwarding (across the MBN) to discover routes Proactive routing for route establishment in smaller subnets and certain Access Nets
Unique MBN based Flow and Congestion control mechanism (MBNR-FC protocol) to preserve the quality of service (QoS) of established flows and to ensure that, under overloading conditions, only high priority flows are supported at desired QoS
Unique cross physical, MAC and network layer algorithms and protocols to ensure that the realistic nature of the wireless radio environment is dynamically incorporated into communications resource allocations and routing operations.
Effective use of UGV and UAV swarms to establish backbone routes and to distribute control packets
Hybrid backbone and non-backbone routing and flow/congestion control to efficiently utilize resources in areas that are not covered or are away from the mobile backbone and its UGV and UAV agents
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Professor Izhak Rubin
MBN Routing with Flow Control (MBNR-FC):Delay Jitter Performance Comparison among Different Protocols
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Network Performance: packet delay and delay jitter
Delay jitter vs. Traffic loading The delay jitter is reduced as traffic loading rate is increased (when
the network is not saturated). Explanation: route discovery produces a larger delay which is different from the delay experienced when the route is available.
When the network is congested, more route discovery attempts take place.
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Hybrid Routing Strategy Capacity utilization of pure MBNR-FC
When the number of BCNs is not able to form a backbone to cover the whole network area, backbone-only paths will limit the overall throughput capacity of the network.
Allowing both backbone routing and non-backbone routing could fully utilize the network capacity.
Long-distance traffic vs. Short-distance traffic Short-distance traffic obtains shorter path lengths by
routing through all type of nodes, while long-distance traffic does not.
Long-distance traffic obtains routing overhead reduction by routing through backbone network, while short-distance traffic does not.
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Delay-throughput performance of MBNR-FC/DA under 2-hop
Anets The delay-throughput performance with distance thresholds equal to 7 hops and
9-hops demonstrate a significant throughput capacity gain compared to that with distance threshold equal to 0-hops (which is obtained by pure MBNR-FC).
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Under Development: Adaptive Scheme for Distance threshold Selection
Adaptive scheme for distance threshold selection Execute in a distributed manner. Adjust the distance threshold according to the current traffic distribution.
Procedures: Each BN collects the congestion information of its own Anet: the number
of clients that are not eligible for participating in the route discovery process (i.e.; if they or their neighbors are congested.)
BNs that are within 2 hops from each other exchange their Anet congestion indices.
The obtained congestion information is used by each BN to compute a distance threshold dth which it broadcasts to its Anet clients
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Dr. Izhak Rubin
High Capacity QoS MAC Power-control spatial-reuse Medium
Access Control (MAC) protocols and algorithms Integrated MAC scheduling, power
control and routing leading to significant enhancements in the throughput efficiency of shared radio channels
Provision of quality of service (QoS) by prioritized scheduling and cross layer MAC/Networking operations
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Dr. Izhak Rubin
MAC Mechanisms Power control spatial reuse (PCSR)
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer operations Scheduling based QoS based MAC
mechanisms (such as: PCSR demand assigned TDMA / FDMA / CDMA)
Random access based PCSR techniques providing enhanced performance
Directional and omnidirectional operations PHY-MIMO driven power control MAC
operations Autonomous power control MAC
operations using UAV swarms
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Professor Izhak Rubin
8
9
1BN
2
64
3
7
5
Power: 1mWPower: 10mWPower: 50mWPower: 100mW
7 550mW
2 150mW
4 550mW
9 850mW
6 950mW
BN 710mW
BN 310mW
Slot 9Slot 8
2 61mW
9 110mW
BN 310mW
1 450mW
4 210mW
BN 310mW
1 910mW
6 410mW
BN 710mW
8 950mW
8 7100mW
9 250mW
6 150mW
5 350mW
3 550mW
Slot 6Slot 5Slot 3
9 110mW
Slot 1
2 410mW
BN 710mW
Slot 10Slot 7Slot 4Slot 2
Power ControlSpatial-ReuseMAC DA/TDMA
large increase
in spatial reuse factor
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Professor Izhak Rubin
Throughput Analysis of our Power Control Scheduling Algorithm (PCSA) and
alternative scheme (TPA) (for an illustrative network
with 10 active nodes)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27
Packet Generation Rate (packets/slot)
Thro
ughp
ut (p
acke
ts/s
lot)
PCSATPA,D=100mTPA,D=250mTPA,D=600mTPA,D=1000m
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Uniform Traffic1000*1000m area, 100 nodes, 30 flows,Fixed Routing In this experiment, we fix
the routing in advance so we can focus on understanding purely the characteristics of the 802.11MAC.
DPC offers a significantly betterThroughput-delay characteristicscompared to low power transmissions (blue) and regular 802.11 with no power control (green).
0
0.5
11.5
2
2.5
33.5
4
4.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Throughput (Kbps)
dela
y (s
ec)
Regular DPC LOW
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Localized TrafficBenefits of our distributed power control algorithm are especially apparent when trafficpatterns are localized.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Throughput (Kbps)
Del
ay (s
ec)
Regular DPC
400*400m area, 100 nodes, 15 flows,Fixed Routing
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Cross Layer Power Control based Topology Synthesis What is the optimal number of APs needed
for best network performance (in terms of throughput, delay, delay-jitter, packet loss ratio)? APs should not only be deployed to provide
coverage but also to accommodate different capacity needs of nodes
What is the optimal power to operate at? When is it useful to employ “Cell Splitting” and
get new APs or “Soft APs” (a laptop configured to work as an AP) into the network?
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Adaptation of AP / BN selection to the traffic profile
Throughput vs. Number of AP
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5Throughput (Mbps)
AP
Short Range Long Range
When using power controlthe number of APs deployedShould depend on theTraffic characteristics in theNetwork.
When the traffic is mostlyLong distance, it’s better toEmploy a fewer number ofAPs, and vice versa.
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On going developments: Simulation Results for Hybrid TDMA/CSMA
Experiment with three APs, 9 flows, 3 of which are inter-AP flows. Case 1: Hybrid schemeCase 2: Regular 802.11We can clearly see that the hybrid scheme delivers significant throughput and delay benefits over the regular, non power controlled IEEE802.11Note: inter-AP flows can traverse paths that are as long as 3 hops
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Professor Izhak RubinIntegrated System Management (ISM)
New paradigm in the design of system management architecture that combines monitoring, control and resource allocations for C4ISR systems
Hierarchical Integrated System Management and control architecture using nodal, subnetwork and system wide monitors and control elements
Monitoring attributes and Management Information Bases (MIBs) for communications, sensing, UV, maneuverable and strike segments
ISM algorithms for joint resource, performance, failure and topology management of MBN based C4ISR systems using UAV swarms
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Professor Izhak Rubin
Integrated System Manager
Integrated NetworkManager - MBN
Integrated NetworkManager - Sensor
Integrated NetworkManager - UAV
BNs RNs GCSNodesUGVs
MIB
MIB MIB
MIBMIB MIB
MIB
MIB MIB
Sensor Proxy UAV Proxy
Cloudcap
ITM1
ITM2
UAV
Integrated System Management: system configuration
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Professor Izhak RubinIntegrated System ManagementIllustration of ISM display of status of communications, sensing and UAV networked systems
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Professor Izhak Rubin
ISM: Topology Display
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Professor Izhak Rubin
ISM: Traffic Graph Display
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Professor Izhak RubinOn-Going & Planned Research Works Power control spatial reuse MACs
Hybrid MAC for meshed architectures Topology Synthesis of the Backbone
Networks Characterization and tuning of the algorithms;
performance features and comparisons; stability and efficiency adaptations
MBN based QoS Routing Development and analysis of the hybrid
MBNR-FC/DA scheme
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Professor Izhak Rubinoutstanding research works UAV and UGV aided networking UAV swarms Cross Layer networking
Distributed cross-layer PCSR MACs Integrated power control MACs and MBN based QoS
routing Phy / MAC / Link / Network and topology synthesis cross
layer protocols and algorithms Performance analyses and simulations under a
multitude of multimedia applications and C4ISR scenarios
Incorporation of QoS oriented network management schemes
Energy aware MBN based networking