production possibility curve

1 | P a g e P r o d u c t i o n P o s s i b i l i t y C u r v e

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wl=frka wl=r'''

jpkfhka jpkh'''

mshjfrka mshjr'''

irihg mdr lshk"

wdl oHdf kj l,dj'

Prasad Chinthana B.Sc.(Acc)sp(Ug) CASL- Reading for finalist AAT & IBSL Econ Lecture, Genius School of Professionals, Kurunagela .

Voice: 0717-181835


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ksIAmdok yelshdj

hfok,o ld,mfcaohla ;=, wdlhla i;= ishu im;a mj;akd ;laIKh hgf;a lhlaIu f,i Wmfhdackh l, g ,nd.; yels ksuejq uguhs'

fuh Nj ksuejqu fyj;a ksIAmdok Od;djh f,i o yeoska f'

^ h fok ,o wjia:djl wdlh i;=j wdlh i;= im;a iNdrh

N=h" Y%uh" m%d.aOKh yd jHjidhl;ajh& f,i mj;akd im;a f;d.h hs'

iy ^fhojq tallhlska ,nd.; yels Wmu ksuejq idOl M,odhs;dj

m%udKh hs'& rgl ksIAmdok yelshdj ;SrKh lrk idOl f'

wdlhl ksIAmdok yelshdj w;alr .ekSu i|yd bgqh hq;= fldkafois'

j;udk ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSug yelshdj we;s ishu im;a ksIAmdokhg fhdod .ekSu'

ish,qu im;a tajdfha Nj M,odhs;dj ,efnk wdldrhg Nd;d lsu$Wmu lhlaIu f,i Nd;d lsu'


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ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h (Production Possibility Curve )

h fok,o wjia:djl iudch i;= ishu im;a mj;akd ;laIKh hgf;a Wmu lhlaIu;djhlska Nd;d l, g NdKAv j. follska ksIAmdokh l, yels O ksIAmdok ixfhda. ^l,am ksuejq ug& m%ia:drhlska oelsuhs'

tk mqK fiajd kshqla;sh yd mqK ksIAmdokh hk fldkafois folu bgqjk mos ,nd.; yels ksuejquls'

by; m%ia;drhg igyk wkqj"

ishu im;a lhlaIuj lels ksIAmdokhg fh g lels f.

10la ksmoh yelsh' tag jglald ksmoh fkdyelsh' A ixfhda.fhka oelafjkafka tu ;;a;ajhhs'

ishu im;a lhlaIuj jglald ksIAmdokhg fh g jglald

f. 5la ksmoh yelsh' tag lels ksmoh fkdyelsh' F ixfhda.fhka oelafjkafka tu ;;a;ajhhs'

lels yd jgdlald hk folu ksmoug im;a fho jq g ksmoh

yeks O NdKAv ixfhda. rdYshla oelssh yelsh' B,C,D,E ixfhda.hkaf.k oelafjkafka tu ;;a;ajhhs'

lels ^tll&

jgdlald ^tll &


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ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hla ksudKfh oS fhdod.kq ,nk Wml,amk'

i,ldn,k ld,h ;=, wdlh i;= im;a iNdrh ia:djr nj'

iudch i;= ksIAmdok idOl iNdrh wod< ld,h ;=, m%udK;aulj yd .=Kd;aulj fjkia fkdjk nj ka woyia f'

wod, ld,h ;=< ;laIKh fkdfjkiaj mj;sk nj'

NdKAv yd fiajd ksIAmdokfha oS fhdod .kakd l%u Ys,am iy oHd;aul yd l


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A NdKAvh tall 20-30 olajd je lsf oS wdka;sl wdjial msjeh'

leml, ksuejq m%udKh

wdka;sl wdjial msjeh = je jk ksuejq m%udKh

= - 5/10

= - 0.5

- 0'5ka woyia lrkfha" A ksIAmdokokh ^1& je lsugk B

ksIAmdokfhka tll hq;= njhss'

B NdKavh tall 10- 15 olajd je lsf oS wdka;sl wdjial msjeh" leml, ksuejq m%udKh

wdka;sl wdjial msjeh = je jk ksuejq m%udKh

= - 10/5

= - 2

-2 woyia lrkqfha" B ksIAmdokokh ^1& je lsugk A

ksIAmdokfhka tll hq;= njhss'

uis,af,ka ks'ye' jl%h foi n,kak

wmsg NdKAv foflu ksIAmdokh tljr je lsug mqjka o @

neye fkao @ wmsg wfma ksIAmdokh je lrkak im;a wms , keye"

t ksid ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h

u; tla NdKAvhl ksIAmdokh jel,

yelsfla wfkla NdKAvfha ksIamdokh

wvq lsfuka muKs'


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wdka;sl wdjial msjeh u.ska ksIAmdok yelshd jl%fha nejqu ksrEmkh jk nj Tmamq lsu'

fLdjl nEjqu my; mos .Kkh l< yels h'

isria r nEjqu ;sria r by; igyk wkqj"

isria r = 10

;sria r = -5

nEjqu =

= -10$5

= -2

u;l ;shd .kak'

p,Hka m%;sreoao osYdjg fjkia

jk neka ksIAmdok yelshd

jl%fha nEjqu iEu gu iDK

w.hla .kS" thska woyia lrkqfha

ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h u; tla

NdKAvhl ksIAmdokh je lsf

oS iEu gu wfkla NdKAvfhka

ksIAmdokh wvq lsug isjk

njhs'

You Can Do Now A/L 2008

h fok ,o wjia:djl ;uka i;= ishu ksIAmdok im;a Nd;d fldg l=rlalka iy nv b= muKla j.d lrkq ,nk f.dhl=f.a ksIAmdok yelshd my; i|yka j.=f fmkakq lrhs'

l=rlalka ^nqi,a& nvb= ^ nqi,a&

0 10 20 30 40

55 50 42 28 0

oekg l=rlalka nqi,a 20la iy nvb= nqi,a 42la ksIAmdokh lrka isk tu f.dhd ;j;a jemqr l=rlalka nqi,a 10la kaIAmdokh lsug ;SrKh lrkq ,enqjfyd;a tys wdjil msjeh'

' nvb= nqi,a 5 ls' ' nvb= nqi,a 8 ls' 'nvb= nqi,a 14 ls' ' nvb= nqi,a 1'4 ls' ' nvb= nqi,a 28 ls'


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ksIAmdok yelshd uhs jl%hl yevh fyj;a nEjqu yd wdjial msjeh w;r inkaOh

ksIAmdok yelshd uhs jl%hl yevh ;SrKh jkqfha wdjial msjefha yeisu u;h' ia:djr" jejk yd wvqjk hkqfjka wdka;sl wdjial msjefha iajrEm ;=kls' ta wkqj ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl% my; iajrEmhkaf.ka hqla; f'

ia:djr wdjial msjeh hgf;a ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu

jefvk wdjial msjeh hgf;a ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu'

wvq jk wdjial msjeh hgf;a ksIAmdok ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu'

ia:djr wdjial msjeh hgf;a

ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu jl%h ir,

fh f'

jefvk wdjial msjeh hgf;a

ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu msg;g

fkrdhEula fmkakq lrk w;r tys

nEjqu ^ wdjial msjeh& l%ufhka by<

k.S' tk ksIamdok yelshd udhs jl%h

uq,hg wj;, iajrEmhla .kS'

Wiia fm< Ih ksfoaYfha fkdue;


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ia:djr wdjial msjeh

ksIamok yelshd jl%h u; tla NdKavhl ksIAmdokh iudk tall j,ska je lrk g ta fjkqfjka wfkla NdKavfhka lem lsug isjk m%udKh fyj;a wdka;sl wdjial msjeh ia:djrj mej;Su hs'

ia:djr wdjial msjeh hgf;a woskq ,nk ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h

jf isg ol=Kg ^my;g& nEjq jk ir, fLdjls' fuu jl%fha nEjqu iEu

,laIHhl oS u ia:djr w.hla .kS'

X tallhl wdjia:s -

msrsjeh iEu gu Y tall 0'5 ls'

Y tallhl wdjia:s -

msrsjeh iEu gu X tall 2

XX NdKavfha ksIAmdokh je lsfys wdjial msjeh ksIAmdok ixfhda.h

X NdKav ^tall&

Y NdKAv ^tall&

A 0 25

B 10 20

C 20 15

D 30 10

E 40 5

F 50 0

YNdKavfha ksIAmdokh je lsfys wdjial msjeh ksIAmdok ixfhda.h

X NdKav ^tall&

Y NdKAv ^tall&

F 0 50

E 5 40

D 10 30

C 15 20

B 20 10

A 25 0


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wdjial msjeh ia:djr ug fya;=

im; iucd;sh^mqK wdfoaY& u tk"kEu NdKav folla ksIAmdokh lsu i|yd mj;akd im;a tl yd iudk ldhlaIu;djhlska iy taldld f,i Nd; l< yels u hs' Wod- Y%uh iucd;sh jk g tla Y%lfhl= fjkqfjka fjk;a Y%lfhl= wfoaY l< o" lemlrk ksuejqu fyda wdjial msjeh fjkia fkdf'

ludka; fol w;r ksIAmdok Ys,am l%u tlska tlg iudk u'

u;l ;shd .kak"

ksIAmdokfha wdjial msjeh ia:djr u t;r i;H Wml,amkhla fkdf'

tk ia:djr wdjial mssjeh ;;a;ajhla iEu gu ;d;al fkdf'

jejk wdjial msjeh

ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h u; tla NdKAvhl ksIAmdokh iudk tall j,ska jelrk g ta fjkqfjka wfkla NdKavfhka lemlsug isjk m%udKh fyj;a wdka;sl wdjial msjeh l%ufhka je uhs

XY NdKavfha ksIAmdokh je lsfys wdjial msjeh ksIAmdok ixfhda.h

Y NdKav ^tall&

X NdKAv ^tall&

A 0 5

B 10 4

C 18 3

D 24 2

E 28 1

F 30 0

XX NdKavfha ksIAmdokh je lsfys wdjial msjeh

ksIAmdok ixfhda.h

X NdKav ^tall&

Y NdKAv ^tall&

A 0 30

B 1 28

C 2 24

D 3 18

E 4 10

F 5 0


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by; j.=j wkqj f.dvk.k ,o ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h my; mos f'

- X NdKAv tallhl wdjial msjeh f' X ksIAmdokh l%ufhka jelrk g tys wdka;sl wdjial msjeh l%ufhka je f'

- YNdKAv tallhl wdjial msjeh f' Y ksIAmdokh l%ufhka jelrk tys wdka;sl wdjial msjeh l%ufhka je f'

You Can Do Now

X iy Y ksmojk wd:lshl wdjial msjeh ia:djrj mj;akd wjia:d ykd .kak' (A/L-2002)

' X iy Y im wdfoaYl f'

' X tallhla ksmou i|yd leml< hq;= Y tall m%udKh fkdfjkiaj mj;S'

' ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu uq,hg W;a;, f'

' NdKAv foflysu iemhqu jl% ;sria ir, fh f'

' NdKav foflysu ksIAmdok msjefhys ia:djr msjeh jeo.;a fldgila f'

- wdfoaYlhla hkq lsish NdKavhla fjkqjg Nd;d l< yels fjk;a NdKavhls' Wod( f;a j,g fldms wdfoaYl f'

- ia:djr msjeh lshkafka lsish NdKAvhla ksIAmdokh lsug hkq;% iq;%" f.dv ke.s,s wdos ia:djr j;al fjkqfjka ork msjeh hs'


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wdjial msjeh jeug fya;='

ksIAmdok im;a fyda idOl iucd;sh fkdu'

tla idOlhla fjkqjg fjk;a idOlhla mqK jYfhka wdfoAY lsug fkdyels njhs'

O NdKAv yd fiajd ksIAmdokfh oS fhdod .kakd ksIAmdok l%u Ys,am fjkia u' ^ fjk;a ;laIKsl l%u fohla fhdod .eksu&

lsish NdKAvhla ksIamdokh lsu i|yd jvd;a fhd.H im;la" fjk;a NdKAvhla ksIAmdokh lsug t;r fhd.H fkdu'

u;l ;shd .kak"

jejk wdjial msjeh" jvd;a ;d;a;al ;;a;ajhla neka th jejk

wdjial msjeh kS;sh f,i o ykajkq ,ef'

You Can Do Now

01' ia:djr wdjial msjeh ksIAmdok yelshd udhs rEm igykl fmkajkak' ^1998&

02' ksIAmdok yelshd udhsfuys jeo.;a m%dfhda.sl Nd;hla k wdjial msjeh ixl,amh meyeos,s lsu hs' uq,hg wj;, udhs jl%hla wdY%fhka wdjial msjeh bosm;a l< yels wdldrh;a th ueksh yels wdldrh;a meyeos,s lrkak'^1999&

03' uq,hg wj;, jq ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%hlska" ksIamdok im;aj, iajNdjh iy wdjial msjeh ms


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Time for News

oekq wdlh ms


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ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h fjkia u fyj;a ;eka u'

wms ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h ksudKh lf


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ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ;eka ug n,mdk idOl

1' im;a iemhqf isjk jeula

Wod - rgl ck.ykh ld,h;a iu jeju fy;=fjka trfgys Y%u iemhqu iy jHjidhl;a;j iemhqu by< hdu'

- ld,h;a iu rgl m%d.aOk f;d.h je u

2' ;dlaIKsl oshqKqjla

;dlaIKsl oshqKQj ksid ksIAmdokh jvd;a ldhlaIu u ;=


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ksIamdok yelshd jl%h jug ;eka h yels wjia:d'

is,a hqoaOhla fya;= fldgf.k ludka;Yd,d" uydud." h ud." md, wdos fm!.aOk NdKAv kdY u'

N+lmd" kdhhE" iqkd jHikh" jeks iajdNdl jHjikhla u; iajNdl im;a yd wfkl=;a im;a kdY hdu'

hqoaOhlaa" jix.;hla jeks fya;= u; Y%u n,ldfha fldgila ydks meKsu'

Y%u M,odhs;df wvq ula ;dlaIKsl msysula' wdl mydkshla'

ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h tla wxYhlska muKla ;eka u'

ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%hla fjkia jug n,mdk idOl tla ksIamdok wxYhlg muKla n,mkq ,nhsk ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h ;eka fjkqfha tla wxYhlska muKs' fuho ol=Kg fyda jug ;eka ula h yelsh'

ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h tla wxYhlska muKla ol=Kg ;eka u'

im;a iNdrh jeula yd ;laIKsl oshqKqjla isjkafka ljr NdKAv j.hla inkaOfhka o hkak u; ksIAmdok mudj jejk wxYh ;SrKh f'

1' lDIs wxYfha ;laIKsl oshqKqjla

wdl miqneisul b;d W.% ;;ajhka wms

mydkshla jYfhka ykajhs'

ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h lDIs

wxfhka muKla ol=Kg ;eka

we;'

tk ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h P isg P1

olajd ldIs wxYfhka muKla ol=Kg

;ek we;'


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2' ldl NdKAv ksIAmdokh i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk im;a iNdrfha by< hdula"

ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h tla wxYhlska muKla jug ;eka u'

wod< NdKAv j.h ksmo ug fhdod .kakd im;a wvqula fyda tu wxYfha M,odhS;dj my; jeula ksid tu NdKAvh oelafjk wlaIfhka muKla ksIamdok yelshd jl%h jug ;eka h yelsh'

1' mdfNda.sl NdKAv ksIamdok wxYfha Y%u M,odhs;dj wvq ula'

ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h ldl

wxfhka muKla ol=Kg ;eka

we;'

tk ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h P isg P1

olajd ldl wxYfhka muKla

ol=Kg ;ek we;'

ksIamdok yelshd udhsu PP isg

P1 olajd m%d.aOk NdKAvh

oelafjka wxYfhka muKla jug

;eka we;'


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2' m%d.aOk ksIAmdok wxYfha ;laIKsl msysula'

You Can Do Now

01' ksIAmdok yelh jl%h ol=Kg ;eka l< yels idOl folla i|yka lrkak (A/L 1997)

02' my; oelafjk ;;a;ajhka ksIAmdok yelshd udhs rEm igykaj, fmkajkak' (A/L 1998)

- wdfhdackh jeula ksid ksIAmdok jOkhla - ium;a Wmfhdckh jeula ksid ksIAmdokh jeula

03' X yd Y k jq NdKav j. folla muKla ksmeofjk ir, wdlhl ksIAmdok yelshd

udhsu flfrys my; oelafjk is n,mdkafka flfia o @ (A/L2000)

' ludka;h kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .kS

' wdlhlg foaY wdfhdack .,d tau je f'

' llrejka mqyqKq lsu ksid Y ludka;fha Y%u M,odhs;dj by< hhs'

' is,a hqoaOhla ksid wdl h;, myiql j,g ydks meKsu

' wdl mydkshla ksid cd;sl ksIamdokh my, jef'

M,odhs;dj hkq fhojqula i;= ksuejq yslsf yelshdj fyj;a ksIaomdk Yla;shhs' tk fhojqlg ,nd .; yels ksuejqu m%udKh hs'


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ksIAmdok yelshd jl%fha m%fhdack

ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hlska iqlaIu fukau idj wdl ixl,am lsysmhlau ksrEmKh l< yelsh' f hgf;a oelah yels wdl ixl,am jkqfha"

1' yslu m%Yakh wdY%s; ixl,am ksrEmKh lsu'

wdl oHdf flakash m%Yakh jk yslu m%Yakh wYs%; ixl,am ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h yryd ksrEmKh l< yels neka ksIAmdo yelshd jl%h b;d m%n, YAf,aIK WmlrKhla f,i yeoskaf'

2' wdl lhidOkh ksrEmKh lsu'

3' wfkl=;a wdl p,Hhka ksrEmKh lsu'

by; ixl,am ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hla yryd ksrEmKh l< yels wldr lsysmhls'

ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hg msg;ska fyj;a ol=K;ska msys ,laIHhlska ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu u; ,laIHhlska fyda ,laIH j,ska ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hg we;=,;ska fyj;a j miska msys ,laIHhlska


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yslu ixl,amh ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hlska ksrEmKh lsu'

h fok,o wjia:djl wis; ksia jqjukdjkag ifmalaIj im;a m%udKh iS; u yslu k f' mj;akd im;a iNdrh hgf;a ,dh yels Wmu ksIAmdok ixfhda. ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hg iSud f'

tneka ksIAmdok yelshd jl%fhka msg; fyj;a ol=Kska we;s ,lIHhlska fmkakq flfrk NdKAv ixfhda.hla mj;akd im;a iNdrh yd ;laIKh hgf;a wdlhg w;am;alr .; fkdyelsh'

tuksid ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hg msg;ska w|skq ,nk w;alr.; fkdyels NdKAv ixfhda.hla u.ska oelafjk ,lIHhlska yslu ksrEmKh lrhs'

,laIh u.ska oelafjk NdKAv ixfhda.hla ,d lr .ekSug wd:Slhg jqjukd jqjo" mj;akd im;a iS; u ksid th isl, fkdyelsh

You Can Do Now

1' ksIAmdok yelshd uhs jl%h yslu fmkakq lrkafka flfia o@ Tf ms


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f;au hk ixl,amh ksrEmKh lsu

im;a ysu yd tu im;aj, l,am Nd;hka mj;sk neka tu im;a Nd;d lr" ksmojkafka l=ula o@ hkak ;SrKh lsu f;au f,i ykaj hs'

by; ksIamdok yelshd udhs

u; jq A,B,C l,am ksIAmdok NdKav ixfhda. w;=frka tla ,laIhla muKla f;dard .eksug is f'


01'ksIamdok yelshd udhsul lsish ,laIHhlska l=ula oela o@

- wdlhla ;=< mj;akd ishu im;a mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a Wmu ldhlaIu;djhlska n;d l, g NdKAv j. follska ksmoh yels l,am ksIAmdok ixfhda. w;=ka tla ixfhda.hls'

02' ksIamdok yelshd udhsul yevh fyj;a nEjqu l=uk lreKq u.ska ;SrKh f o @

- ksIAmdok yelshd udhsul yevhla fyj;a nEjqu ;SrKh jkafka wdjial msjefha yeisu u;h' tk wdjial msjeh ia:djro jefo ySkfo hkak u;h'

- tk wdjial msjeh ia:djr w.hla .kakd g ksIAmdok yelshdj ir, fh f' wdjial msjeh jef k tysos ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%fha yevh uq,hg wj;, f' ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h uq,hg W;a;, yevhla .ksk tysos yskjk wdjial msjeh ;;a;ajhla mj;s'


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wdl ldhlaIu;dj ( Economics Efficiency)

iudcfha csj;ajk ksiqkaf.a jqjukd imqrd,Su i|yd wdlfha iS; im;a ldhlaIuj Wmfhdackh lsu wdl ldhlaI;dj hk ixl,amfhka woyia f' wdlhl ldhlaIu;djh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais fol ls'

1' ksIAmdokfha lhlaIu;dj

2' im;a fnoShdf ldhlaIu;dj

ksIAmdokfha ldhlaI;dj ( Production Efficiency )

lsish im;a m%udKhlska Wmu ksuejqula ,efnk wdldrhg im;a Nd;d lsu fyda lsish ksuejq ugula wju im;a m%udKhlska ,nd .eksu ksIAmdok lhlaIu;djhhs'

ke;fyd;a wju msjehlska NdKAv yd fiajd ksIAmdoh lsuhs'

ksIAmdok lhlaIudj i|yd fldkafoais folla bgqh hq;= h'

1' mqK fiajd kshqla;sh

j;udk ksIAmdokhg fhdod.; yels ishu im;a ksIAmdokhg fhdod .ekSu hs' 2' mqK ksIAmdokh

ishu im;a tajdfha Nj M,odhs;dj ,efnk wdldrhg Nd;d lsu hs'

wdlh mqK fiajd kshqla;sh yd mqK ksIAmdokh w;alr .kska mqK ksIAmdokhla ,nd.kakd g ksIAmdok lhlaI;dj idlaId;a f' fun wjia:djl wdlh yeisfrkqfha ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h u; ,laIHhl f' t neka ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h u; kEu ,laIHhlska fmkakq lrkafka ksIAmdok lhlaIu;dj hs'

u;l ;shd.kak

mqK fiajd kshqla;sh yd mqK

ksIAmdokh w;am;a lr.;a wlhlg

tla NdKAvhl ksIAmdokh jel,

yelsfla ta fjkqfjka wfkla NdKAvfha

ksIAmdokh lemlsfuka muKs'

A,B, C hk kEu

,laIHhlska fmkakq

lrkafka ksIAmdok

lhlaIu;djhhs'


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im;a fnoShdf ldhlaIu;dj (Allocative Efficiency)

im;a foshdf lhlaIu;dj hkq iudchg jvd;a jqjukd lrk ^ leue;a;la olajk& NdKAv yd fiajd ixfhda.h ksmou i|yd ys im;a Nd;d l, hq;= njhs'

iEu NdKavhlau wdka;sl msjeh ta ta NdKavfha ,g iudk jk g

( Mc = P) im;a fnoShdf ldhlaIu;dj ;yqre f'

ksIAmdok yelshd udhsu u; m%Yia; NdKav ixfhda.h f;dard .ekSu u.ska wdl ldhlaIu;dj ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h u.ska ksrEmKh l< yel'

ksIAmdok yelshd jl%fha kEu

,laIHhl ksIamdokfha

ldhlaIu;dj ;yjqre jqjo"

im;a fnoShdf ldhlIu;dj

bgq jkafka ta w;=ka tla

,laIHhloS muKs' tk

ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u;

msys B ,laIfhka muKs' fuh

iudchSh we.hsu yd wNsu;h

u; ;SrKh jqj ls'


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01' wdl im;a Nd;h ldhlaIu u i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais ljf o@

- wdl im;a Nd;h ldhlaIu u i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais fol ls' ' ksIAmdok lhlaIu;dj w;am;a lr .eksu' 2' im;a fnod fjkalsf lhlaIu;dj w;alr .eksu

- ksIAmdok ldhlaIu;dj ksIAmdok lhlaIu;dj hkqfjka woyia lrkafka lsish fhojqulaks Wmu ksuejq m%udKhla ,nd .eksu fyda lsish ksuejq uula wju fhojq m%udKhlska ,nd .ekSuhs' tn ;;a;ajhla mj;sk g fjk;a NdKAvhl ksuejqu wvq fkdlg ;j;a Ndkavhl ksuejqu jel, yels fkdf'ka woyia lrkafka wdlh ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h u; lghq;= lrk njh'

- im;a fnod fjkalsf ldhlaIu;dj im;a fnod fjkalsf lhlaIu;dj hkafkka woyia lrkafka iudchg jvd;a jqjukd lrk ^jrKh lrk& NdKAv yd fiajd ksIAmdokh lsug ys im;a fnod fjkal< hq;= njhsz

- iEu NdKAvhlu wdka;sl msjeh ta ta NdKavfha ,g iudk jk g (Mc=P) im;a fnod fjka lsf ldhlaIu;dj ;yqre f'

Past perpas hits

je jYfhka

wjOdkh fhduqlr

we;'


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ksIamdok yelshd jl%fhka we;=


wdl oHdf kj l,dj

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im;a Nd;h wldhlaIu u

Wod(-

- l


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wdl jDoa l%shdj,sh

ksIAmdok yelshdj fyj;a Nj ksuejqf wLKAv by< hdula wdl jOkh k f'

fuysoS ksIAmdok yelshd udhs jl%h ld,h;a iu wLKavj ol=Kg ;eka f' ld,h;a iu rf im;a iNdrh fyda ;laIKh fyda ta folu fyda by< hdu ;=


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wiu;=,s; wdl jDoah

wdl jOk m%udKh uek ne,Su

- ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ;eka jq m%udKh m%;sY;hla f,i uek oelau ;=


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wdl miqneiSu yd wdl wjmd;h

wdl miqneiSu

lsish rgl uq; ksIAmdokh" fiajd kshqla;sh yd wdodh ugu udi lsysmhlg jvd je ld,hla ;siafia my; jefgka mj;akd ;;a;ajhls'

ke;fyd;a

lsish rgl uq; o< foaYSh ksIAmdos;h wLKav j ld;= follg jvd je ld,hla my< jefgka mj;sk ;;a;ajhla wdl miqneiSula f,i ykd .ks'

lsish wdlhla wdl miqnEisulg uqyqK kag tu wdlh ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h we;=


wdl oHdf kj l,dj

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wdl wjmd;h ^mydksh&

wdl miqneiaf W;u wjia:dj wdl wjmd;h fyj;a wdl mydksh hs' th os.=ld,sk ixisoah ls' fujeks wjia:djlos m%d.aOk f;d.h ydksh yels fukau ;dlaIKsl miqneisula o ish yelsh' tneka wdlfha ksIAmdok yelshdj wvq f' ksiamdok yelshd jl%h we;=


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wdl indOl fya;=fjka im;a iNdrhg fyda ;dlaIKhg ydkshla is fkd iuia; b,afuys wvqula jqfha k" jl%h we;=


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j;udk f;au iyd wkd.; ksIAmdok yelshdjka

j;udkfha oS wdlfha im;a idfmalaIj je m%udKhla m%d.aOk NdKAv ksIAmdokh i|yd wdfhdackh lrkq ,nqfjdfyd;a wdlfha ksIamdok Od;dj m%idrKh wkd.; Nj ksuejqu Yd, jYfhka jOkhla fmkakq lrkq we;' wkd.; ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h j;udk ksIAmdok yelshd jl%hg jvd Yd, jYfhka ol=Kg ;eka jkq we;'

wks;a w;g" j;udkfha oS m%d.aOk NdKAv i|yd je jYfhka im;a wdfhdackh fkdfldg j;udk mfNdackh i|yd im;a Yd, jYfhka fhdod.kq ,enqjfyd;a tu wdlfha wkd.; ksIamdok yelshdf jOkh b;d iSudiys; m%udKhla jkq we;' wkd.; ksIAmdok yelshd jl%h ol=Kg ;eka jqjfyd;a ;eka jkqfha u| jYfhks'

by; ksIAmdok yelshd udhsug wkqj fros j,ska m%udKhla wmkhkh lr " ;srs. j,ska m%udKhla wdkhkh lsrSfuka fuu wdlhg yelshd udhsfuka

ol=K;ska msys B ,laIH u; mdfNdack ugu mj;ajd .; yel'


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01' Yd, im;a m%udKhla j;udkfha mfNdac.sl NdKav ksIamdokhg fhduqlrk wdlhla'

02' Yd, im;a m%udKhla j;udkfha m%d.aOk NdKav ksIamdokhg fhduqlrk wdlhla'

2014 oS A ,laIHh u; ksIAmdokh flfrk

neka 2020 oS ,d lr.; yelafla iq

wdl jOkhls'

2014 oS A ,laIHh u; ksIAmdokh

flfrk neka 2020 oS by< wdl

jOkhla ,d lr.; yelsh'

by< wdl jDoahla ,.dlr .eksf

wjial msjeh jYfhka judk

mfNdackh lem lsu oelah yelsh'

ta wkqj ys im;a j;udkfha oS

mfNdckh fj;ska wdfhdckhg ;eka

lsfuka wdl jDoah ls%hdj,sh

f.j;a lr.; yelsh'


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Note

...

...

...

...

production possibility curve

Documents

o wjia

i t y c u r v e wdl

o yeoska f

yels o ksiamdok ixfhda

e ixfhda

ima indrh n

yels h isria r nejqu

h foi n