proceedings of the xihth international … · proceedings of the xihth international congress of...
TRANSCRIPT
PROCEEDINGS of the XIHth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS of LINGUISTS, August 29-September 4, 1982, Tokyo
Published under the auspices of the CIPL (The Hague)
E d i t o r s : S h i r ö H A T T O R I Kazuko I N O U E
Associate E d i t o r s : T a d a o S H I M O M I Y A
Yoshio N A G A S H I M A
Actes du X I I I 0 congres international des linguistes Akten des X I I I . Internationalen Linguistenkongresses Atti del X I I I . congresso internazionale dei linguisti Dai ΧΙΙΙ-kai kokusai gengogakusha kaigi rombunshü
Edited and published Hiroya F L J I S A K I Kinsuke HASEGAWA Shiro H A T T O R I J i ro I K E C A M I
by the Proceedings 1
Yoshihiko I K E C A M I Kazuko I N O U E Kunihisa I Z U M I Haj ime K I T A M U R A
ishing Committee:
Tetsuya K U N I H I R O Felix L O B O Katsumi MATSUMOTO Tamotsu M A T S U N A M I
Yoshio NAGASHIMA Tsuyoshi NARA Takao O O E Tadao S H I M O M I Y A
Tokyo 1983
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
T i t l e Page ι Organ iza t ion n Summary T a b l e of Contents i n H i s t o r y of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress of Linguis ts (1928-1982) i n Synopsis of the X H I t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress of L inguis t s ( T o k y o 1982) i v Preface S h i r ö H a t t o r i ν L i s t of Previous Proceedings (1930-1978) v m D e t a i l e d T a b l e o f Contents χ C o m i t e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Permanent des Linguistes x x n Official ly Represented Universi t ies , Academies and Scientific Societies . . x x v L i s t of Par t ic ipants x x v m
G R E E T I N G S A N D C L O S I N G ADDRESSES
O p e n i n g Session
Greetings by S h i r ö H a t t o r i , President of the Congress 3 Greetings by Shigeo Kawamoto , President o f the L i n g u i s t i c Society of
Japan 4 Greetings by Robe r t H . Robins , President of the Comi te I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Permanent des Linguis tes 5 T h e Address o f H i s I m p e r i a l Highness the C r o w n Pr ince o f Japan . . . . 6 Congra tu la to ry Message by H e i j i Ogawa, M i n i s t e r of Educat ion , Science
and C u l t u r e 8 Congra tu la to ry Message by K o j i F u s h i m i , President of the Science Coun
c i l of Japan 10
Clos ing Session
Clos ing Address by S h i r ö H a t t o r i 12 Address at Clos ing Ceremony by R . H . Rob ins 13 Address at Clos ing Ceremony by Kazuko I n o u e , Secretary-General of the
Congress 16
P L E N A R Y SESSIONS
Plenary Session 1: Syntax a n d Semantics
T a l m y G i v o n : Language, F u n c t i o n and T y p o l o g y 19 Susumu K u n o : Pr inciples of Discourse De le t i on 30 Masayoshi Shiba tan i : T o w a r d an Unde r s t and ing of the T y p o l o g y and
F u n c t i o n o f Case-Marking 42
Plenary Session 2: Syntax
A n t o i n e C u l i o l i : R ö l e des representations metal inguis t iques en syntaxe 59
χ
Table of Contents XI
S i m o n C. D i k : Some Basic Pr inciples of F u n c t i o n a l G r a m m a r 74 R i c h a r d H u d s o n : W o r d G r a m m a r 89 T h o m a s Wasow, I v a n A . Sag, Geoffrey N u n b e r g : I d i o m : A n I n t e r i m
Repor t 102
Plenary Session 3: Semantics
Olga A k h m a n o v a : Semantics 116 M a n f r e d Bierwisch : F o r m a l and Lex ica l Semantics 122 Eugenio Coseriu: Pour et contre l'analyse s £ m i q u e 137 Roger Schank, Lawrence B i r n b a u m and Jacob M e y : I n t e g r a t i n g Seman
tics and Pragmatics 149
Plenary Session 4: M o r p h o l o g y
M a r k Aronof f : Po ten t ia l Words , A c t u a l W o r d s , P roduc t iv i t y and Frequency 163
W o l f g a n g U . Dressier: O n W o r d F o r m a t i o n i n N a t u r a l M o r p h o l o g y 172 J u d i t h N . L e v i : Complex N o m i n a l s : N e w Discoveries, N e w Questions 183 A r n o l d M . Zwicky : A n Expanded V i e w o f M o r p h o l o g y i n the Syntax-
Phonology Interface 198
Plenary Session 5: Phonetics a n d Phonology
Eugenie J.-A. Henderson: Phonetics and Phonology i n the Eighties: Prospects and Problems 209
Use Lehiste: T h e Role of Prosody i n the I n t e r n a l S t r u c t u r i n g o f a Sentence 220
J o h n J. Ohala : T h e Phonological E n d Justifies A n y Means 232
Plenary Session 6: H i s t o r i c a l L ingu is t i c s
T h e o d o r a B y n o n : Syntactic Recons t ruc t ion: A Case Study 244 A n t o n i o T o v a r : L ingu i s t i c S i m i l a r i t y and its Significance: Compara t ive
Procedures 259 Calver t W a t k i n s : N e w Direc t ions i n Indo-European : H i s to r i ca l Com
parat ive Linguis t ics and its C o n t r i b u t i o n to T y p o l o g i c a l Studies . . . . 270
Plenary Session 7: Psycholinguistics
W i l l e m J . M . Leve l t : T h e Speaker's Organ iza t ion of Discourse 278 Els Oksaar: Psycholinguistics: H i s to r i ca l Aspects, Me thodo log ica l Prob
lems and Selected Top ics i n the F i e ld of Language A c q u i s i t i o n and M u l t i l i n g u a l i s m 291
T a t i a n a Slama-Cazacu: Psycholinguistics and Linguis t ics : O l d Rela t ionships and Promis ing Prospects 305
Plenary Session 8: Sociolinguistics
E ina r Haugen : T h e Rat iona le o f Language Choice 317
XII Table of Contents
Johann K n o b l o c h : Soziolinguistische Probleme i n der Bundesrepubl ik Deutschland 329
W i l l i a m F. Mackey: Sociolinguistics: T h e Past Decade 335
Plenary Summaries:
1. A k i r a Ota : Syntax and Semantics 351 Alec Maran tz : Condensed Summary of Comments o n Givon's Paper 358
: Condensed Summary of Comments on Shibatani's Paper 360
E l l e n F. Pr ince: Discussion. Kuno's 'Principles of Discourse Delet i o n ' 362
2. H e n k van R i e m s d i j k : Syntax 366 3. F. R . Palmer: Semantics 368 4. V i c t o r i a A . F r o m k i n : M o r p h o l o g y 373 5. H e r b e r t Penzl: Phonetics and Phonology 376 6. Thomas V . Gamkre l idze : H i s t o r i c a l Linguis t ics 378 7. W a l b u r g a v o n Raffler-Engel: Psycholinguistics 380 8. W T erner W i n t e r : Sociolinguistics 384
S E C T I O N M E E T I N G S
Section 1: Syntax a n d Semantics
A n n i e Boone: U n probleme d'equivalence semantique: les nominalisa-tions 389
D . Connor Ferris: T h e Semantic Va lue of Syntactic Relat ions 394 H a r i m u r t i Kr ida laksana: O n Reciproci ty 398 Kee-dong Lee: Nomina l i za t ions i n Korean 402 K i y o n g Lee: A Mon tague G r a m m a r for Case Languages 405 A l a i n Lemarechal : Semantics of Parts of Speech and Semantics of Rela
tions (examples i n T a g ä l o g ) 408 I g o r A . M e P c u k : M e a n i n g - T e x t L i n g u i s t i c Models and the Role of the
D ic t i ona ry i n L i n g u i s t i c Descr ip t ion 412 Sh in Oshima: O n a Possible Extens ion of the Scope T h e o r y 417 Saburo Ohye: Some Peculiar Use of the Part icle no i n Japanese 420 D o m i n i q u e W i l l e m s : Syntax and Semantics: on the Search of Constants
i n Ve rba l Polysemy 425 In-Seok Yang : T h e In t e r ac t ion of Lf/i^-expressions and Nega t ion 430 Ryszard Zuber: Semantic Restrictions on Cer ta in Complementizers . . . . 434
Section 2: Syntax
Joelle B a i l a r d : T h e Role o f W o r d F o r m a t i o n Rules i n the Causative Constructions of Non-Conf igura t iona l Languages 437
Beate Henn-Memmesheimer : T h e Choice of a G r a m m a r for Standard and Nons tanda rd German 442
Table of Contents X I I I
T a k a s h i I m a i : ECP and the D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Empty Categories 448 C h u n g m i n Lee: C o n d i t i o n a l Construct ions i n Korean 451 K i y o k o Masunaga: B r i d g i n g 455 Kazuto M a t s u m u r a : M a r i (Cheremis) "Pseudo-Relatives" 461 Shinsho M i y a r a : Reo rde r ing i n Japanese 465 M a r i o M o n t a l b e t t i and M a m o r u Saito: T o u g h Constructions and ^ - C r i
t e r i o n 469 C. Y . N i n g : F r o m Non- l inea r Realist ic Grammar to L i n e a r F o r ma l
G r a m m a r 473 Eunice Pontes: A n a c o l u t h o n and "Doub le Subject" Sentences 475 Er ic J . R e u l a n d : O n M i x i n g Conf igura t iona l and Noncon f igu ra t i ona l
Properties 479 M a r i o Sal tare l l i , M . Azkarate , D . F a r w e l l , J . Or t i z de U r b i n a : O n the
Syntax of Free W o r d O r d e r Languages: Evidence f r o m Basque . . . . 484 Stanley Starosta: Pat ient Cen t r a l i t y and Engl ish V e r b a l D e r i v a t i o n . . . . 489 Läszlo Szabo: U n m a r k e d Values i n Languages: the E x a m p l e of Maleci te 493 T o s h i y u k i T o n o i k e and John A . Bisazza: M u l t i p l e A r g u m e n t N o u n
Phrases and Case i n Japanese and Engl i sh 497 K a t t i g e n a h a l l i S. Yadura jan : T h e Open Path C o n d i t i o n 503
Section 3: Semantics
M o h a m e d Sami A n w a r : I n t e n t i o n a l Semantic Adapta t ions 507 I r ena Be l le r t : Lex ica l Features of L ingu i s t i c Quant i f iers and W e l l
Formedness of Log ica l Forms 512 Jean-Claude C h o u l : F o r m a l and Non-Fo rma l Condi t ions on Semantic
Paraphrase 517 Nie l s Danielsen: A Disseminat ional Analysis of H u m a n Language Sen
tences. Prolegomena to a Cons t i t u t iona l T h e o r y o f Language 523 Jeffrey S. Gruber : L e x i c a l and Conceptual Semantic Categories 528 I k - H w a n Lee: Syntax and Semantics of Impera t ive Sentences 534 L i a o Yazhang: Semantic Re la t ionsh ip between Subject and Object . . . . 539 B u r g h a r d B . Rieger: Genera t ing Dependency Structures of Fuzzy W o r d
Meanings i n Semantic Space 543 Johannes S c h r ö p f e r : Compara t ive Onomasiology and Semantics 549 Jeffrey Chao-hui T u n g : Expans ion and Iden t i f i ca t ion o f Reduced N o m i -
nals i n Engl ish 550 D i e t m a r Zaefferer: T h e Semantics of Sentence M o o d i n T y p o l o g i c a l l y
D i f f e r i n g Languages 553
Section 4: M o r p h o l o g y
P h i l i p p e E. Barbaud: A b o u t a Tendency to Feminize i n Canadian French 558 Alec Maran tz : Res t r ic t ing the Power o f the M o r p h o l o g i c a l Component :
R e d u p l i c a t i o n i n Southern Paiute 563 Ora (R. ) Schwarzwald: Gender D i s t i n c t i o n and F e m i n i n e F o r m a t i o n i n
XIV Table of Contents
M o d e r n H e b r e w 569 I a n R . S m i t h : M o r p h o l o g i c a l Operat ions, H i s t o r i c a l Evidence and En
g l i sh [rj] 572 Jaap v a n M a r i e : Some Notes o n the Paradigmat ic D imens ion of M o r
pho log i ca l P r o d u c t i v i t y . . . 576 R o n v a n Zonneve ld : Categor ia l M o r p h o l o g y 582 D ie t e r W u n d e r l i c h : O n the Compos i t iona l i ty o f German Prefix Verbs 586
Section 5: Phonet ics a n d Phonology
George B e d e l l : C h u k c h i V o w e l H a r m o n y : abstractness versus complex i ty 587 U . B o r t o l i n i , G . P i n i , G . Z i l l i , F . E. Ferrero: Dimensions of Percept ion for
I t a l i a n Consonants: M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l Analysis 591 Nie l s Davidsen-Nie lsen : Phonologica l N e u t r a l i z a t i o n 598 T j e e r d de Graaf : V o w e l D u r a t i o n and V o w e l Q u a l i t y 602 R . Prakash D i x i t : O n D e f i n i n g A s p i r a t i o n 606 Jadranka Gvozdanov ic : Pa t t e rn ing of D i s t i nc t i ve Features i n R e l a t i o n to
V a r i a b i l i t y 611 Y a y o i H o m m a : T h e R h y t h m o f T a n k a , Short Japanese Poems 618 M u h a m m a d H . I b r a h i m : O n the Contrast between [ae] and [a] i n M o d e r n
A r a b i c 625 Suksan K i m : M e t r i c a l Syllable Structure and Compensatory Leng th
e n i n g 629 H u m i o Kusakabe: A n E x p l a n a t i o n of the Japanese Accen tua t ion by the
Dual - toneme Scheme 634 B y u n g - G u n Lee : T h e Cont ra - res t ruc tur ing Cons t ra in t 639 H y u n B o k Lee : A C r i t i c a l Appra i sa l of the I P A C a r d i n a l Back Vowels
by the X - r a y M i c r o b e a m System 640 P h i l i p p e M a r t i n : Phonetics and Phonology: the Example of I n t o n a t i o n 644 T o m o n o r i Mat sush i t a : Stress and Q u a n t i t y i n M i d d l e Engl i sh Loanwords
f r o m O l d F rench a n d N o r m a n French 648 Yves-Charles M o r i n : L a (d^)nasalisation en f r a ^ a i s : phonologie o u mor
phologic? 651 M a n j a r i O h a l a : Acous t i c and Perceptual Correlates of Stress i n H i n d i 655 M i c h a e l Sherard: Phonolog ica l Divers i ty a n d Sound Change i n Shanghai 658 Katsumasa S h i m i z u , Masatake Dan t su j i : A Study on the Synthesis and
Percept ion o f / r / a n d / l / 663 Z y n ' i c i S imada a n d J a n Gauff in: A n E x a m i n a t i o n o f Area o f Tongue-
Palate Con tac t i n Swedish D e n t a l Stop P roduc t i on 667 M a r y Reg ina S m i t h : A Complex Acoust ic-phonet ic Descr ip t ion of W o r d
Stress 670 M i c h i k o Sudo, H i r o h i d e Yoshioka, Shigeru K i r i t a n i and Masayuk i Sawa-
shima: A n Electro-Pal a tographic Study of Japanese In tervocal ic / r / 673 Y a n X u e - q u n : O n the C h u People, the C h u Dia l e t and the C h u
Phonemic System 677
Table of Contents xv
M . P. R . van den Broecke and I . Stoop: Apos te r io r i Consonants i n I n n e r Speech 679
Section 6: H i s t o r i c a l L inguis t i cs
B e r n a r d H . B i c h a k j i a n : Paedomorphosis and Language E v o l u t i o n . . . . 683 G i u l i a n o Bonfan te : T h e T o c h a r i a n Accent 688 Bren t D e Chene: M o r p h o l o g i c a l η - E p e n t h e s i s i n Sanskrit 689 Is idore D y e n : T o w a r d s a H i s t o r y of the Sulawesi Languages 693 Charles E. W . Jenewar i : T o w a r d s a Diachronie T h e o r y o f I j o Gender . . 697 S. J . Keyser and W . O ' N e i l : T h e reduc t ion of o p t i o n a l i t y i n language
change 700 W i t o l d Manczak: I r r egu l a r Sound Change due to Frequency 704 W o l f g a n g M e i d : T h e Indo-European L e x i c o n and its Usage as a P r o b l e m
i n Reconst ruct ion 710 R u t h Neuberger -Donath : D i e F u n k t i o n des Optat ivs i n a b h ä n g i g e n
A u s s a g e s ä t z e n 715 K e i g o u N ö d a : E rga t iv i ty i n the H i s to ry of Persian 719 M i e k o Ogura : W o r d Frequency and Lex i ca l Dif fus ion i n M o d e r n E n g l i s h
Shor ten ing 725 H e r b e r t Penzl: Graphemischer Figural ismus u n d die M e t h o d e n der his
torischen Phonologie 728 Edgar C. Polome: T h e Dia lec ta l Posi t ion of Germanic w i t h i n Wes t - Indo-
European 733 H a i i m Β . Rosen: Diachron ie Syntax and the Reviva l of H e b r e w 743 B e r t i l Sundby and A n n e K a r i B j 0 r g e : T h e Codi f ica t ion o f Prescr ip t ive
G r a m m a r 748 Peter Meijes T ie r sma: R u l e Recession and R u l e Loss 752
Section 7: Psycholinguistics
V i c t o r i a A . F r o m k i n : O n Models o f L ingu i s t i c Performance 756 E. R . G a m m o n : Engl i sh Quantif iers and the Perception o f R i s k 760 Deborah G ü n z b u r g e r : Quan t i f i ca t ion of L ingu i s t i c Expectancy by Means
of Frequency Es t imat ion Tests 764 Ki r s t en Μ . H u m m e l : B i l i n g u a l M e m o r y for Prose 769 A k i o K a m i o and Kazuko I . Harada : A R e p e t i t i o n E x p e r i m e n t o n C h i l
dren's Comprehension of Complex Sentences i n Japanese 772 Joseph F. Kess and R o n a l d A . H o p p e : T h e In t e rac t ion o f Bias a n d Con
text i n A m b i g u i t y Detec t ion 776 Gary D . Pr ideaux: T h e Rela t ive Accessibili ty o f Cogn i t ive Strategies . . 779 Petr Sgall: O n the N o t i o n o f the M e a n i n g of the Sentence 782 Τ . M . W a l s h and K . C. D i l l e r : Neuro l ingu i s t i c Feature De t ec t i on i n
Wernicke 's Area 787
XVI Table of Contents
Section: 8: Sociolinguistics
I n g v i l d B r o c h and Ernst H ä k o n Jahr: Rnssenorsk: T h e Russo-Nor-wegian p i d g i n . N e w findings 792
A d o l f o E l i z a i n c i n : V a r i a t i o n / V a r i a b i l i t y w i t h i n a L i n g u i s t i c Contact D o m a i n 797
Bates L . Hoffer : Cross-Cultural Sociol inguist ic Profiles. Misreadings and Misunders tandings 801
Sachiko I d e : T w o Func t i ona l Aspects of Politeness i n Women ' s Language 805 G. L e i t n e r : I n d i a n E n g l i s h — A C r i t i q u e of E thnograph ic Analysis . . . . 809 Paul Jen-Kuei L i : L i n g u i s t i c Var ia t ions of Different Age Groups i n the
Ataya l i c Dialects 813 R . R . M e h r o t r a : Personal Names i n H i n d i 816 Susumu Nagara: C o m p o n e n t i a l Analyses of the Lex ica l St ructure o f
P i d g i n Languages and Socio-Linguist ic Factors Affec t ing the i r Acqu i s i t i o n 819
Peter H . Ne ide : Th ree Issues on Languages i n Contact 823 M i w a N i s h i m u r a : O n In t rasen ten t i a l Code Swi tch ing i n Japanese/English 828 Jacob L . Ornste in-Gal ic ia : L i n g u i s t i c and Social Aspects o f Pachuco Calo:
A B i l i n g u a l Var i e ty o f the U n i t e d States-Mexico Border 832 Joyce Penfield: A Socio-Cul tura l V i e w of Language Contact : B u i l d i n g
a T h e o r y 837 Chr i s te l S t iebl ich: A c c o m m o d a t i o n i n Interpersonal Encounters 842
Section 9: H i s t o r y of L ingu i s t i c s
W e r n e r Bahner : "Parad igm" or "Cur ren t " i n the His to ry o f Linguis t ics 847 T h e o Bungar t en : Historische Perspektiven u n d k ü n f t i g e A n f o r d e r u n g e n
an die Fachsprachenforschung 850 W a l t e r A . Cook, S. J.: Case G r a m m a r Theory , 1982 854
Kennosuke Ezawa: Gabelentz u n d Sekiguchi 857 W . Ter rence G o r d o n : Saussurean Structura l i sm and J. R . F i r t h 860 Roy H a r r i s : T h e Speech-Communicat ion M o d e l i n 20 th-cen tury L ingu i s
tics and its Sources 864 J o h n Hewson: Content and Expression f r o m Saussure to the Present . . 870 I v a n K a l m a r : T h e Phoenix of E v o l u t i o n 874 E. F. K o n r a d Koerner : A C r i t i q u e of Recent Histories o f L inguis t ics . . . . 877 K e n n e t h L . P ike : T h e F u t u r e for Un i t - in -Con tex t : the T a g m e m e . . . . 881 Jorgen Rischel : T h e Abstractness Paradox i n Hje lms lev ian Linguis t ics 884 V a l t e r T a u l i : T h e F u t u r e Parad igm of Linguis t ics 888 V . P. Vompersky : F r o m the H i s t o r y o f Russian Linguis t ics 892
Section 10: W o r d Semantics
A r m i n B u r k h a r d t : T h e Pr inciples of Pragmatic Word-Semantics 896 R a n j i t Chatterjee: Chomsky and Wi t tgens t e in on W o r d M e a n i n g 901
Table of Contents xvii
L . Cseresnyesi, J. H i d a s i : Some Problems of H o m o n y m y 904 M i n n e Gerben De Boer: A L e x i c a l E n t r y for F u n c t i o n W o r d s : T h e I t a l
i an Prepos i t ion da 908 Hisao K a k e h i : Onomatopoe ic Expressions i n Japanese and Engl i sh . . . . 913 Susumu K u b o : L e x i c a l Semantics i n Mon tague G r a m m a r 919 W o l f g a n g K ü h l w e i n : A Sociosemiotic A p p r o a c h to Contrast ive L e x i
cology. "Beauty" i n Eng l i sh and French 923 L e o n h a r d L i p k a : A M u l t i - L e v e l A p p r o a c h to W o r d - F o r m a t i o n : Complex
Lexemes and W o r d Semantics 926 A r y e h N e w m a n : H e b r e w Verbs of Dress: Semantics and Col loca t ion i n a
Contrast ive Set t ing 929 Bo R a l p h : O r d i n a r y Language as Metalanguage i n W o r d Semantics . . 932
Section 11 : L i n g u i s t i c Universals a n d T y p o l o g y
Claude Hagege: L i n g u i s t i c Universals as General Tendencies •. 936 K e n n e t h J. H o w e l l : Objec t I n i t i a l Languages and the i r Imp l i ca t i ons for
W o r d O r d e r Universals 941 G i l b e r t Lazard : A Possible Universa l : A D i c h o t o m y of Actance Construc
tions according to Categories of the Object 946 Chr i s t i an L e h m a n n : T h e Present State o f L i n g u i s t i c T y p o l o g y 950 Yves-Charles M o r i n et E t i enne T i f f o u : Les tournures passives en bourou-
chaski 957 T s u n o d a Tasaku : A Re-def in i t ion of 'Ergat ive ' and 'Accusative' 962 Jessica R. W i r t h : T o w a r d Universa l Pr inciples o f W o r d F o r m a t i o n . . . . 967 V i k t o r i a Ν . Yartseva: T y p o l o g i c a l Restr ict ions o f Syntactic A m b i g u i t y 972
Section 12: Dia lec to logy, L i n g u i s t i c Geography
F u m i o Inoue : New Dialec t and L i n g u i s t i c Change — A n Age-Area Survey near T o k y o — 975
Tsunao O g i n o : Computer -a ided Analysis of F i e ld Survey D a t a — G L A P S and its A p p l i c a t i o n 981
V i c h i n Panupong: W o r d Geography i n N a k h o n Ratchasima: A Pi lo t Study · 986
Boris A . Serebrennikov: O n Areas of M e a n i n g 990 T i n g Pang-Hsin: Some Aspects of T o n a l Deve lopment i n Chinese Dialects 993 W o l f g a n g Viereck: T h e Presentation and I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Engl i sh Dia
lects: Computer -a ided Projects 997
Section 13: Tex t l i ngu i s t i c s (Discourse Analysis)
E r i c h Berendt : Strategies i n Engl ish and Japanese Dyadic Discourse . . 1001 Bet ty L o u Dubois : T h e F u n c t i o n of I n t o n a t i o n Contours i n Biomedica l
Speeches 1004 Kare l F ia la : Sentence D e l i m i t a t i o n and Sentence O r d e r i n Japanese . . 1008 U d o Fries: Diachron ie Tex t l ingu i s t i c s 1013
XVIII Table of Contents
Gennady V . Kolshansky: Communica t ive Basis for Adequa te In te rpre ta t i o n of T e x t Semantics 1016
M a r i a M . Lang leben : T h e U n i t s of Dia logue 1019 R o b e r t E. Longacre : Spectrum, Profi le and Consti tuency St ruc ture i n T e x t
Analysis 1024 Senko K u m i y a M a y n a r d : F low of Discourse and L i n g u i s t i c M a n i p u l a t i o n :
Funct ions and Constraints o f the Japanese and Eng l i sh Rela t ive Clause i n Discourse 1028
A l b r e c h t Neuber t : Discourse Analysis of T r a n s l a t i o n 1032 P a u l i Saukkonen: W h a t are the Semantic-Pragmatic Features o f Stylistic
T e x t Types? 1036 Roger G. van de Velde : Coherence Re l a t i on i n T e x t s and I n f e r e n t i a l
Processing 1040 G e i r r W i g g e n : Spontaneous Dramat i za t ion i n Semi-Formal Conversat ion 1045 Terence H . W i l b u r : G r o u n d i n g i n Basque Sentence and Discourse Struc
tu re 1050
Section 14: Pragmatics
D a v i d E. Cooper: Me taphor 1055 H e n k Haverka te : T h e Prob lem of Di rec t and Ind i r ec t Speech Acts: A
Referen t ia l A p p r o a c h 1059 T h . R . H o f m a n n : W h y T h e r e M U S T be a Semantic Representa t ion . . . . 1064 H e r m a n Parret : Sh i f t i ng I n and Sh i f t i ng O u t : Remarks on Deictics . . 1068 A k i k o Ueda: T h e Cooperative Pr inc ip le , M a x i m s and Language Speci
f ic i ty 1072 J o h n W . M . Verhaar: T w o Aspects of Pragmatics: T o p i c a l i t y and
I con ic i t y 1076
Section 15: Language and L i t e r a t u r e
Anne Betten: Language i n M o d e r n Drama as Compared w i t h A u t h e n t i c Spoken Discourse 1077
Masako K . H i r a g a : Metaphor and Poetry: Problems i n a Hermeneu t i c T h e o r y o f M e t a p h o r 1082
Johannes S ö d e r l i n d : T h e T o n e of a T e x t i n L ingu i s t i c T e r m s 1086
Section 16: W r i t i n g Systems
Hwang-che rng Gong : Chinese Elements i n the T a n g u t Script 1090 Shelomo M o r a g : M o t i v a t i o n and Methodology i n R e f o r m i n g W r i t i n g
Systems: O n the Emergence of the Vocal iza t ion Systems of H e b r e w . . 1094 D i e t e r Ner ius : O n the L ingu i s t i c Basis for the Use o f Cap i t a l Letters . . 1098 Yosio Yos ima t i : Proper Characters and V o w e l Systems of the O l d Japa
nese 1102
Table of Contents X I X
Section 17: Language A c q u i s i t i o n and Language L e a r n i n g
G i o v a n n i B . Flores d 'Arcais : T h e A c q u i s i t i o n o f Semantic Knowledge : T h e Connectives 1106
Giuseppe Francescato: Remarks on C h i l d r e n B i l i n g u a l i s m 1110 Gil les Gagne: L e a r n i n g the Standard Var ie ty of a M o t h e r T o n g u e i n
School 1114 D a v i d R. H a l l : T h e Deve lopmen ta l T h e o r y of Language L e a r n i n g : Ev i
dence f r o m W h a t Learners Fa i l to Say 1118 Jenn-Shann L i n and Lo i s M a r c k w o r t h Stanford: B i l i n g u a l Chi ldren ' s
A c q u i s i t i o n o f Five E n g l i s h D e r i v a t i o n a l Processes 1123 B. Lust , Y.-C. C h i e n and L . M a n g i o n e : Firs t Language A c q u i s i t i o n of
M a n d a r i n Chinese: Constraints o n Free and B o u n d N u l l A n a p h o r a . . 1127 Barbara Lust , T a t s u k o Wakayama , H i k o h i t o H i r a i d e , W e n d y Snyder,
Margare t B e r g m a n : Compara t ive Studies o n the First Language A c q u i s i t i o n of Japanese and Engl i sh . Language Universa l and L a n guage-Specific Constraints 1131
Shigeru Miyagawa and G a l a l W a l k e r : Self-Sustaining Dialect : A M o d e l for Second Language T r a i n i n g 1136
K i k u k o Ohama: Deve lopmen t o f Japanese Vocabulary i n B i l i n g u a l C h i l d r e n 1139
Lev I . Soudek and M i l u s e Soudek: T h e M e n t a l Lex icon in Second Lan guage L e a r n i n g 1143
A r t h u r S z e n t g y ö r g y v ä r i : Dual-Plane Strategies i n Foreign Language Lea rn ing 1148
G ö t z W i e n o l d : Linguistics-Based Revis ion of Fore ign Language Teachi n g Mater ia ls : A n E x p e r i m e n t a l Study 1153
Section 18: Language P l a n n i n g
A y o Bamgbose: W h e n is Language P l ann ing no t Planning? 1156 Gerhard N i c k e l : Contras t ive Linguis t ics , E r ro r Analysis, ln ter language
and thei r Relevance for Language P l a n n i n g 13 60
Section 19: L ingu is t i c s a n d the Compu te r
I s t v ä n B a t o r i : T h e Process Based M o d e l of Language 1164 C. P. B r o w m a n , O. F u j i m u r a and E. L . O h i r a : Demisyllabic Synthesis
by Ru le U s i n g L i n g u a 1168 H e l m a r F rank , S i lv io S t o p p o l i n i and Yashovardhan: Computer-based
I n f o r m a t i o n Re t r i eva l by Means of I L o Summaries 1171 Yutaka Kusanagi : A M o d e l of A u t o m a t i c Analysis of T ime-Rela ted Ex
pressions i n Japanese 1176 Jouko S e p p ä n e n : H i e r a r c h i c Class Ne tworks : A Diagrammat ic Formal
ism for N a t u r a l Language M o d e l l i n g 1180 O t t o Vol lnha l s : U t i l i z a t i o n of a Commerc ia l L i n g u i s t i c Database System
X X Table of Contents
for E lec t ron ic Storage and A u t o m a t e d Produc t ion of Dict ionar ies 1190
Section 20: Semiotics
B e r n f r i e d Schlerath: Sprache u n d M u s i k 1193 J ü r g e n Pesot: L a genese d u langage dans la perspective de la semiotique
peirc ienne 1201 Fernando Poyatos: Forms, Funct ions and App l i ca t ions of Paralanguage
as a N e w M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y A r e a 1206 Yasuko T o h y a m a : A Semiotic Analysis of M e e t i n g a n d Pa r t i ng Ri tua l s
i n Japanese a n d Engl ish 1207
W O R K I N G G R O U P S
W G 1: Ε . F. K o n r a d Koerner : H i s t o r y (and Phi losophy) o f Science and Linguis t ics 1213
W G 2: Fernando Poyatos: N e w In te rd i sc ip l ina ry Perspectives i n L i n guistics t h r o u g h N o n v e r b a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n Studies 1221
W G 3: Ch.-J. Ν . Bai ley: Deve lopmenta l Linguis t ics 1226 W G 4: F l o r i a n Coulmas, H a r t m u t H a b e r l a n d , Jacob L . M e y and Jef
Verschueren: Universals o f L i n g u i s t i c A c t i o n 1232 W G 5: Y u k i o O t su : L i n g u i s t i c T h e o r y and Language A c q u i s i t i o n . . . . 1239 W G 6: V i c t o r R a s k i n : T h e Use of Sc r ip t /F rame i n L i n g u i s t i c Seman
tics 1247 W G 7: T h e o Bunga r t en : Fachsprachen u n d K o m m u n i k a t i o n s k o n f l i k t e
i n der m o d e r n e n Gesellschaft 1251 W G 8: Frame Semantics a n d the Analysis of Discourse and T e x t (can
celled) W G 9: S imon C. D i k : F u n c t i o n a l G r a m m a r 1259 W G 10: R . R . M e h r o t r a : Sociol inguis t ic Surveys i n Asia 1263 W G 11: Jacob Orns te in-Gal ic ia : Synchronic Processes i n Language Con
tact Si tuat ions W o r l d W i d e : A Focus on Generalizations and I n d i v i d ualizat ions a n d Universals 1271
W G 12 Sc 13: P. Sture U r e l a n d : Language Contact i n Europe 1277 W G : 14: Μ . Y . L i b e r m a n : A Survey of Non-L inea r Phonology 1287 W G 15: Osamu F u j i m u r a and James H . Abbs : Speech Produc t ion . . . . 1290 W G 16: H i r o y a Fu j i s ak i a n d Eva G ä r d i n g : I n t o n a t i o n 1299 W G 17: Jeanette Κ. G u n d e l a n d J o h n H i n d s : Shared Knowledge i n
Language Use 1315 W G 18: Ch r i s t i an L e h m a n n : T h e State of the A r t i n Language T y
pology 1323 W G 19: M a n t a r o J. Hash imoto : S t ruc tu ra l Trans i t ions and T y p o l o g i
cal Diversi t ies i n S ino-Tibe tan and the i r N e i g h b o r i n g Languages of East a n d Southeast Asia 1329
W G 20: S u m i k o Sasanuma: Patterns of Language I m p a i r m e n t i n Aphas ia 1332
Table of Contents xxi
W G 2 1 : M i n o r i t y Languages i n the W o r l d (cancelled) W G 22: Claude Hagege: Morphosyn tax or Semiosyntax? 1336 W 7 G 23: Kazuo M a b u c h i : O r i g i n o f Japanese 1344 W 7 G 24: F r a n k R . Pa lmer : M o d a l i t y 1353 W G 25: Edgar C. Po lome: T h e Present State of Pro to- Indo-European
Studies 1359 W G 26: W a l b u r g a v o n Raffler-Engel: Nonve rba l C o m m u n i c a t i o n fo r
Linguis ts 1370 W G 27: H e n k v a n R i e m s d i j k : Generative Syntax 1379 W G 28: Masatake M u r a k i : Characteristics of Japanese Expressions i n
News R e p o r t i n g 1385
C O N G R E S S P I C T U R E S 1391 C O N G R E S S M A T E R I A L S ( p r o g r a m and regis t ra t ion cards) 1399 P R O C E E D I N G S M A T E R I A L S ( f ron t pages of previous proceedings,
1930-1978) 1431
I N D E X O F A U T H O R S 1449
A Multi-Level Approach to Word-Formation: Complex Lexemes and Word Semantics
L e o n h a r d L i p k a University of Munich
Complex lexemes differ i n a n u m b e r of respects f r o m simple lexemes. These differences can best be captured by a mu l t i - l eve l approach to word - fo rma t ion tha t describes analysable and more or less mo t iva t ed lexemes and the i r creation a n d in t e rp re t a t i on .
I n his classical book on Engl i sh w o r d - f o r m a t i o n w i t h the subt i t le "a synchronic-diachronic approach" M a r c h a n d ( 21969:53ff) offers "a pa t t e rn for the descr ip t ion of composites" w h i c h distinguishes between morpho log ic shape, morpho log ic structure, g rammat ica l deep structure, g rammat ica l and semantic content , and wha t he called " type of reference". By this t e r m he understands "selectional patterns of i n f o r m a t i o n " r e l a t i n g complex lexemes to u n d e r l y i n g sentences. W o r d - f o r m a t i o n is thus regarded as p e r t a i n i n g to several in terre la ted levels.
M o r e recent treatments by Kastovsky (1977) and Dressier (1979) go i n the same d i rec t ion . T h e former considers w o r d - f o r m a t i o n to be "at the crossroads o f morphology , syntax, semantics, and the l ex i con" , w h i l e the la t ter proposes "a polycentr is t ic theory of w o r d f o r m a t i o n " w i t h basically the same "semi-autonomous components" (1979:426). I n the f o l l o w i n g i t w i l l be shown that even more levels and dis t inct ions have to be taken i n t o account and that only an in tegra ted approach can capture a l l aspects of complex lexica l items.
T h e levels and approaches to be recognized inc lude six poin ts : 1. A n analyt ic and a synthetic procedure must be dis t inguished, and the latter
presupposes the former . T h e analyt ic v iew-po in t starts f r o m a s tructured lexeme (e.g. theatregoer) and, by paraphrasing, arrives at an unde r ly ing syntactic g roup or sentence. T h e synthetic method , often f o u n d i n generative treatments, takes a p ropos i t i on or sentence as the s tar t ing p o i n t (e.g. someone goes to the theatre) and derives a reduced syntagma f r o m i t . A d d i t i o n a l semantic features have to be added i n the process, such as [ + H a b i t u a l ] w i t h theatregoer, or [ - f Purpose] i n writing-table, drawbridge.
2. A methodologica l separation between synchronic and d iachronic aspects is absolutely necessary. T h e speaker has no h is tor ica l memory . A l t h o u g h the verb peddle is genetical ly der ived f r o m pedlarjpeddler, synchronical ly peddler is an agent-noun der ived f r o m the verb to peddle. O n the other hand , lex ica l iza t ion and some aspects of p r o d u c t i v i t y can o n l y be expla ined d iachronica l ly . T h e d iachronic y i e l d of cer ta in patterns must, however, no t be confused w i t h the present-day creat ivi ty of ad hoc format ions , such as
926
L . Lipka 927
' contextuals ' ( i n the sense of C l a r k & Cla rk ) and 'deictic compounds ' ( in the sense of D o w n i n g ) .
3. " M o r p h o l o g i c shape" cou ld be considered independent ly of meaning, acc o r d i n g to M a r c h a n d , by descr ibing craft/s/man as ' n o u n + s + n o u n ' , pott J er as ' n o u n - f suffix' and re j write as ' p r e f i x - f verb ' . Obvious ly such a descr ip t ion i n terms of morphemes and w o r d classes alone, misses i m p o r t a n t differences, such as those between crybaby and drawbridge (bo th V + N ) o r steamboat and girlfriend (bo th Ν + N ) . Semantic aspects must be inc luded i n the descr ip t ion , as soon as we compare suffixes l i k e -er i n bak/er (Agent) , blott/er ( Ins t rument ) , sleep/er mean ing ' t r a i n w i t h beds' (Adverb ia l of Place). O n the other hand , the f o l l o w i n g are a l l agent-nouns i n spite of d i f ferent morpho log ic shapes: grave-diggER, cut-throat0, car-THIEF, cook0 [where 0 symbolizes a zero-morpheme]. I n n o m i n a l compounds such as opera house, gunpozuder, and baking-powder a common semantic feature [ + Purpose] can be established, b u t this, obviously, does no t exhaust the i r semantic analysis.
4. T h e syntactic level is most obviously relevant i n nominal iza t ions , w h i c h acco rd ing to M ö t s c h , f u n c t i o n as syntactic recategorizations. T h e examples his rapid, drawing of the picture, theatregoer, latecomer, and essay-writing can and must clearly be related to sentences. T h i s is more diff icul t w i t h composites no t c o n t a i n i n g a verb, and complete ly unrevea l ing w i t h lexemes such as lühitish and booklet. A g a i n , a c o m b i n a t i o n of the syntactic descr ip t ion w i t h semantic aspects seems most r eward ing . T h i s can be done by assigning the head or ' d e t e r m i n a t u m ' of the complex lexeme to a specific deep case i n the u n d e r l y i n g sentence. T h u s superficially s imi la r words can be d i s t in guished such as payER (Agent) , cookER ( Ins t rument ) , mournER (Expe-riencer), containER (Object) b u t also ambiguous lexemes such as dishwashER (Agent or I n s t rumen t ) , din ER (Agent or Locat ive) , payMENT (Object o r Activity).
5. A n independent semantic analysis is r equ i r ed for the lexical aspects of word -f o r m a t i o n , i.e. the inc lus ion of complex words i n the lex icon . T h i s is t ied up w i t h the n a m i n g func t i on of lexemes and is pa r t i cu l a r ly relevant for the gradua l ' l ex ica l iza t ion ' process and its result . By this t e rm I unders tand the phenomenon tha t complex lexical items, by frequent usage, may lose thei r syntagmatic na ture and tend to become uni t s w i t h specific content (cf. L i p k a 1981). T h i s involves a demot iva t i on and id ioma t i za t ion , as i n blackboard, holiday, watchmaker, highwayman, and forehead. Here the border between complex and s imple lexemes becomes fuzzy.
6. Pragmatic aspects, finally, must be considered, b o t h w i t h respect to the n a m i n g f u n c t i o n of complex lexemes and the level of 'parole ' . T h e interp re t a t ion by the hearer/reader of ' c o n t e x t u a l ' , such as pumpkin-bus, to bottle (demonstrators), and 'deictic compounds ' such as the applejuice seat (meaning 'the seat i n f ron t of w h i c h a glass of applejuice had been placed') clearly depend o n context and s i tua t ion . Of ten ex t ra l inguis t ic knowledge
\ \
9 2 8 Section 10: W o r d Semantics
of the w o r l d is also relevant, e.g. w h e n analysing Downing ' s cowtree, w h i c h we w o u l d no t presumably in te rp re t as 'tree o n w h i c h a cow sits'. A l t h o u g h one may argue tha t a l l such format ions show systematic ambigu i ty , o n the level of 'langue*, the i r actual i n t e rp r e t a t i on o n par t i cu la r occasions is de te rmined by pragmat ic factors. Func t iona l considerations may also be regarded as be long ing w i t h i n the d o m a i n of pragmatics. Complex lexemes serve various funct ions, such as classifying (e.g. wine glass, beer glass; front door; bilge water), n a m i n g (e.g. Reagonomics, space shuttle), p r o n o m i n a l i -zat ion i n texts (as i n the sequence: spr ing thaws begin to break up the w i n ter ice. T a k i n g advantage of the breakup... etc.), and finally the f u n c t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n condensation (e.g. pen friend defined i n the Dictionary of Contemporary English as 'a person, esp. i n a fore ign country , w h o m one has come to k n o w by the f r i end ly exchange of letters, b u t w h o m one has usu. never met ' ) . T h e m a t i c mean ing on the basis of a topic-comment structure is also signalled by complex lexemes as i n apple-eating vs. eating-apple.
O n l y a mul t i - l eve l approach can do justice to a l l aspects of word - fo rma t ion . A morpho log ica l and a l i m i t e d syntactic descr ip t ion may be given independent ly of meaning . However , an adequate account must recognize the ro le of semantics o n a l l levels and the i r i n t e r r e l a t i on . W h i l e deep cases and pragmatics, o n the level of 'parole ' , presuppose a sentence semantics and a tex t semantics respectively, a l l the other aspects of complex lexical items fa l l w i t h i n the d o m a i n of w o r d semantics.
B i b l i o g r a p h y
Dressler, W . (1979), "On a Polycentristic Theory of \VTord Format ion" in W. Dressier & W . Meid , eds., Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of Linguists, Innsbruck, 426-429.
Kastovsky, D. (1977), "Word-Formation, or: A t the Crossroads of Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and the Lexicon", Folia Linguistica 10, 1-33.
L ipka , L . (1981), "Zur Lexi'kaiisi'erung i m Deutschen unci Englischen", /n L L/pkä & Η. Gihithei, eds., Wortbildung, Darmstadt, 119-132.
Marchand, H . (1960; 1969), The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation, 2 m l ed., M ü n c h e n .