problemele stiintelor sociale 1951

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Cuprinde comunicarile prezentate in sesiunea Academiei Republicii Populare Romane, 21-25 martie 1951. Mostre de stalinism, dovezi ale atmosferei irespirabile in care se desfasura activitatea academica la inceputul anilor 50

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  • ACADIlIIA R!PIIB!ICI] POPIJLATE ltOiI,{NE

    STINTELOHSOIH,H

    PROBtHffiM

    IN DESBATEREA ACADEI{IEI R. P. R.(21 25 MARTI E 1051)

    rDlrurn,!crDDlrIEt nIP0nllcII roPUL.\no tr0ni R

  • 1), ll

    NCADTMA Nf,ruUICI POPULJINE IO iNE

    I a. '-F, ( -t^;t.-

    !-el-t n'-

    PROBLEMELE$TIINTELOR SOCIALE

    ,ACADDMIEI R. P R.tN DF"SBATEREA

    ion0Rr lcrffNfl nipurrcr Polunru nou[NB

  • ^&enaan Prcl. 7R. stvuLEscu

    10 nartbn h tnsttrbd nvnht1, nutu ttn^fi4 tn ReNdtt Prprlst tunlrd @ds. r2t,

    Rbt n th'nned?o tund ulttLv.

    PUBLICNM IN ^CST

    VOTUM UR TTOARBLE COMUNICTru

    Lrsd k bw.*ht stub 6urti nngsadi tr pfihnde tln"Elotedde dtt tan n@td lpds. 5t-74)-

    rnb tu R pudt' Pqdo tuand Gas,n-Ian.A.tirtdet p. btuhnt slblcb bk, h 3tulM .oBtttil b@,t

    A6d nttn PtoJ P. CONSTANrtNEs.ora$rInpo'tulo hsd t ita4 sor.t.r @ fl datrtuna d trlrlu$tntrli a aad,nhl R. P. R. kac, 1& - 10t)t

  • Lucn,!fi Llj'r'0yAjt,\$urlrr STALTNPRIV]TOARE LA iIIATil]S:[ lN LINCVIST]CI

    $r sAncrNrl! rruNCx $TnNTlFrcl,iN ttilplllt,Ic,{ p0plILAttr ll0MANtr

    conurvcAnR rtvrxLArn

    AdDMdN l'rr lll,\IIN S,{VULESCU

    Nl,ierirtisfrd dirleclic ri natcrirrlmd idoric au ptuvo.a! o schlrD-'

    c niidrt nr mrcqrtia dspE rune 9i Icgite crrc srvaindzn dclvol.iucr ci. dcvcnnrd cirana Ditcnrii ti r ,udei !eDi& r.rnsfoMe! r$rr lupr, jnldtriva taoriilor $ coD.eplijror buisllczc cir. rn4sn!,i Li mi,rinalizeze, si lc despcald de mnliNtur lol r.vor4io!d, ln d;

    ors de o snta si mrl nrnc dc ani, natcrirli5nd dirlcctic ti Ert.hlh.s'ru in$ogllit Notiunile si netodele de @6

    i r s,au innn4ft, 8,au 3da,,cit.'h nrnfur rra$i R*olutii

    diirc.ric sj natdirrisfturui isbric, D iDI hr srli ti . griibii ninul trrr8lom ilor ce urnN sn vinn l5inrrtrn'r l.ii r,cDin ti srrlin. r!r!r dc inriurjrc a n'teNlhnu]lt dirrecllc

    ncontait. Legil"A dc d4vorbro, r.i.ribi sau prcdzrt si cniortio&1 xc.sdi indrnnnrii .ccslor lc5ilr,l.svdlalc a lo$ dh cc in.c naj tirc nEuriL:i.

    t:, mr pas in aceasii diFcJie s r ficnl prin ludaF3 bvrritrrntir xirr, rrnrrricaii nr anur 1939 jjresre ,rdraridrte,nl dioecti. F ndla

    rllor -

    adrcd nu.ldr, ,icLicci narxi c

    -

    c+nln . int fixnli tcJrctjci, pra.lici 9t Do.ri .n .onsidenrili starin a arirri ciiricn cdnlmdictij iirdnc, cn rdrtr

  • de desroltrle in nalnrt 9i si.t tcst!1 ri nn sti tE

    lioncMi, se inbosucite, lormlch ii hnetnziunnc r(hi cdmzt teulrornulclor ti onsluTiu lor N| corcspuMiloar: noilor saFini islorie.,. ilaisnut au a.llnite ldn 12 ti .ontnzii,n (biLe, .btut.notii tertturadte eta.iL ri peti.od.te. amsmt est duflnnd o4xntui .Lqnoltun",), 3 sdh loraritul Stalii in risluNUl rdrcsii rov.rnsnlui }]orolov o prilcjnr disdtiurbr ivite in j!ru1 obienelor de ringvisiici.

    ale tovunillur Strlin: .,cL r)ridre ta nlt]]sn n1tia,nislicv't, ,,Cr pixn. Id utuIe Prabtdne d. tlkqnisticd!, ptetn si.,Fns'-t xn.r t tudi", r.prezinti o noln desvoltdc a nmismulutNoi rspc.le an 10* descolcritq n'i laiuri rl. hsr*isndui au rosl luniMte. ,{emla v. rjlt3 i' nod dic.cc ra cuto.Strer n3i adnnsn sind Freeki a ,thrii ti societilii. lr siipanjria ti dirjjrr* leeitor des

    Desvoltind vedeillc hi Mri:. E,.cL pntir. tt naflitn'li rins!tuii.d",

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    talin nn nuDj cn I re:olat in ncd qcator lbblenele rud.nenlalD rle lineridtc! deterr;Dind o adcvtoti Evolutic i' aceadn etjirl., dar , desvorid fr! de|]lnc

    drdeclic st dlernlGmnl islolici inbosnJrndule 9i intdrrndu.le cn noi 1ec ti mnclutuni Descht;nd n'i dtunnri loth cercter ttiinlillcn in toaie

  • , . t r-r1 .on.o-,A.r3 lo.ielnlii. supndncitrm esG icgatn de Froducrie in n3d jndi'rct, pl'lnint hedirl ba?ii. ,,Da@e@ s ttlsttur to scric lovlrisul Sblnrnu .slhtd4te s.hinbdtn in nitetut des"axaii futtelar d2 praductEdillJt.ndta { at..t,

    'i .tusi tchrtbiin. ,!:rrccut. ir boi prtn rdsfta^-aie d schi btuibt nin pnductie in schinldtite ttih baain i). ToErngllsirrin a ironiAt pe ,cei Felcorfxi

  • Al doiLr exc '/u snl hiD dcta noi. perhu nshidarc: ba,i vecbinr a3,icrftuii, rurir im!.1rim ritntlitlor Doricrcrrj dln recul ,i impotlive chirblrinii, .ire dislun inci dc nm{oase raFifjcatinni in De

    dlul rurdl. .ste da irlt luprr len1tu inpicdccana reveiirii rari rehiDaci snprrstruclDa i.rllln 3r alunea rE panl! unoi rlrludini nrdilen* falii de h.u. b.zn, pe lrntl rnfirii pc picior t1c csatitalc I dile.,itelor clrsd. ir tusmna de r,rt adopra.ca urci riitndini trnditoar irtidc cl!s! nucltoare si liir;i{imer nurciroare,,ncnlnre dcsrrisit carm revenirii ri rgcncnrii vxlii hoz.

    lnrerneDe,lcen1a dinhe bain si surirasrmctun src o senDjrisatre slnDDorLrrF e{.trionrli nu rmai re(1ru U.R,S S. ir Frloadr dc h}j ci sr tcnbx tirile dc demosrdc lopularn .aF robsird .xpelictrF ri rrimind ajll!tuI seneras .l u.n. s.s.,cdnsrru.sc si iD$.esc sDcirLisin. desvorrandi,, serasi lim!. sopnstucrlm ontohn ci.

    Supnshlcilra, rrodrs i,, cursul cireia trnieqta si r.lioncazi bozr e.omnici tuii insi nici.datn un rrodus lesivd brzei, nn dp ld. t3tut: compldur totar dc idel ir o'ceptti *istenth sccictdc nrh,o rioi.adi dat4 .i ui ansanbtu de @rceltir, cu nrs1it!-liila src"Fuzitoarc. Da cnprinde rolc conerlii ri li,slitulii crre anrorur de rol.siirn rn r3D.rt c! brzr dari rtr ilonenrut in clre su!8.structun r r.st lichidatn, odaii cu hrzr ei pe caie a $Nit-o ni inceteazi sn nri exhid ca un ansantlu de c.n.cpJii st t'N.!utii, dc 6rflrcn mu1l. elemerre car.cteristie dkpdr ti tcrrne si ithpad Alele insilot mnfira si exis'.e si Dai dcp3rre, inii inho rfti fami Elc ]]ot

    c\m se treziifi nNi problena stiiiiei ln llniM lnvitriiiu lor ton{tu1n un lrhinonin t.rmamnl 9i durabrl al tliintei cae ret reznnn

    m . strd'.inurii n.i singlE ro,natiuni sciale. A&si prfi

    moniu oglindcrtc rcalitaler 9i tlide si se apr.pie ncconlcnll de rdertnlobierliv $n{jnirer F.ziti6 a +iinFi rdieli r fa!1clor ti legilor ve.

    ri@-le in rEctici ed.e rczult.rnl uej tnense exp.ric4c t omubt,9j . luptd Penbu d.nptuiEi fo!

    ,Accas1n .xp.rierfi esle hdiere succcse]or cietisato dc om in cu$!lcvolltiei lui F rure inblaizit.r d nltnrii.

    hohlem! ontinuililii +iiitei.q li'dlriln itr &pe_tatc nduri dc citre clasicii nrrismuld oD an Blblitrial mcsr prin

    lupia dusi inp.fiva i.cdcirtior dc ! lsfizarc !

    i bnre de rni, Letrin '

    sqris: .,.ir /i o

    , ,1t 'i sc et.ada cd, en] sulicidt sn.l ineletti h:intile . daisla,

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    o o|ata !t:^t t at ;' r't rttt |r. nsnti eatr illn t' rnlusn: ,,iirdrr 5'o.tit, tit funraftrtut ttdink at ttiit4.i nane, d.bnn' t in hnd4it

    ,Fdrii i l.teqet.a cIo'A cn n ,tai Ptint"o [email protected] ?nn intt.dqu d.suttat d Lnttnitdlii cnq\(i fn inslaa'ed dc.stai c&turi, ],dt. li dttn dtun prctc

    ,ti|. lti n tnt.t 4e'eo a.estuitncr .,u ta,t isbdi sn re.ottnrt rabt.tno1 r ntn ralctbd ,.b s sn lie o d.sNttate tanscientd d retaL.td P., , i dr;t ea te.d .tett in Tndilhrnile de arr a' . din lal t d saci.ldtii,"4 ttin. sr.i.tdtii tatitun&on, sod.rrilji rirocm,i.rr ctr artc cnvjnta' ' l ln3 ass cum slblinirzn knii in luchrer sa r{atai?,isn $ anl'ilrtit;srr. sn stji Jii ti insuscsti |;i Fi Dr.lncF7l ln nod ditic:esid, ( ri' i si ilii Ft inlniuri bnrfirtcle lor rcacln'tNc si riii ri het, r L r,mlric $ s:i lupti c! ljnjr inhelg;i s fdrlel.r si ch*lor crre ill

    lfo,'rsul sidlli. ir lncriri,e srle cn privire h t nsnr in ltnsYrs_t o. bi.tn1 in iod catcgoric ln.dcirilc de denrturrrc a iotiuilor

    i, ! r)de la rapoiuriLe diniE evornlrc ai Ercluic, sunlinihd ?D nod, .rt lih;, cDntintritatca succcsivittiea ir isiorie a des"lliJj'

    intnlcei si li bii.rr.l3 onnl nolitlc at pnni h.r t caft co'shuctic socidlGhll 9l

    ,, rr,iuul, dela silenl clollit ii riiinitt dc !ia!ii Dnnt h clechor 3viof_ ru .d{L dal3 d^5cooeJi.pii,

    I r 1 roc;6; runql si neintrenpti .are sdiort Accst natrinonin"

    l,rjri de eislenls fietiri o! de d*voltatr socictitrlor' tte dc!' ",'

    ,, **.iu r. ut;t-. "t "r delindc

    de noile rclrljunl ci$tc intEi J . iE socictalea socirListi. in socici.te. comunisll'

    '"rrilul Srrlin r desvilnit esenls anlifrdxjsti a rqr zlsel t'orili""'"i

    -*"*" *i,- @," IJ I m +irl"g"d;is-.", ,, ...*..,;*.r sar..-u n"r':Nen::artd^s, r" ., ,",i"r" .rnrui cd istorie soci.titii si is1c.i. rioForiero'

    ', r:i |c .Ie tohiseln liniaittil n.ri-sti I rost inchiii aa hvr-, , :ullin si ori.c riiiicirc ti li exclusl.

    r)ri cstc fant neindoic c cn eistn !r lririnontu pornrnc'i ll, i

    'r, jLl ltiinlci, in *rrinn, ,lirectlunca carcctiirilor triinttrko rl ors'.,.. rd;,r sicciiirl nnfril nr fl,ndllll

  • dh lult i de cl6n. Fdnatiurea sccjatij clsa doni.aitn care se sr.tjrni pe o rnumiti ben cconDnisn schvryisin, ieudat4 ..Ffta]isli -a d.ioDinat dircctinnea ce eedrc sriiiriicnr tur

    z'ro3a. Ac rr4 inbi'xr's} F.".ur ir fo.,

    " i;,. ,t.t. .

    d,Ec' u- ! ^. us.rn fost p3fleotrl! nrlnlurati si chiar trasjnati

    -{_e s,au plnEour lnch_.jle dcrr carileu ti ciordnno Brlrn. penn lr J.lio{hric.sdfe to 3sce.o- c.1,

    -rc%.. , .. r, rFo,jbrzr. B!.ghera a r.jltai d6rouaFa srinrictor Dozjriva nr ve:cut srxvn ba. canil crasa .lF1oa1rLr.e sc aftn in dedtn, direclia n. care e3

    'Id4r"_ 'r.i: , r

    sr^!. ^e,sr

    "d" rF;!" "

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    "/1 i r. r' 1-, ida.ttr .omol.gio. weisnannisn Dorssnisnul in ereditsie,JD flzi.i, eic. 6dinta, itr Frire c.pftatGrs. esrc sub.rdoirtn .Dnceltjilo.frdcisr.9l tite,Istc crie ru inliicraler sr a ilcvciit er ihsisi c.mrltuo inrtiune' dc distrugere llinnjri d. das s1nr,anitar rr lnrjb caplrLljlte, nu imal lilosofir, ktoria. stjinlete econ.nice sunt srbj .harercsior encptiuni ir tunt fttsiricare da. si sriinlerc i'turii fjzllr.chihir, bioloFa, geolosra. led.r.gia _ $ni lhpin& pc dtun g&rt!

    suh prsiniea oncurentci bu.shstr a fost .on'haDsi si desorrertiinlerc..rnrii, dsaftcc rirl acssle., ea nr Frrca siit dcsv.ltc nro-duclta si t hniB. Dar N.rru I noiiDe nasscle in sbB d. sct'dc spi-ritusE burghezr! a c.nsbibs Fe orm.r de diinti sn devnrn lmlovtduibnt orenlelor ccror nai rtxurde. uncort de r dre_Drll crimnBrc. $riuri.oriii cn tu u.s.A. ?zi. .r 9l in ccnanrr t te sii de ieri .dcertrih iliibflricc sDt dirij?ite de sutr(ut si dicile n irarc. relrzcnt?iie

    car firn rtctun *rullr tef3.e tunr,rice rn rcriuner lor sciuciqiit.rr..

    fnrii ctrsc sxu tibcri dc ctae r)lhgonlsie. .fernpo3ibiliii|depljiesine]jDitatDdcds'o]trr.side

    !'xenrld u.iunii sori.ticc nc sii in trli lcr a tnce:ur s:L stiilltr.e4ci viu sensul prorlid lDrnist al rtiirtei si sr tr"cizar d.liniltvdtftciir ci da deflortaF. Accasia cstc dn.cclir sriinJei si ni Ir re cu

    !,ncii li a lm$esutni.. r)iiru'si dD !i puGhic gulclt onbdiv. Ea a& de lulr't ele

    ,: Lr'. '!xct(i,!re din Fln prch qi c! iap3riltisfr anslo.Mericar,f,

    ' ,, rr oFului ii al o cnirii Nu r sunpd niminui, de sisur, riiiuip.oiti lnnn b ?.Fcrsilall, I rcpr.z.nbDrdlul

    s ,{ l. o N.u., dulir cE sa loi.i ii conditiunilc siiuG dc ollr.I | :ii d. sirdre e on(iintelDr -

    dcclahrca chnfi d.noorre cd !rI'L r-mr rrrn.lionai. ol r nuuunil lui Dutrcz4 Fenrnci a ajutal,, ni irripiu!$ci nu nunri . n.galitrte $i o redirplrlc .i sr . n.nr uritrre. o lna 6nh. trnaritnti.

    '' , D.d i.r,-.. n,rrz:lsci icmclia onstruclici socirrcte.

    rirhs noi d$hrDi dc cbrn in stujbirln,nrilor de pssre h.ra,!. Ae$rr c.rc din !$tea o{denir.r da _BliinFi,:rrisip3lri.lisiltie qtdr dd visnenti. Drci srlgisi oan.ni deL i: Li'r c're rr nrsbiiDa in falosul unel Ntc.i dqman. s..du] dc frbi-

    sars anoliorarii tninhi e]3r ce nnncesdr trri, .i in mhai cn 3r c.nrrjlul ]a gun,lzirca h?oi ec.n iicc, d ar

    .,l.runi rnrisi ai cl,sai ?r.ror.re ii.i pah.iol NaslE. Drcn 3.r si.r-iioo.r.gi car. ar ris/indi gandr.ur de Col.radD peilfu dlstn,g.r cur.

    id de ca*oflL iF cun N iiht Aneri4nii ir Repunlha clrrostovrci',

    j I s 3r cisi bacroriolosl .rrc ar

    o rlrn deLnrlie licn Ceslul de des inlll',itt in mr resttujle stiinrii r icl. noi este conceD!tu l'lealisti i,! irndpreirrer lcnonencl.r\!.Ntn clnrr4ie s n.ial'rette nsi des doEeniul irn4ebr rilcsorico

    entn 9i in doDieDill ttin,ilor nrtrii.ostili ldeilGmllui si tidcisnuldi. lanlo

    .itt : 'D@d od.tdrt1l ol,t dr', aristii ti irttnl.ro nahrdc at relt'Ntdr.r.d ext.ti.drd.tin ery.ddla onuhti s rN sirtr'? cqabit? sd ne.]ea

    t,t. \^rt aba.tiD, ui|e |tieisn ?ste iatdtntot ldtd n tdr."rn ir.iebt.3 cililalisti, ..menii de slLlnln iurghezi ar d.nattrnt

    ' l,.sor rdevnEtul sens rl nr lor desoperir' stitnillke snb nrrhcntr rl.sir u redctiunil, i clrsclor doninrnte, uii o'freni de edbli .! rre

    ,l fxi crlhmul ti ficeisnrl. .nssiccnndu'le .descr in cels nri r.lDrorscicalitunlut ptrtdnrc, l fost silit si ioc!

    trli lltcrc. dunnez.jasci c. r,.r.r .l cFrliei,i.i ,xr!, Ndurxre shiurn cdr ar nr ci cvdrli. rii',1.h v!('it,'ar. cstc o lqr. r mfurlt chlmrFl"r

  • r-jebig, crre a dat o brzn,ciiidlLrjce nuhitiei mincrrtc d ptanieror, nrrF.netlc lui Dum.czeu cn I a .jutrt si frce lscasin descoperifa Fidehnui3xu la imDiedccrl sidea anpl!,are f3lrclor cxlerinidnialc izrrate Fe or

    tucn rn lisr .us tjbc. rsDsror cDnlepJii, rn dmoisrra cn ,devntulobie.tiv tu *jsri ri rn ,leschide drunnt lornDlN o.ganjzsidricc dere&iiunil Nua c.o.oniicir a sciclilii sr.irhslc rr ti pernancnr sdrun.nBii. irr s,prrslrtrct"r! sr rn rdcinetrir rr m ar creilc Fen1ru a sruji

    Dr aci. r.zulr-r.e D sfciniimpo*atrli ltnrrn Acacedi,nepnrrricii Pnlutr,e n.min de I

    zi rrit la,oicailri in au. lrn.ti, n3trhs prii ltici si mrtemsijci. La noi, accste d.uil iliinte nn an rcosii pdnir.on st si co'slruirscn rundrn

    la.n cu ailtm.i ulr. cu.ai rr ro]osi nai nrlt exp{ienF ti,icoi9, n.rc_.naticr ta noi nr ]ruGriic liiiftnla de

    s]rirftur rnet:rric dlniaanr ir tirne .ccidcnrrta, iii de lnde fizicieniisi n,?tefratici. i n.srri

    "! Lrai nrfitirDru rrri nuu d.c in atle disci,rlirF, ji rizici ri mrtcnrtici *zn1.nta merarizi.ii este m.i purcnicn;ieidltr!, dc r sdrdiciis n.teriililrter lunii e n riies1n ucori liiiis

    un riziciatr, P4rt/rnil Euseu. in hcai sa rsro,.j, Iro3oli.r a*,-ddtlr., alihn cn ieorii rctrlivErtit8rc sbrrantiarn. Dupi ntrstl, nr

    lirle. ci nuDri un prccden conod dc sru..t ^r br I,i.1.

    re-Dut.li. n, hner din occldcrt. cai.

    Bt. ! ctudinli c.rc se iirinetrc la f.ore utii oancri d4 iiii'rF cihrtcnrticn .st. iccit.n cu rlii4a iNisi. Dlcii acdst.' conccdie .r fr8dEill j'xli ar i'&nlx ca i(ircqra siii i jnct'rs!! narcnrliF.te. sd 6c

    rrb.t. r.sic. inchis ir she, in !r r e{dienlcium rc. Dxcir rc.r(i corcclrie r. ti in$L1iri. sp.crxccrul sriiltei ,r ti *.1nn de ., !n si d: siirc: o tizici trDivcrsrri, ldenlici cn o dodrint

    in ealtn tr un shten desur iendirtc:i s. fiicut iiccrcnri d! x tucc sn

    ]liirun,ln r.ci*t c.r.Drtie: dh, cun os rnesc, clc ntr:n rcrsjt. Nu ar.or.it ij: uniurc. soristici. drr

    rlri!nati.r a rcn dcrnriii dc Erisels ca riird iiiinr! fondor sprri't'I runea reati cor.DFuri ir t ltrl a.esto,

    itn o lrrta iniegrsn1n a cntroqd.rii rcrltr rii oln.a*erca m,tmaiicn ire. bincinFtcs, !.'liculari6tite ci caracic.iLicc si se decsct ste ir hljtcFrivinh da cercerarea re.u6!ii cu hijloi( r: c.r!rr3li. rriinF ale iarn iI cii .r un crrrcter. ecun njri trtr ansamllu de remncne, dii posibilillrcr cerceinrii mcsrora jn scriti r)rn'n'i:l*cele natcmitice rlaten.iidesre dera.r de I avea un cauc

    o,tiirti pe $E ltmrajul o rimircazn;i oj rilrii"ci:i de lum.r pe $E nornnrrtismul o i(rnjurc dc contr.lurInNr'c! rcalitatcr Ea nu arcun enpireurtcir djnccto de spariulrnin.rr n.rn'l ci cate concret !i v. fi @ riai nai f{und penha mnosrrcrefl (!i va fi r.idesbirli d. nerafizici ri ri !a ansi ipricaiii rn 6le nriJ r$irc stin'ie are nitnrii si ti rehni.i. rrarmarica nu 8ic nnnri uh

    atu.it ci esie i nn iisttuneDr pulenic[ \tru *npadrca ai. Este chr ci nodll de jntren nFre,.cestui jnsrru-Ddr delinde, ,re renans', dc srructnra socieinJii. rn @ndi_tiun,lc soci4rr-1ii cxritallsrc, instnn4rlt narersltc se46te nrbEsole expL.trrorirori

    . xJatnb ror Ir rtrroin. In mn{ritiunile societnlii sociarkte, er sene:tcrrnrrsclc jntregrbi popor. avm Dalcm2li.ieni de naie vrlolF, de rc.Itrtxiie nondirli, 31r cnmr .pre sunt nn*fia in.lelor 1.r ijNlrin grrjl aerslr, htturia rotsilialului deilof ar rr.Forntni h.slru. rn f.zai i crre ia gidnj md.haricr irebue sn priicipc .f.ctiv ts intnrira raTetrr,nomice sochlisie ii a suprari'?t si pi-tNnd;i coivincerca cn, cd iorre ci nalem,rica studirz; I.no_rndc sprlirle ri legjlc crntuatlve generatc, er est. rj o _sriinti .rrerrDdiizn mtum, fiinrl o lirrc a gtlinFlor narurii, o rtiint, a crrli noliuMrfrtiarn r forr truu din lunea exi.riod4 o 5rlnti care re ,l u ca.n.rd kr.ric Notinn d smtlare ndcnrrice s'u rormar c,. d,$cjn!ntr d d indelungat Foccs d' acsvolr.re s stiinlei ti lracticei oheneJlt si in

    cu ne$ul rst ic rr sliint.i du!: r.giro,Nunsi a Nmened chceplie hateintktd, tta\.

    rtc rt, ctut hdtendti@i sNne Vinogadov -

    aqi don arir ii c" ?r,.rr:\t .i si cn kn.sire( ci in stuiha r cticei .ne1arti.i saxiatIte :i nttrtttii ttNrtdte sprc co,m en,. DinFotini rc.Irgin not, inrerFet.Fi,Lirirr dialeclicei nrtcriotiste, r origjnii ii desrcliiiiii i 14. izr.rftn din sindiD3 ata

    nct iDiiisl nr ip.rczc. cu sdrri.j.rrcr! [r$iiismu]li rj canzrtitntji in lnnca ti7i.i, crc., sunt nmeh lnosorjlori rxmlril.r dc siiinrn lrnrgr.zi r4ctlonrri, care rac dio riii43 r.f

    . $rxuilr Pmg'cFurui siinrleiJtrtn' r srtrsticc cdr"li.r0 r iilcror nrtdrri et rerfrc{t, eslf ne.*

  • oderD. si se dcsv,iie R P R sinulbn.ca un rit inhcg, sbnns lesaL hir. clc.

    Icoasiii siDultincilale ri unilatc in desvlxarc erllici trogresui rctnrccut 3r fr.ftnatiei lD u. R. s. s., unitc teorja celor nai nutre .!roxi-nrln a lu] ccbitev re splic.liuri lniin*s.olnrilor x sisit o 8llicarc hli in iziea teoNticni t-"oiia fnncliilor dc. vrrirtj[ conl]*n rcp.czind bsza ponrtu siudiul.onllnuc, !u harc inlorran,tn psl|n aNnite donEnii (tennicn, aero 9llidrodilanici. et.). chkr c.l mai sbstrEt din$e donenille natnrrie(|,):im nalcmtiiri) t snsit in U, R. S, S. aplicltiurl in [email protected]. sunl'nrtiej, tcleneanicci rr rlc lehniei crlcululnic! !i I.stilulul de Iaro icn ,J. A stedo: al Amdemiei delriitrlc diD u. n. s. s, Itslitutxl dc Mrtenrricn d

    ^6dc' ei R.P Rt.chtrc n.rErar st uhir$scn desvoli"r.i tuntor mFuibr din n.1emaikr con1enp.r.ni, drr in lceeati nrxuri lehue sn d8 im!. anticurcniri refraticoi aplit.re. h lNiiluhl dc ilatndicn ,,v. ,^. Selo!a Lst oElniz'tn . se4ic !r.1m ealcllul neanic, lnzcstratt cu rD9inide cxlcul. s'an e]!bom! net dc d alioxiDatie pnbu pmblmele l^ liniltale liri.ci natcn31i.e. d .idonl dsinilor &tomtD ce calcL'l -{n losirlrl):nle n.l.ds FcD1tu $lulir rea nmcdci n eoalina dilottialeobis dle Sd cteculat lndiri

    'aste de izhclc de ranclilni, r. Iccasl5

    . lmrjedcctl ! c,hJordorii l*$|lttrldi si exmr. D sA{"' hriiiNilr-ica r!:rdamcntal.. Dinpoldvi.

    Sc.rl, nxtcmdlici $vjoticit D .slc o scoah iDchisii, rz.)a',n. Erjnti nillc ii zccile dc njl de r)rotcsori itc n'iessrcn 3n crc.scn raBlei.u prosr. l triint.i, Dnine*. roNtrn s-.o!le natcmftn l).at aili t'Fa ericiici ti tn rcerslii Fivinti nn 4enllu bD

    cea cs e slns &spE nrto^li.i s porl slbc ai dpre fiz'o6tiizrs f.atc d.schid. d rumch$ rr4i lhtrn inmlmret oneltiilrrc4ri81e, nn6ri mints,i.'ur, dar u,eori inrenllohal

    .h a/J-t. La tne&si t $rie L v. Stalin -

    .dt. tdli'tu.tt.l.sibititat! dnae,teni h.itii i ( t litu ci, .aft nn d.112 in otdti.itntc( tunaftinklar n dnE, cate tu rc.Maatte anctnnl obqctiD

    '

  • 1i', d. pmcii.n. codbntiDd leoriile g.e9iie .rre neagi lnsemnntriea rire

    ,lracrim aste snr.iaor.t'u.0|}d:i (lsr:tlce) jN n noi nlentld nilxtsotitiitii, .i i pe neh ne t li eaiitrted ^e

    devini rl dn.,rtterii luDii inconjuritifre de citrc .ni .du6 onitndea cxaclnilii inlxr.jur da cnnorncrc, aliit in procBul praclicei $ciale si rl productici,sat iii in desrn:.unrta hptci de elrsi si in cxperinentarc? lrnrliricn.

    cunorierea rdpti do rclicn osta inevitrbil rrlicrca si lilsitn de

    i:itrldi n.shu si ai Parridnlni tui Insrunderer ,{nbu justr cunoalieE,!i trrnsforhaE a societitii tl r nd! iIcest nnrat tmces dc 1lrnsromar . atins un FDct firi pre.cdent 13exisicrtr p.pdrlui nNtru Fi ar ss s! jtnn !e uno,ttcr.a ttiin$rici,

    lnrnentul istoric d. transr.lnaic a .aluril rj sociern9ii in Rellbli.tPotn rrnnonnni

    'nlune *in{ei noastr. sn sc odenteze pc dtumul strans.i ci lcsilxt cu !ra.ti3r.nu,laid'italm slinrtipndici asisuri proErtsul cunoa9icrli, rio8 e

    I riiinlci. litrn h hcarila Ka naj ininn. Nnhai unit3iea ttililnlrrc-iici aFli po!.rul ntrncitor slsi idnrcasct rctivitalR nai.rtrli dc pm-ddsn., sn int..8sci b8za ec.nonicn nrbrialt, sj Frf*lionczc reiilijr.dirnrc oanDni nr lroesrl lialii ssbuctlre corcspnnzntta' b3zei s.cirlist..

    Slijntx in Re.Fnblicx Popubrn R.ninir 3. gns.rle h . cotiturn,iirtili.e tu

    ^crd.ii3 nerrur'!icii

    lxrc lrisirc dta &fi tu xc.e! scns, lf r]trl ds ldctu po rnulDrpi rilar re car ie. d:r Uninnm sodetlci, tilinlx iorslln bebuc

    sii ri'de cu t.1ic lntell. ei ccononii natioulll si !rcsrcsul civiliz4ieiuriind rildr Academicj dc itiinle din UDiuner ncpnbllcilrr so.irlisl.Sovicii... AcrCcnii repulrli.ii PoFlsra Roniine trhue sasi clgsnizaz.rrosmnnl de frnci in ln lcl, nrni o. enii d. stiinlii sn dedni nnriitDi in:!r icr.le fa,.rie alo sctiliunui. A luplr l.ntn ablnde,rlrDici r socjarisrnlui ins.annn r lupla

    poritu tduDf'n srinl.i

    rhrsBmul dc luh al -{cadenicl a fosr supN unet Evral.i iottlo

    'r itrirtul sp.i.irii si rdn"cirii adi'ititri sliin9ifice 'n

    ksitun cu nc6., i. 1ir. v::tii pm.tie. rlela nat.nalicn 9i fit ofig pdnn ta agD)1mror !?rtxDtii $etir lrrcriccj lcirn r 3v.r sisnBnF rotudirrii cero! dt

    de s cnror redlvrs delnde inttdh! b8at e6no.rlcsramnl Ac.deniei R. P. r,. acordn o atentio dtuebni

    'lud lorr' I he, siudiiLr agionontc, s Fenin a 'jrta cr prtn' ,$ ti tehhici, !n se dc lne ihdnslrid 9i agridl.D eciarisl:l, sn s.

    ' , uiintusci irarca sanitail r

    r,a nnomiie, r..gnnutli !e 1951 an linft sernr tn s!4tal d.i ' lriiu le e rerin tliinlei ti rchdcei di| rrrnxl de Stei !e cinct el

    rncoryohrm oancnit r de ttrtnli in cbttElui Msr-a pr'n dc lunsi ddari ri : E

    , i" r;i ru insgir invilituile rli MD.Engels-rf n slaliq ci si de @ri r. .itrstit si dii sinlineft p.trioiis, irii.sc bansfomntlo po c$! i.a Funcft!.r tc nfipruqre.*iintilicn jtr EeptrbtLca Pop arn no

    r:r.'. etipn d cotiturn, cbpii dc grandio$a crBaliuni tlrint icc, rcE, r lrltinti sn l'rrin crtrc n i de spialitti in lorte tuumc. lrr

    t] ! i o,n in uiiune. soviericn. Aedemin dc sriinlc, umrnd in,licatsuiL, L .tnie tu prni& Ia tudnicia trnitilii djntre tsri ii lr*ticn 9l l' blnlI I diei in dcsrorhrc. , sen dor$ I sliinlei, . gidt nor tr bo$ie iwof.!., nlie stiinlifici 1ot astrcl ii

    ^clddir Rpullicii ?.!!llF RondD6,i, va desoperi nDi 6ue d. Nr!i-- qti]n'

    " ii,si r,siru i.

    i r' r. in hgilfi cu onsttucld $cjalisnnrut. onbitnlnit la int!f,rH| -

    si suprxslD.tlrii *estci3..riricind iond de ripsn d. nodcsrie, d. tnndrrosenie si de fossnli,

    uh si ierdirlele reveistr nrnifesbrdI raiistr lcvartsnl Stalin scrle:. or 1i Enq.ts u lo:t nllt nai odefi: ei mnsrt&Lu cn Ntu

    't t^ nt bt ni6bcti. 6te ptutlnsd ddDattdtii ,riinteto\ ,ntusiD 111b.,r. nit petiaada rec.tu A!t

    slnrxlarca r@slor sciccri ne dn initmnul sn ltrdin pmltu 8tarl, stiintn, a tndinietor de sinsr arizue,

    tr rrMarlrc su de d.spotisn. crre 3c nrnifa*n nn{rr ti suir 6oul

  • Pqo-L.M' r ' $arYlrr o,. 6ocsocicdtir calriart3.e tin h.ftur, o riDi:i9i a Dmr

    iinpNi ce ntr d noi rvenr.Itr relatate rthdu , tovarisul S1rli. r 3d.is ii r vorbit desFe pro

    rrrcm. desv.tiiiii tiiinlei, . indtcat cnne r@stei desvoltiri, a idnnrrIn nltinele sal tufirl pllvitoare la harytdn jn lhglislicd, rovarisulsialij ru nDat ci a inanat mlr biie !c oancnii de sljinJn so .tici

    din lm* obieciivn si I

    ,,,..irirtr giihld ne hvaF Lwdtul Sirltn ru ie ?odle ,.snrlto ti tospeto ldrd luptd de a?inii, ttud nbdtdd taicn l)

    Desvoltand re.sti rezi esenJi.ri ln evornlia s,oierilii socjariste, bv.iisnl sLlin nrfimazi pc acer oanmr de gtlinti mD lind st s inchidt

    sr dcrin! Doro]rollsii in domniul ror de rriinti si eren*rzn 6tfel o alDosfert de getujrs r citjcel ii aut elttc.i

    ,Metad! ekatiui a dtaan d dis.utnhnol cbl sdtrdeszi regrc.rxill preecdiiic 3l ncrdcDiei dc $tiinF din u.R s.sltebte sd dan d heta.h sisren4ttd a dssror/;rit rrir.t.i sod?tir. tnrcntiukte cteat.dte rje bdI diric.i tibde, tunt t rcdnn nnp.tlia stnandtit, d tutinct i i spirkutni teetre^t in ?tiintd- In dsEnem sa,liise nMilestd deosebil.t .|ar ?tiaci )iut c.tzcru li trcdtat nt rtiiatei indiatatu sacialkte 1n epacd stuankfdt

    u. R. s. s.,,suln Dro[]enelor de { .sofie, de arrii. dc brorogie, de lrziologic, de gslogic ii acun de ll.grisd.n Aestc disuliuht natr dat

    '?.zultata bineftcnt are ndmi in u. R. s s. Ei*tnr 10r sc sihi. in tDalclirlrc din r,ho tt nai .l* in lirlle dc dmocE c pqruhrn. urx diriderre .'ic u rost nnrt desbihre c, lruejxl &stor dis |uni. nrn.lcst d! noiiriri, estc d6r ci orrce stll'tn se slrljinn pe o b.zn rir.soJi.id.rcminr1n. .ire ru rancul cj cste rfrcKr a ccr c $ I{4rc6 ii sst trta. ii runctiune dc un sis'(d s.cirl d.l. Ioaic ne.ge s.! spre rdevnr sia spre tuls. In rces din ulnn cD er tu p.ate li da loLs decitddei cord,m,,alc Ir rlcl'!. dar fijnr_se. vitinnhare cla6ei !rulet3riaturui. naloriti oancnilor de stjinF sovrenci. n.ri xvohlri * snvarssin cnnodtier stiinliri.li Dc 3cea. nn cde dc ni$te .n in u R. s sin anunite itjinie se Fredeazn lr. ruizun chirr a 6i!i,n'brni br.,^"- " dr..f r, d. rr!! r- -.,! ir. ; 51'rar$i inpot E xnor ernr!"le $sterl si 1 lindecn pc cei cus s ar tt,qt

    rr clr mli sc ri rim!,r h.ebur sn 3e .rgsiizeze ii F vor orgrnrz.,,rr,L ilirl.liri llcadediel Rep!6licii P.pur'E Ronane, disculii .senini.

    prr obieciivelor de alnN ri netodelo. d.rh al dire.itelor triinlc,

    , r.neiiic cderirile ,riintei sovierice: si r atNru i4 ca si putenn fin bignt.rl de scant ri aricirirrle

    !. itr dru dildiielor discipriie nr U. R. S. S., nr xna disculilnil.r .n!rcn s.Jic. A.ce rea fo.ftqE a iNlielor inlilinlrtc llc rdrntel sovrelicci {'nri! dc nsnslFa tcncinrcn

    .ctare si i" viF pracricn, inrtuie $u

    F,,l6ind. dni lucr:ifile t.vsisrlui Sblin 3s!rm tni lonelor dc llnrrnici. nivnFiu le c se imrun ninlii oricntui on le +llnln. ftbu dinbrniintln iein@id ludrnrlc in -{ca.lamir R. P. R. ri in t..te I'rsri

    drn t?h noashd. schlnbul dc pnrerr ih chestiunile.Ljjtrtificc. c.ili.. ribei, nrm.aun sr fie o prrie inte9rn6 a nnncii sriin

    Nin 3i si rs]rjlstu vederile cronale,li tuihilir infl&ntr ldeologtet bdghe?c ri si ientiien sctivitaresiiiniilici l. ni inall nivcl de prticiFirlttrle. l-upta olinlilor jn FiinFr D.tezi crle. dcsvoriirii cclo! nai inilntnt jdcii r ingidui jucRarm,riizirilor oanennor de siiinln: va fic. si pmgtkze aeririle sliiltci.

    inscmnrt? sarcini alc Acaitenjet Rcpublicjl Por rrc

    trnml de drreul n. r cun.asle ce s'3 soisir cx*2 sriiiti r nxEifr lcnlnisnsrrlinismulul. aprtclEa ii pEctjc.riiitirici 3 gnndirii ndxkl lrijnist strliiiste. in krb ntuble)nele dcln ordin. Slridari. !e ciE o wr depnx!'

    I moii de 3ijrnli Fcnb! r si iisutl dii ce itr e lrij iemcinic inritrurilcfunlj. rczohdrri cu srcc$ , rlroblencror

    s!dirliritl, dari rd. .r: silinrr sn 3jnr. l.

    l3rtjcilo k ridicaiu mDdilinDilor d. vi.aui r celor! , i qdd4ei ei si o,lrli! cr .exs

    ci vr ri, r ri ciir ?' o.too,il,i n!irin tr

  • ciiori. la dearea unei inale conFtiinte erntenGli, ' unei i"li: mncellii- i,

    -u'"" " -".- n- . mr'r $rri, ro '-:'ru'"t"li" ." i'-.tl ":

    .. ** p"terc pc lunei orlcet de n'F r n d tn.".*".,''""."'*''+l"*' :"

    -*t - , 'i"i ; ''r'' ne. r^ 'r- " ' paiou r,r , " -:, ri . ors ! cu -4F b 'gn F 'd re",.i"

    ",r ar ':' ' ".;a. lrri.t; "ii si

    p.l""t .n." -.todeh ite ccrcetsre 9i pFgftetle dnmul

    nnei n.i inllorii a etiinicls trn,. r" .Uiun-.ro ,o"sx-s,d-

    l^a,,"... '""a-ar t-abu 'od m'rqrdrl

    .ur"r "i**'"*r st ;-**'-tt " *"I"id- din tredt inrnn'rtndcea e mNtitue *rrtusi3 fo4crr retrograde care $ deromat ibtginc'

    tt.l%p'olr'*.1--r"r'-' .u .r"t t":

    "- ts

    ^qd-d i r4r'-4'0

    '3:i'.. - -.t"r"'t t ";ru"*"

    pror !e car. re triin rsi;zi acrdeni'i", ,,

    ", -*',- *-;kqituri ctr i:tur i rii , teL ln Frs iotclri

    -

    *t*-n; r-"":i'.lui St lin Dentru liindirer problenelor de lin

    ; "

    -,, "'.'

    !u . mu.r 'i p d'.i o-".J.,r:'. c'z1Ii'- ul"ri

    -i i. .."r"r' ..e'}"fi" .r r,t -ic scicntiricr', 1050 cu litlul ri2iole'ii=i ';r,"r.l **" c.*r""ttl" "cestai ttur'sor

    slnt ci in strt'lc Unii'i*i..

    "e ". r"*'r'""

    -", .'r prasilirea niritdn oamenii dc atiinF*"-"'"',,,r.-*+t, ,..

    -"r,':'r,--";r '. m1"t\ s-n- -d'"d' idoh'i';;ia. ; " ." ."' ".,. b, rdp ' m oF\1,;;;";,.",.., ,

    '' r"e ti{ _,*i"-,*"" "a-..r

    " ele .ere nai lroiund un.ahlettii"t" e"ta ii a"ia" F,oqu"utli ei d tibertdlii *te $iinto tn stxjbd

    tatn s clocn*. dotr' tahere: t@? r rncii denoc$sndust dc U R S s, $i tceer s inpari3llsnulni'Iali !o,1tu @ sllin!' no&e.r:i iEbuc st lupte leitru

    ! ,.,s'ntr, du.And o lupti nc4u!nic.r. Jn conlrr rcrctilnij i4dialisie,r !, ftr hr.brici rizt!i.!.. calilalistei .a h.buc sn fis deci nililanriIi .r coDhrlt fir! soviire ps?udoriihl. b!.snut, iddlknal, nisiicis

    , , r,soxr.niisnnl. all care pqrilcsc rcrenrt dc ls$ilne ImpotdvlLrr r,ii $vit!.e si r ttilor c! denocrrlie lop'nart, lerttu a'lnuPs'

    Li ririu a bombei stcnlcc 9i a loBnclor hictedenc(tD dc rtiintn !e crrc poporul n.stru nur.itor il ere, est. c.r@r r rli n, sltrjba ad.vnrulL,i. cste annl cara isi lune e{oienta h slujta! fu(i I)..hu cN el lupral,| i,ilcFcDdenla topodelor, paccl ond Cc +lijnF cilrc orc p.poruluarilo iilindc Lralele, 6te conbrtutul igilcnt lcniru biufrful nsr I r rdcvituri pe crie nunri gtiinlr nanisl leninisr's1tllnistn rjutnI r' descop.jr, ldtru lincle lolorului i.tteg.

    Dir cde 'rnhta roz'n6 ci lersres toltrilulli stalin ,Ilrxiwll3k in*Ennbto istorici n! nuri rmrn d4-

    , i,Lir cin to.t ranuril.. Cn . lre.izi e in adcvi. geni.lt, accstc in-,h d,iri sunl nn indrpt3r pentitr osaniz.rq nnnsli tliinlnice in @leD i .liferite donenii dc ceretrrc.

    ile tctiune,3 vabit in limr sidplid[ l.mi, pmprie luj Fili sn se rrstittre spaiarisrlor in cleslinnil. se

    nrre si dc aninnnt cl rlumir-notril. i$artsnld st,lnr. 6re dcsolti Functul de tdeE nrnisl

    ^i L ir* r.rulri ri bcltli etiinlei iD ev.lntia s.cietilii, ilcs.rid o indsnj 1.lrciivn nn nnnsi o.nenilor dc gtiinli soviclici, ci

    dr it c. petuljndeni, penh!. frunci Ddnict, in ndnele socialishllui.I unclc c.nunisnurur, ir run.lc nn.nitiiii.lr lu 3 !e.re clas. nrieitoale dela )oi. mndusi de P'fridnr M'n

    {i L.* Ronin, o ducc lenba con tuiFa s.cirlisnnlli in mnitiliunile! ,lrlurii prolctr&. n,rn$1un llrrns-dni Strlin o ajrtt si crllrc*cir| !,1 si st n.arei nli releite lenht consolidarca

    Ei rjuli in sceltsi lint si se plccizee mrul tliinlcirDrriindire !e 6r re tmsen dln crnmrtner rucdriror tov.ri,5nkrlxlil p,:iviiorr. h lingvGticit, s

    ! ).tri d? sliirti. li o nnnci n3i peisetemnta in insuijr.' mrrxisn tcri risDstahrisnlui. r l]daneni tminic al tliinlci, niiloc sisxr ln d6mI rh{ legilor ddvolt:i i miniii ni societnlrir, rnn a deritutui ftcllDr r,lncitoirc i omcririi

  • IIII,I]I, Si INS]'TINI.TATI'.{. LUCIiARILOR LUI I- V. STALINCI' PRIVIR]I L-{ LINGV]STI$ PNNTNU

    D]JSVOLTARIA ]IATDtIAI,ISiIULUI DIALECTICSI IIATDRIALISMULUI ISTORIC

    )I B. ]TITIN

    l,e zi G tece dell publi.trer bdirilor lli L V, Siarin tu lrivlre l3rr,bkrele lilgvisticai, apm iot rai cvldmtt ibens. ihtunn&ie 5 a@3-! r luc.nn. Ele

    '0. lnscije o prgtnt de ru in tstnnl rtiln9oi ntrnsi

    Dqrn cm se stic, mdt l&ri'i a.lc tui l. v. Stalin @Ntille uD luictcDtiiud in llsvisticr sovieucd. Ele dau o sobtt pFfuiti nr*istn

    rfuhtrmct niiurii locide a linllt, a s$ucturli tr elenenielo. el conpo.sr)r, I e de o pafto, ii dirl*tcte t rltorla,le rl jd8@nele dj cldi, pe d.'lii lxltc. El snrrun uei dluce nlntcitoqe falselc coneptii o lrivn.r' li'rLn c supmslructurd, eu privlft l. ,,caractaai de clmt' al hnbiirr[.^ncterizEzi ]egile inteme de d.svoltare a limbii, hodlficnrjb 4]er rrnlu. ln linbn i'i cuNl desvoltirii ist rie m unaE i lesiturilorr r. poFar.. Ir sriirtit, elc emderzt problenc cun erte acc$ r hrtrrulli dinhe limbn ti pioduclid. dinlre limlrn 9i gandiE, !rcblcnc .lntd hD.rtanre cun .ste ac.e, a brzei linbllor rusd sl u.ralneani, cr..^t

    $r iczrlr r.oEltc orern fin$ljliLf djn rcaie lirire a bui cd idcviimtrrLi'4iricn lcDrE nui.r lor sub tGte aspdtclc ci

    sc Forts r.d.a d. pe lcum cdt de rodnicn .sic inriu fer hdiritf

  • Flor doelale iD u. R s. s., in firile de dcn.crilie popnhrn, in RepubliciPoFd3ri ChinezA Fi inb'u, nxn de rllc lili. Innctnl dc rcder. infi.liial dd iezele ei mmluiile lui I. v. sirlin a rius caFt rechilor coic.priird$rlzriose 9i dosnelor stsit caE ad donnit nnui lrcnc tn In'3'i8ti.a $vietlci ti a ina]l8xrli r fa^ rodnici qi bogrtn h r.,ulhle indcsvolts'ta rcestci foar.! inFrlrnie rmuri r- stiintei. Lucririle lni I v,stalin in prDblcnclc linsvisticei su rla! o mtu jnrlu.ntn ,s!n sliinleilitr8aisriei in !ix'c de dmo.r4ie lopul'rn. srlr nrauaF dirccd a scs.br rnderi a incepnr si se d*fntlre in ,&$e lnri o intensn 3c!n E tlc

    atoriilolide'Ljstedet.lf.lurnuenFior teriei rli Mrrr carc exishn n, accrrti sliiifi in l,olonir. R.ndnia, Bllgrtu, Cdh.slofeia, ei!. De rscmena, a inceFft sn se d6rtqun o n,rensi mlncn poz ivn pcrrtu urudrl tclitnndirli dint& llDrrile dc clrc.t3r reniru limurir.8'uclnrit E'omd.ah r rimlii bhi'ne a rinbit u'sd., F.nru dcsrirui,&3 hsftu.iror fecurde care ru epop.rFle shre tinD dc frrnt. secor..

    Tsile d rlivb" lr ljrnbr. ddrclbtc de L v. $arin in 'nfimcle luenri,oD:titne . o innard 9i o amlln ileslaltare mj dqrr'le r concelte]or

    .il t yadlll slllitr Ja Mpit de a.este lloblme in i.r rosuI xcuvihpi dn se tiie, r. v. slllii r de${lbl reoria si proElmd tolre.

    lls ln Frotlen. ,ariomln, ni, p.ntru ihtdi! orri in tiiinJz socidii, a dnio delinilie clasjcn natiunii. .,Na|nlneo , sris tovarLul slrliD ir7s13

    -

    4t . anuntdte stdbiLd .t an ne i, 'stafi.ette

    tunstihlnd ,i@c a taar liintd rtc tnzt tu1runit6.1ii .te n hn, d. t.titdilt, tL rieatneturchica |i n fudttd lsihicn,.e se haniljtii in cantbn&.4 ndttni..I. Shln,. orm rol 2. ed rusn, Fas 296')

    onnerlte i'r a(rsli .lcfiDi-rjc. lrlr allrte-

    srrrnnaTn iovdisul s1rlin njr tstc s iciell peltru dcflDircr na'ra lurt. nr rDsnhlul lor na dan o ita

    irnilie .ompktn ri dddviii,tt s naliunii DrIi cufr ee eiic .easin dc'finilia a D.tiu,ii s iislnnal o nde drcdtrc I

    -stiinlei M'iistl'ninisieijl a devcrii tenelia. baTr t{relici n niru rezorvar justi I raturorcelodrltc pmblehe lcga& dc pronena naliondn, ldnru daborarel P'ffui rrrtidllnj E lFric in pnbldr nrlionarn. Din rcelsti d.rinilie analiunii Enrin cn cmmildial dd lirnbd .ne nad.lin ftn&1rn. n..,fl".9i ctucteti.tice ol2 ^otinii Bazi'd! t !. restn ddintlie r t"ldnii

    1 D I, lxoa fted)

    ,r 1, ,!r sernr de inpodanla Fe care orre o llmbd unicn in vi41r ti,,-riLihlilor si trrliuiilor, ne putefr d" sor d. munca i frdlvnr nri6n1, ,]tmcnlul dcsroltirli lifrbilf nslionrle, . desmltirii utr.i culturi Drlio-ixr. tu fornl ii tu.ialG!. cr j.rd, Do .xie r inslirrt. ri orsanizrt o''{dul Bols.rjc in ftsinut sor'rclic.

    !i,lsitater 9i caractlrul dnnDitor at .once-Dtiilor lui NrD rsuprr, rii, ir anlnc, imbr4 ri bii o slpr.srrdciurti, tcDri3 luj Mrrr ctr

    r limbir,, crau tidroLrrr[ nr rnpr_ d pn!,o + vcdr fo,rtc dsr rom impriiivr tL{riei bolslie asuprr mliliji,i, rrnliva lrirciFiilf definilni stlrnist. a r4iu i corc{iiilc tui Mrrr!r(, deci i" d.srord.u punctlldc redlD bolrcvic in rrobl.ra nrlio-nLri rf.i cu:rid sau n,i ia,iu ac.rsti co rh adict ie di"ha t4ora hot:..lirii 3n'!rr i.r,iuhii ti linslht! rii tnrir. si dlcn lovrrisnl slalin a dcmls.i rdcnxi acun, tu .tdrrrri uDzi(e;i .onsvc4q mncorline dinnito"r. dc tui nrr in donc.

    nrge diNl drn &lc spus. mi ss, fintdI rqlt,iii incontestabjl resar ii c.Nrnisnutui jnI t s s. T.cmai rdnn, ctrd in fata tuluror nolo.rlt.r djn uniuneaji \iijcn Jan d.schis .rizorluri roi si pcEreclive mnn.sta itr lesihr.:iifji ii limbire nationalc I rrirs in r.lrbti.ile sDl,i!1ia un inxlt nivll,

    atn a li(grisrjccj deoircc rtulnrclca nrDn,i a aestoi mmdi a +in'tci sisl(nj1 o prjhrjdje ,rcDrru !.!sl,csutnj rbriqilo. soahric. i)r dohonill .ltturji. Tovrrisd stdi, are na.er.r ft isrodc cr a ri adns tingl.Grica !c dtunul c.t bri. htr,rdedr nu

    I ^ r!1.a crridi o diejFtinn iliintifi:n pc prnrcifii frle. ctr cai vjc.ta ere!eDtiitoi dc byn ab tinsvjsricer tui Md.r iLlit nai nurt discir.tii tui Mor. nr spleilt !.cir c.rc in U.R.s S

    r.1l!,rn in rh c. insrirnrilror c'r. se cculau,te tirlgvislki, nu pcrnirlx,L dirioi ribri, vjc md cn Dkdlia nsuprs prohlmelor liiglisrjccij can.lrimhbrc!tndnribhiI,vS1aliI'.deschis

    T rt &cstca Dc rrdn iri4inea ideologici la ora gccid h'i Sirli'r rr !lcxi3tiihl3 in u. R. s. s.iele nc $att. de *meNr, e oncilji rri.hrjo.!.wa $ciarisnnr pm1ru o cMtie iirr'adcvnr fcdrdn, dii'rtiri.ii, 4, r(rfr rdsi deshid. nr riF nnEFei st

    '4c o orrdd,t srn'ii cm

    ..re *iil}3 nu r. o ,rujii.i i bosnrr.n ca'r *.e ]roirc consacr" ir inrrcsn'rele nsslor popular..

    r,rcnrilc" d. h,fljsijcii rpiirtrle nr urinnij r i h strt l. rhi!. trtclrr.ricci mnsiiruc Drrcn o cotrfir trr. cxprcsi r conlmsrrlui cric cxtsrn

  • eriinJei in uRs.s ti s1@a rtjn,Fi in lirile csfl1949 a a,pint la Ncw Yoi* o clrtc intin el' L',,rd

    ?.li,t.d, scrisn de nn grup 'le I xncricani ln lrute cu

    stlar ciir(i rrnegi tn leL ii chip ,,i.!cca' ci linlra in seDl}al si ,,linbar)urerii" ii sp.cial posdi o j f.rtt hrgict' Areili ,,ribsoli' isi pr.lux

    eodc senehli a lrnrrii cx iN1tund't al

    9i dsen'r're iEbue sn ajunsn cnreYrla*tu q ,.s:i lBiere i.h'o carte v.lminorsi. cu nn tr de soiozilalelntr'o rorba *in,!llicn. rroblema ,.ro4er dreic! r linbii m , irstn'ncrtar p!&rii l clm si nu li thinbsti ti lesihdi.u rcstr dr icoriib txrba!. ri stnlide ale celor tle icalr lui Biil.r, cloe)rbels ii Ro!.nlrers des,re mjtun, ddD,! rcld nnuitici ri n3siei ir istorje, d6!re inportrila

    ,.o. . ,i .: nr *.icn acclari sldliil rdsin.s r*calli ti eredtiila accsior I'clrci sav.nti'

    Dopn cun m slns nai inaiit v Slijn ..ndiiDec aclirbie penhu , Idnst Pcioad; isb

    nct Insmnilrier Kesior lucrnt delitcaid trst er mulr cidrul rgvtr'iic'i, .re oNtille . mniribulic de cer d3i mrc iDp.rlrnrd l. desor1!e. iDtftgei stiirte snillc dssebit de mE cst inportan!! lor ]rcritu .:srtiare. fr3i dqutc R nrteriillsdului dirlctic si , nabrklis

    ncle de rslti lD frla ono*idi lnunnri scr.nepnbliclj P.pdarc Ronane o fomelzn tocnat

    Tr.bue sn PrcciH intn d]o irnictdecuE si batez u 1or{t rnnrunliDea a'ersit 1.ni in

    "drul a@shisonrniciri, deoarecc rc*1 luctu d e loit lac. i r'o siiglri cdnunrre IIn loiu o.!ps d.ci {i Nbri de caics pFblcmc ft'ndmlnhle

    c,r@Drir naterididi a islciei estc uDr diD narire descolenri rlL'

    glilnls socixli. Se potr1e lnuc cd oda1n.u ea a hut nist.rc in aclvnhiul ii!.Ls al culn.h ni, tuiil. so.iali

    Pnnn la Mrx. islDn. iLr intrqal ci ti ra$DcD.le vislii sociilc. in

    i.* -*" 1.* *ti'o. "pi;usb are 'ctiviinli oanmiror, liri sn se

    rr accst. 'trotive,

    cc .nune sin h blzldr trivitn do,ri Ddulrr,'i de ofii, rrgi p! ciLid adrvnralii riuitoli ri jslorici

    con4ir nnnqit Du rau ru4i i, omids, rr, ,i ri

    " .rr. d- r.ri ,p.-cr. i.

    orbi nn r*e. lj de o ntLesere re,ln rL.r Ln, rielit iddnq . lasilor t

    trrn o( imens numi. de lipreir56 rliinlt a vielii socialc n'o existzt

    dc pldn .rc Btoricilor rmncczi dh cpodrrr'lrurrlirt Cuizot. isnet Auslstin Thieuy

    -

    o privira h cartcr {l de clrsi rl inonnelor srialc, sar ltrltut cn fruii d.no.mti rei,i4ionari rati Hd1en, cehiecwchi, DobrDliubov

    -

    sau nrropirtn au purui si schinri

    rn,i.nl pc crrc I an nrfnlisai nai insirh.lstoria a ritois. d. frpi, neexI flrii, Icsile vietii Gtorice rru nxi descoperiic

    nxiinderer naterlrllsmulli h fenonoole vrelii scial. a onenirii a'irtai, pmp ! zrs, penllu intak oarn s$inla dcsprc sciei&G Ia tmrpt3&i siiinit. CEind ieo a nrterialisnulut istorlc, Il.a ri Engels ru 3ivi,r.iit o revolutie in sliirtt. inrrnand F o,ncnit nuncn cn nerodr

    'nl,r!?Jli losjLr fenonerelor *ciareCaracterizlnd ins.nnilatq concepli.l naiei.lhtc . isioiei, L V.

    shli', &mtn cn ,, $tii"tt isturni so.;.tdlii podte d.La| . t dtd .arLtirda knannetd ri.tii exiute, o stiinfi Iat dtit de .tuatd u bio.r,qi6, tL tndn, o liinld .apabiLn dc d lobn in proricd tcsite .t stoxdtiiv\itdtiin (cuts t s.ut+ .te istotie d Pd,tid1tui aonunist (bat$e6c) otr/it6,i S.!&tic.j en dsn, 9 104 ,). Aesti niiun|cjc'o'tiiD'idactnca.stiit!ncareperni1fo]osnlilo' rslo.rer in .cllrtaior pl'cnci. 2r'ti l! @ tnilline rrdica narxh

    Drcn rai e hevoie sn dov.din cd *ilnJr socialn a devenii o rtii,4dricliL srft ne penit. sii ]ri1rurd.n i,rriadevir inltuidll.a eonDl.xn rrqDmenctor sociale, si d$co.erin leqile fcnon Ddor care !! ,N la utrmfir.n! d:Lt ri sn sr'bilin .um se vor desfisur evenlnert b n viin!.i vrdcm cum tr cc trebue si f,cn ndsele populrE potiivil .tr rt,s{..rlL ale mehuht islr.iel, relei. daci h,i c nevoie ei divenrm r@slr3cru,

  • r Laiin,i r. v si,tln, erdirne o dovadn sbnllcitnI{ale.irtjsnul jBtoric, ca oricc sliinF, aB o serie de trotitrni iuMa

    neriale, de cat gorli lundaner ,olirDi *nriale are."bv"',"'l*r.-..'

    P-f-i ,"..-"r 4 t,itrt., k nlia.rcnd-"r l..ri"_ d! t39.- 1"- ir',

    istoriei, NIr.x dehietre }[n si sdlhstrucrula l'in nrnnioareh eli.rel,I't t odk jiu so.iald I ri.fi Lr _ a soh M,ry _ os@ ji i,rrd rn4tolii deta-tilunc, rc@stq intLpddate t @ilta t t ii rcLdtii depvtu4ie etu .rt4pnn11 unei on lnit be?te 12 d^Ntthe a tai.tnL- nardiab n prad 4i. rokiiturea acstat retotii n2 Tnodncti. @nnitl. srltchia nrcnicd t stcieratii, bdzo Ean pe c.re e *aicn o *.

    pnsttuatutd jutitt:i.ti ti t t*icn ti cntda ii euespnnd atuniJe lutne deMttiita to.i'td" (x ]{dr si F D.ge1s, oF," rdtse. ,ol. r. cc. run.Din .&dn ddirdti. reTxh cn, dnln Mxrx, baza $cietifii o tor_

    neazn btrtitirer r.hli r dc !.odnc1i., $u. cu au! cuviii. 3.tuclnnRo(omicn r socieliiii. Dlni r4ax p. rc.r{i }ui p ridicn in3iiiutiilejuidi@, lorifice si torntcrc corcspDnzniode dc consriiri! sociari Aceset'a fhdansntar. despre rrazti si *Utrsltuctun sdnr descDri &pdrtc ,idesaoltate in ,lie olTe ale lli ]Ixh ri Erseis. Astftr. trrsels 3 scrisl,, . tiadtnra .N.aainnli u sa.bani din liecnft et)a.ii ddtd d \r tc LMrrau rnin (k Nnfei ltatttetdti e erptici i^ r iatd, hstontd iah.crra stI)'osktctrtd J.htoti, d. brdiftn in:ututinar iutitliNc ,i ltoftite, r,tecu,t Fi n Nrker4inat Elitria6., fiLsoti@ ri dtete, din fi.cao rckaddi.idi'd ddai (K. rrrn 9i F. Enscrs. or4E, alt x!v. ed rDSi, !. 25)

    Di'r rest r$rj rezulli 3t brzr rldli r sociliilii o tonnea:i slrxc.tn.s oi .co.oilici! ri .i sdp.stecruli]a sociDrnlii b otrsrtu.r dupr Fa.

    siiiutiilor juridr

    rentnL a ie lrcehrzr si suprNr!.hrn. Ne &fcrim la lcisoarer sa

    citrc Bl.ch din 1330. ln .esri scrisoaE, E1r3?ts i so.is: ,tirrdrsecanmid canstttue bdrat .tat ostpt d.tiqafitit rupt6 istui. intk@nrcai, ti in natte d.a'i detnrnitui. nsi et s tatua ei, ilqdiie .tanate

    tumcte eot i@ dt l,rytei de .tnsd g renltotck.i @nhliit institde d. d6d itinsaoda .tqtd rcthaaat ll.c

    ,\ta .tc thade jkirti.e si cri@ t tt{td\ tatod. d^ks |1tptutnh ,r alinttu pu'ttdLortitti, tedit matice, j$idie, t'itasolie, tun-lrttiik rNtisixsc ;i t,.sxntufta t.t Luciaatit intru sisth n n sne,,r&st. 1.3 de rui Enscls deri(es i, m.d min tt cer e i,r}tes!ir ritr callgorJs suprastfduri. Din sulrsltuctu.n. duti cun rcden

    r,r Jrx{.: lornetE polithe .te hpr-Ai c: chji, fornch jnddice, @ne!_lih lfuriri.c, filosofio, retisioase clc.,\cesle tse .l! tul ar: si Drgels despre bazi 9i snrjra*ncrurn au

    ' r rdoPbie de roli adeplii sr d

    - , \. d m e3.!. !?r. 3u ddr._

    rrlrn co trzie ti Jr rcsre nohini rte natdia]lsnnrni ision , de,ar!.rj(du lo in ,nrrc nisurn. Kaursky, otro Bau.r, Max Adrcr, B.adrnov.r

    ,l-. -,- -""e!!".,r i!:t6i6

    idin ;j sirlil nu rlrliai@ n xlsnutui i,df an si dcsrolrar mri da!*ta ideite rrft de drrin.ci I.sP.s 5nAhi. 6rl. sfr r.

    rd,r hurli atcnlje Fturrrcnei b3zui 9irr.slrctuil &tfel, incii ir 1334 ir lucrar3 ce ,rnr llrtar?rii prrtttti, ti cun kat;i ei iinlsttio so.ii,.d.mddlto,, ft.nnd !.at rrI tl.r din niscocirire subieciivjsre antislihtifie, trFiie dc.rj6 y,.

    schi m pr,ivild la Llorj. $cie$!i| sllrri,ind crronniire debibre de 4esra ts adEsa nrxisnldui, v. r. rsirr rri{voliai cnn nu se porte nd chr, ideil rundancntale ,te e(ep!i4i

    A.atizdnc ontinftul @tebri lErek r lui M.ry Lti.t ca"h ala b titi.a Tonatizi ,oriiice, t-enin ;lune ci idearxrinrlsnLhi irrii r. e pani ta Dtgiite ole roi snapb dir wid.are, mlrtiirc deI or!.1ie, smi.rigii idealisti, alucendu sc si ccrcctez. tomelc tntific..L ldne d ideotosic., sc izbean ds r,phl cr ere se nasc din bnr|iinla o,

    ., rridrc ta euFr. ap itGi rutnrnr iestor to.ne s, hlnfdhru conr i,o" . ..-" ,.,".,o.iale igi ru o.igine. in @ndilijtc narc

    ' ' r ile vrDlii .rnorild. er halizcazi u!ur. mesio. mnditji il,erieh

    .saci,b1itt k t l.nt o11\ raniitt'1 1'tb tunktntc 1ntrc td."t|c'|,t" invrt@tc i c|r. ncrnrfitl^].

  • in relea& tu tpticat.i a tdo1nheLa saciale (ti a.ea*d i etrc idn.inosnbiectilistnufut in s.eiatoste); ej n au $rd sd sds.ascd b c,ittia abi+t'i pctttu d put a l@e ac.zsrd d&s.uz. Mdretioti.,nut a oletit un 6itent n desduiBnz .bt!.r , .t.sp''nzaan ,,raponuhb d. zrultclid, ustflctutd d sa.i.rtitii ti uaind zasibiriati d. a sa a icd dcattat rcpd.tuti nnitut stitntitic 4tue'at at

    'cwtdtil, o .dtui a cabnxatu in so.i.,t49ie efo nendtd tte subiectb4tfi ( kniq orez, vot. 1 ed. nBn, F r 22 ) r )v. r. t orn aBrn lj)oi cti .nltlza relatiilor de !tudnclie din ecicLre.

    s,isialarcr lchenrdut dc Epeta& 9i reglrarikt in rtaliirc de !ro.daciie din dtfeit re Fr| . &r r3r:imntui p.sirbilitlle. si stilileascn

    ux ditr ele nai rmpdtanre noliuni de @nccFlid n3+srialisre a rsi.ncj.noJiunea de /.-'dlie sondri vcden, de.i, e iuxn imporrrntr r ac.rdai knin noriunit Fr'4iild dc rmductie dh socrerale. stracrurlr eco:o.nic , sccidiilii, cu .lre crvinlc b?zei pe care lar stlbirit ji'lR i'P,.ftta ta tiea .c.ntibrtii to Ditid 4honiei r,oritie,

    ub resi mgrrin dc reddc c(tr,r,rur rr.d El .ra6 cn Max ,...c

  • sciclilii su a djlditcror bt. ti I dilditelorsuplasirchri carc se nodificn dnp!.e se nodilici b.*le

    sulrshudnrjl. -

    ara1n tovarilul S1r]h -

    $nt g.ncrare do h'isi sc Dodilitt in l.q nrd .u nodiricam h'ei Ar li iisn gresit si ecrerdn on orrslrudia nu r,e declf nn ror ! iv nr detF soDirl4 t6flectind .toar nodjti.inle bsei Dnpoirni, in ileplnrn concoramli culeAile src.Tf,ei @t'ialislc a isi..iei, toruitan Stalin sbliiiut ia'po$rntnl ml aetir 5l sDlrah.tuii ccnerrlt ita brzi, tuIrNtmstua,odaE r!iru1i, jodi ll rindur ei ur imlntunt ror h

    'sbnq aFiard cr

    baz! sr sn capelc lormi ti !i * cohs.lidezesbrialitrii mlsrri tn ftgnl r.lul acllv al snprslnclurii. Ce a tc'

    zultat 'lc aci, te ved. clar din exenxpbl ,pononislilor" rnti, din leriordrcend r in@pui sn ir iatkF ni96ra socral dmmatn dir Rasia Dupt

    cnn * rtje. nia nrnjJii .,ononiiir' an sustjint Jorb slont8neitttii "reduceid luFla (l6ci nuhcilorrc nm"i la rcvmdicirilc d caiaci' s

    nonic ti nesnM astlel necasitst$ rnptei evolniio'm t lMrlr-'h nilenha ocairer putrij. Dc amner, ei nu lnielqean ti rgsd !!h'l erduc

    'r Ei mobiltrt r al tsri.i Fvolulionire in nitcrea nnnciloracninbr c& retucean inhcas{ Illtn 3 Nn jtorilor l. hptr lf,nh u ur lrnn!!1a lllb lentn int*3ele @!onice.Ren.t sirlrstrlui

    -

    I

  • ct sr,.,,. cd_ I :mboc 4., 03.tdirlkLnul lsfqir .d cunc u i !l tez. int.Drsvorrend nii d+artc ti inbognlnd teoris nfxisrt a baa si s:-pBdac,f iolrLu uabs 5" cao*oa_; I.n.d'. ".

    ' d. sp-sl1cfui. (:

    ,,rtnDd -

    spnne er -

    n esre qetututd dz c&e. sa catote bkE

    .,Li ldiq.r:.rts .n o^!i 6, .J4n!i ,r

    '5 ,' -t i r,^:3

    'r,-": ",."" 1,m"" "q. -n -,rr,. caF " * _,,,i p.s"r,, _:: "-

    i Fas, u .-..tarcm-..pad-i..

    fb .onui .or ischn inke erIn a.esr eod de a pnre pr.blema tinhii,

    si desvonare a id.! d-.spF rinli, crre a f;sf daborati, de bvdssirr,1 d"sp.e .J.^ am .ort:. ,dt i-3i ts.

    In depri"n em danti u d.j,tia isrodcn r nntit, to!3rn$t strltD.taltlsis .i tinhne de atnzi h! sulr !tudusn uid .iigur. cp.ce cat.ci a unei s.ii inlrest dc ep.e,

    "; r:.r,. t.;io*" -u]l _ar _"rr a."atsuprr*meturilc, ci nn ss tichrd.ci odati cu d.srijilarer unej bazodrre si a suprrsrrudrrit ei. ci bnlinni si sc dc$otle mi d.parlc, pistdndu-si stnrhra gllm3iicatn si f.ndnl p.nrcin.t Je crrilrc. ihb.snto-i. p, r.ts

    Ii lu.ririre srre cu lllviE la tinsrisici, I v. Stalii a dll . inrerprctare dialectico.daterlatisrn

    ' nhh ca fenomen so.trt. ]\e,sld con.

    *svenlii interrrctare nsterralrstn a tinbfi st indpprari nnp.rri,a lu.

    'at a7n desD& oristne, .,+iritdari,i, ,dj.rlini , tln[ii. a. eslc indreFtsri ifrpohiu sa zlstor tc.r]t .psiho),

    gice' si , s^ci^roei@" despre li,$n c?s flnt riq andirc ir linsa.isricr bur

    l[],r Dcol3inn desiul de largn s hd.i. dc pildn, pi&rile lingvistului,,1\,1iu F. de $nssnre. ro$vrt i@i fnndraoftrle 3 hl F. dc Saustut,ii,L si &lcviutui obiccr al linsisricel esie.,Linbr Driviln in sine ri'nitr sinc El oninpune, dupi dpfeda sa. linsisii.a ..internir'-

    soci'lt a linbii crnep|a lui smssureN rr limbiicsie detrdnilii,,coneDlia sociohgict rsuD$ Iinb . D. c.:

    vdell dmstrn !!nc in lcgiiuri in nod sup.rr (iir lnnbs cu dildi(ii factort istorici, gmsr..rici $i psihologjci. Ltfrh3

    '' incbh ln sine insutl, rk cnrui Iesi ru,r,'..sc nr ultlftd

    'nalizn. slda lndividlrl tsihol.Ekn . Fpft?entiri! f,nDlui. Acst

    .jtucioldgism est., prin urmarc, o LTrie idcaljsti dcstlld! in,ici desFrc lrmb!. Lr hrzr r@stei teorii desFro linbn st' sDciologl;ihrri:ti kannsno duknciniana.

    IIn irt rinsvist cnnoscut, rnneal vcndryds, cu iorte cn .liha cirnr s&sll si se prezintc linbr ca un lcl dc cscnli idcali 6re se desvoltir,,l.En'lent de on si proori! * sih'cazi tnuetr c l[rclll de vede& lgn.siic, p.t dt cntuis in scneral ploblen. origlniirinrbii iu poarc li Ezolvrti de not. El irin3 ci llntb cste !n !rcdlsn psih.iogisl lrdlvituale, u fspt de Fsinolosie indlviduaE, ci rndicidle.i s. pierd in adancu le conitiiDlei indtvldnalc,

    oni., LinFisltc. 'lrl,'grjsticc cc aklari fcli dar, drn 6uz. hkiiilii cn'celJiei lor, din cr@3

    udolui vurgar ri sinplisi in crra priv.ru lrotl.ns ljmbii, ei D'ru lost tn

    lovrrli-9rldi Sbliipuica sdDbt o d.sivir.tire .Dncrtiile

    r tistiiniiJnc. idcalistc in liDsvisiici.L V Slxlin privcsle linbr cr unul dintfe ccl. mai inp.riante lcno

    !,:, srci,le, lirn de crre scciebtra omen sci n'ar ptr1er sn existe c,arate er lifrht sie

    ! ! triieare intE oanenl 9l totodali N lnshlncnt ncesar al de*olridi,.r,ttrrd

    -

    scrie tola'tutrr sbrin -

    l@e Nte di1 kA. heLe :"ckharr octi tu':n in 1., .utsd enstrlei nc'.,dtii. tto sa tu te $ se dB.trfi.drji m r8tde4 ti.tasratiareo sa.idnii, rtnn s"Nindrii. t al,n s.daatii N.inii tinhn D..d.nrnnMr,) rr .i re r4urtue pat li in1?t :e tu oi in .a. t c:.nt Nmt sttt;atau I iitud indkatubild cu ktaia s..i.talii, c ishtin r.antui ci\ti1 ii

  • apdrti,c tintb. stu.lidld 9i ette cste Rdatut ,i ?vfitnt n.est.i tintJi(J. V. Starin, tldi'is,ru, rt l,rrrknet tintlt]ilticiij ad. tusn, L 22)\.interprebe istorrtu natdialistn I lidhii calenonei s.cirl pc ore o di iovrr:5ur sl.lin. Totodrri iovari;ul sb1nlpdklic rinh. c5 u fen ncn sin caieg.lh bszelor, nrct in c2rcgoria sprastructuriror, ni.i itr caiegortifenobenelor ,,nndmediars" intre brzr 9t suFrash.uciun fendhcne .irc,dupr pirepa sa, rn genom\ nu erhle in societare. Ditr plnctul de vedere3r de$oftnrii rcoriei roare a.cste bze p&zintiD ntdes *@Dli.rar. II lrind reid. a@rslr d.svnhire contlci' Inallril $ciare r lirnlir, indic4e. fapiulrl ci !o!.rut csre crertatul Fipdtlionr liFbii, cn rimbr .pa4ine ii inhesine sf.rci

    'ie_tii sociale N

    dului, cn hgie de desvoliare a linbir pot fi iitelese nmai in tegiitnr,eu tilel.crea legllor dcavortirnodel dc ini.rprct..c a limbii din plnctul de rde& rr @n.epticl narsniriste a istoiiei. In

    'l doile. rdnd, iminte de rnsrilia ludidtor lui r. vstalii cn ]rrivi& lr lingalstlct, in ercurile luosoiice si tinsvisrice cfari$inail lxrcrur dc rcCere d61ut de shemaljc, Nrrivtr ciituir rrarclcnomcnele vietii socirle pot fi ttu.ntd fie in .areeoria byjtor, tic incrrog.ri, tupraslhcrniilo4 Nn sc ailnitdu nrctun ret de 3ti. lendere.nictun lel dc fenoncne caD sn nu linn dc t-n srn da sqraslrlciuraDc aceer, linlr^ lrebui. sn rie fiecutn nr nna din r@ e clreCo.ji De. *sei nn .rr t'.mri p nt}e fcnoncncte care ii! de bazn, 4 . tosr bedriIrlnhe reronenele care 1in de Frasltuctnri. Retevind nxi Farrjcnlartti!flc specifice rre rimbii, rovarin strni a arft,1 cn exisrn tn sDci.1'!efen.nena sccirte spccilic:, cui esre tinna. care in lor ti rcNle J'nidh caterdid bdz.tar, ni.i in mleq.nkt tjtdstrucktitd'.

    T.z.lc dcsFrs byi si suprasltucrn.li. etxhorrid dc r v sbtir. r...etr&ricntn scunuhln d. p0iidur Bolsevic in tuprs

    pmrrd desriinF&a rcctrii tau capitatkle 5i rcdrit.r suDrashuctnri .rlritdiste in Rnsi. st petrtru d$rca nnei b.ze noi rt uD.rguirisltuclnri nci ih Deri..d.eistcntci stetnl!i s.'ielic. TEctc reorcticearc hi r. v. s]lln dcspe tlzi ti sulrashucluri sunr ce o cxc.plioisliinl.riantn in nunsi lcnttu parridnl comunist rt u.Rs.s. ci si lcnhracliriteter Frijdel.r mnniste ti nuDcihftstr drn tirllc de dcncdrli.p.p lrrii undc sc desft)u.t nn inllu.s lroes dc consrtuire I sociali!-nnlui .u allc Qvintei un p..crs de consftula a nnei bsz. 9i nnel suplr.t ror \echii bxa $i ycchir tuIrbhnctui.

    azd ti sullashuciu[ insc'tu nn nor{rrirol imaort',1 ln dcsv.lb.ca con@pliei sdeirLtule 3 istoliei

    an arita! nai inainta, nu [eLue identiliclti orn,\rctir sru .u nodd de ptuduclie. Baza 9i nodul ce rroducLie slnt

    Dri,nlc ro,lere de pioduclie ii rclrtiile 'le productic.r iLil.x reraFlor de pNdu4ie 9a2s esle ornndnir.r(L,i LiL Prin iC.nrilicarea ba*i .u nodul de prcducjie B. frce o corln

    : i ,e noliuni direrile rle hrterialiMdtrt istoric. Aeastn UentUicrEtrr .nc l.mlsl deoece lncludc. ftun niclun ideiu, in n li!n5 hrzr,,r)liunca ro4eli' de prcduclie Frrerh, rdl&tiile de lroducli. sunr strnnsI rjri. d. ro4ere de pmdnclie; indl*uiibil ci cle nr po! ri npte nnel'

    rillnLilic stDctEa verticaln,.r si sPtrnen 4qr, o societilii. Lipsa deLrftu 3 identiliei'li bszei societntii .! nodul dc pm{ clte !p.re dssrlL t d. clar, ahnci c n abordin lroblema exlliciirii lnotuenclor seiald'l , doncninl sprstmctrruo.l. V. Strlirj elrlrortnd idrit btz.t ti spBstruchrilor, 3 enis o

    de inp.rlrnin, ri anune ct sllrrstructdrile ogli",l,i schinbirilc itin desvoltrca lio&cliel, dh d.lvoltr(r lorleldr deIr iluctie de sr.jeti_tii, nn drnFonaq ti nu drrect, nemjjrocit, cl pii.

    sllrc at nn 4te t letii .tite.t d. vaductir.tL ttii)itdea az voductie d m ri Dd este lclldn de yduclie nnmi, nrt. trrik ,ntinediul .carhiai, yin i"jm@titt bei, De d.M,

    adiAtle.st sckhnbndz in n ,eht n sDltdlii l6+etai'tt t)t,tuqi nintt'a&td 9t direct, ci dlttii schinbdril. r'et@ute ia bkn,rrx,nNtfinq,.s schknbnrit t din pnlla.tie,6 scti benk din bolil(I rr s1:ln,,,ltadisnui rt ?robldct UnJari:titii, ed rusi,p 10-11)')

    rrcrsb este lna din tczclc Rle nri lm!.rt t. rle nxteriallsddih, r.. crrc rc pdDtta sn did o dplicilie !tuju(dii si jnstn reno .(!!a saciRla din dondiul .lDmsttuctnrilor. firi sn du(in !e p.zilidtl",liiNlui 5i nlsr.izirir.

  • rno.r,.d.r,. srnNT.Lon socr

    Dnli revotuli8 dir 1005, a ,dmt in R,sir nn anrnc suliaticov, !idomn niftc rr.zmtios ii crre, ficnnd nrlfi zrr!, exFlkr njtrt n,.niern llrgrlizai.rre tenDD?ncre vhtii soate, pe&nrird e\dciliire sle

    sulnlicov, e ri tdinGut Bosd.nov, isiorrcut pocidvsctri t :t1ji, i,lelego. st deducn lorhete tdcotogice diect din nivel,j trcnd4ict 9i

    Cx o astfel d net di de I &bordr relon nele socirr., ej au ajuD3de indain in ituras Fi Is putu! de sigxr, si exptic jLN! procscl. sociare sDr trinMnosdle diuDtloarere concerrlji idcausic ii mchisrop. care Bogdrnov le .vea in scioll ti in lrollencle ideotlei in specirl. Tor atiii de .unoscute ii ene tui Bosdanov refeiioa! re i,pro

    rsdnccau ra rerdinti cc a crea o ,,culiuri lrotchrniir;isoci6 d. el qi nptl de d.swli'rcz isroridi redi r +iinlcj. IcsLt

    ln dtrecri innc tenoDenele conplrcdln danciiur s.nsb ucrurior

    -xjnus rt3 in crecia anricn srtr ltrnlucirantreriritc de a sbhilt o tcs5lurn inhc sccsl

    t..FeDa ri ]rroductic, desvou,fta lorl.lor dc lroduclic sun! .u dcsnvtrrire soriitc ereolnl.

    LR ri.tr r si:u, NI.x I ridicutjzar riri ctutfe.i,are trnilln in ptulrlcare. rn ?.,r,ite d.sp? pl -J,l d..' . ort d,,se rata dnnE h i..t er

    ^n*tu\nicd o Franeitnt tia src.hn ar xvtqetN, an ihh2r|t ,e c.i r'.tri, de ce !.i tu Nfti;1h si o ar.Nrt ;i iatd .iiin |a.d. ,i4ttci ar)aE Itentidd6!, tt

  • rr.F, rNrlr sr NTr'.n socr^LE rN

    Ita..naL J. . -,oai-ob;r,-o .'nrn diatk ln4nt?. q@"i1t rd i k uhfltah&ttratis,tulzi in isror.'. (R.!kr, szb srez,ai

    '.m,e rrr rJ,?. l\r 6. p 23,Ncrn !!Iit nai anrnditir asupra omrrzi exaliljllDr nrg 13rorr. are d tli Sutiaihov, !e n a rnir .n esre srcrit, .n sb iolostbusn doCuui, sn ziccn, lorncte idsl.gicej corcepliite tiloscfica sau reno-nenelc ftci 9i literalfri d,is.i drr ploduclie. rrh urfrIe, tea rovL.es'nd stalin ci sFrsh{rn.a n! 6rc lesrrr dc nr.ducti. in roddJ_rei cl prtn lnt rnediut baz,, pri, inrehediut mtatiit.r de pradu._ti6,c'pntn o htxl1r.lt d{sebirn si este absol$ nesarn peniru . IDsr{tntal.s.re si apricare . nciocei haterirlhmulni isro c.

    ^eosir reze alc

    tovrrisurli st3liD i.abmzi !e roti dcplii con.erriei ndeirirjste a b-to.iei c! o busoli sigun penn! o cxplioar. protlll:i ri jnsrn. i*nme

    11 exanjmftr problemci rolutui sccirr .l qtitntei9l a loculnl ei in sttuotura societitit

    Duli cun s? itie, clrca$.iea rtlintifi.n, in lot.t ai* sa, !o'te lilnpirtiti in dcun rsnnri trincip.tc: siiintcte niruij ri ltii'lele socirte.Friint.re iatu.ii, precun ei eriinlcte rehnica, ar nriiscnlsbit nulie cDnlingenrc .u nnna, gi iati in e *ns. Dlc s?.vesc dlierltelc ctxe ate soc!:rilii: o qi rinba, ete slnr lesare direct de &bvit.ra de producric e

    In lucdrilc lut Msrx ti Enscts, lllc{jm ti tn operete lut rnntn 9istzrin, purm Sixi nn n.toiar bogrt care .raii regetua diffdrd dtntr,ettllntele natrii si tliinlele rhnkcj pe de o prrtd, rt produciie, p. itrrrd partc. Elscrs x arnrar cn Ji vo.hit fo2ie ndi de cer cc productiadrrorest 9tihki, dr, spune el nri deprt, gtiinta d'roerre inlinlr hrrdult pmnu4iei. sc rtie ci {jnrF d. niscui dtr.cr din pridicn. din ne.FsrtiJne lmductiei ,,co $ raatd cet?talte ,tiint. a sris EnE.ls _hdtmatica s'a nd:ctt di ieaajte ]iJrc\i:e dtc amenitar: din ndswarcttstcnti|t ti d rdunnkti tas.tar, din cd|utdfta timp.dui ti tt n heco.nicn'.i. Nercj. cc a Kgla rrra ln Egipt, in Lonbardia. in ohnd. sru jhIndir r constituit trn inluls lulchic le$tu dsrcllatr stiirtctd.

    puncDngcls, rtjrnjr a nrcorut sn rtn'it.rrc si sn & dosvDk cu o rnpidilai.

    iiinF il dalorete tor producliei. Enscrsdr rrov.crfi cc neuoilc di..c!e 3le producliej! des'o[!re. procucliei

    ri dlsvdlt,r.a fiziki, separlrcr cr r chituiei ins4i. Toricetli, dc lildi, studiszn niscar$ lbhtdelor, etc.,r .r.i in legi$ri cn doisttuctine nidnstriate si lidr.iehniue,

    trrc'ditl'ij t an r at., todra .7retitik asutto l,ntebt ndtentutic. ote sistendri .te nanyhl\i. ttif,lotd,a.., @ lost el4turt. atupra nari. rat i hlt&wd n 6E6to a tos,dt ontd ?.nhl pnnla cntd karid eltutiei intenstdlii Futerii .ia.tie,an *eatdui al XVII t d, ntr.dpe tnli hntii ndtendicieni, na 1fi:uta n

    n h si ptd Mdrd de opd pentru 4durlr' (K. Il!8, o?aq vor. 23, cd.Mix spnnca ci d:1a c.e3rs, norii d. rpn penh! nllcinaltrl srinn

    {.k'r existu in fond, loale pi{ite conponafte ?rc orgtnishrldi s&ttuci:Io,la nofti@ neudc4 putca lucdt r. 3lir5itrsi, etc Iar a.csi hc r seNit h rendul sin .a lrizi pentru noi sc

    dc md! 'rd stiinlci.DiD 36te excmpl. lntn GCen ci, desvolirr8 ttiiDlci esle lrortsin

    dt!.t dc iryoile desvolltrii inar$.j!re, de nevoile lrcduclt.i cn, pc dcsrH l'rie, d6eollarar itin,tei E inlleiilc dired cu pr.ductir, p.rfaii.nnnd b rAnftL ci tl ficind si lrog'eeza proddcll! tnsnsi. In ddpi.n,ru, Fi ii rlte opdc rle 6ile, sx aiali in linn[ a nus.ro@ cxcnrLe cn E1ojle l^lduciici, re@sttriea d a rcdu@ dud' !tu.e$lui dcrmduclic &r intmdu@rer nct dclor lriinlilio in tehnica lro&sulJi derro&ciie. Dc pildi, irlri,emr coloririi chimice a iesniurilor, tibiclrLifi.l.i cu ^jrtord r.ldulul tanic. inirodncero. slaratelor dc usFe, lnrro'dtrccM pudhjrlni si o lrocesubi Ecssede. I' r.bri6tn otelulni dln

    crpitolelof orespunzitoat ale chjntel.i:ic.i ri rre uei srii de rfilnle tahnlco

    Nenurito3r. r!,ltn a roLsirii natinclor in Foduclic, fndti CdIIri* t', cap'.rd, a lrnt3t de asehenea ci loLosntt nltiieLr se br_nzi pe lesi slricl

    -stiinFflce ri estc rcsr rtd dc cleriribrrii aflicau dirdn r sliidclor natumi in indNtdc A'n ddt Later6le .remple lcntm a ariii" cn dcsvoltr&! liiinlci.,i.ri sunl dir.d resrt dc lridrclie ti o *ntsc 1)e deNta cl.st nnnrin,rr., rc|ind l. lrtere. Irl.*ste tn nDdrt c.] Mi l'fg .jrcrinc hh'(i.ci si ijijbtei li d.mcnid rizil. chimiei. ii domennn +iinblt rdnirn1,n r d.sunts Dro.lnctia scillnti, in l $a iDpol'jv. cqitrlisnlui

  • Din r.ate aGstm rcdlti cn siii4ete naturii ri ,riirlek rehDi.e, cacilllm ii .onsideiltic ccntinutut L! lapiic, continutut l.r 6!c.jal, sulrhgate cipd d. ptuducliej se inpr..tesc prrci cu d.sr.lbrei lNdnciiei rruanza roluh'i tliinFi in socierate nu De pulcm oprj insi aici. trr .ccrc.t'rca inptuliln in ctrse e di atet in glijnicre rhni& cit si, n:i aks,. d - nir t r."o- nito-i: o lup:.dml o k cf.6,6.e ex I rpci

    Inafad dc co4inutut snn spcrlic,.rt@ stjintn dlrinca de asemcr:rer erem !. me tin dd mmc]rljs deslrc lnne. Tlenue sn ,ih r rrcteadeo$biea di'tre c.rtinuiul fariicJ nehijrccit el itiinlelor narrd; 9tttlinleld telnhe, si iDterprclsr.r lil.sofict, dtn punctul de vatoe alconccpliei dcsp.e rune, da$ acest r m@rjrt dc ordin trptjc, Ifeilc f!tF.lesi-fD. ur'r'o. F.. . -i"i s"ranu F"-{.c , " { -., .or

    ":^ r.rntetiu[i..o- tr drr onrlu brla 1o,, ^F]or.limE ns1ru domnrard n,turii. ,\c4te mmiri ale sriinFlor h,tutilot seirir si intr,adedr serv.sc, atsr caplralsnnlnr caisi srcirrhrutur.

    sriintirice 3 tcsr .rcrri bonb, aromici ,nij.ile arati.ro.itor ls rizboiu ihDcrirrisd

    cer i1.t aak pericot,enlrn exisientarsFici r on0ntrij. rn uRs.s insn,energir atonicn $rvcst p.p.r.nenire irir, inararn {r4 onDsriDFte stecirta, d. .rdii tartic, oijcaflljnti .:tunti sru iehDicn cupriide ri c..cl!7lij scneraliiirr filosJice,luhe Trhai in resfturi cu rc.asla. $ dn in stiinE re: tnpi' neincchtn inft ccre d.ui tinii tuinmcnrate iD tnleryr.trei lcajt.r ,i 6n

    +d*i..jy. , 1,ia ild! J r'; -,' ipiivintn. ori4 sriinli _ i,c.pend cu n.t mriica. scor-^si3. fttca !cd,.rosir. 9i ierniitid d sriinrere rehrie sp.cirle. M .sre, dc pitdi &zis-teitr harcrirletor _ o)stftne ,r.nr nnei rupic inversdmie tnr? fl.r/.,e

    h dlera sa geiirli ffaturidtsa ri ?'ritodrirjrn. tenln aratn cib.cln. si tijn sn utrrtficin d|dt.jL srjinlet in doneiiul t.ltctor sirot darii 61 slrm si ft"rdD tandn*cb r*4ion.rc, iJaliste in stiintn.l,rbue sn fol.sim slune el ioat. tufarib ,,ettiak nr d,heiiitc(in c\inic, Iizici bi.tcgie, tjznr.gie. otc l. fnridc cars nu cslc ]].siriti dcs,.

    . , " '"i..tih Diciui none4t det. nat,rirthm. :tunci cnnd esle v.rh dc concln

    ,iile:ilosofie carc decnrg dii accsre cu.criri.ia,in spuie cn in coDd4iite sccieiitii rhtonhie de cl2si, in condr.

    tiile tDpcnarisnulul .rre sprc rorliuE pc r.rti

    f i\. ,.t.rdiilkie tudcthnnrc ier nate'" din inv4i ?pqr?s,r i,iintai".L I i,!ii ca in &sta caiditii s.rirlc, inalui dc o $bstrnli vie tir ., ri. dcslorLder ttiinrei dn 9t ,,Lnete raaie lnadie, tulete rcbltli,.rtt: r(b@ dlah.ate ta tado de s/roi,'. SFnand aeastr, cl avc! tu vc4rr djrf,sele s-alc idcilisre rercliomre, re arrr in ril.scrr. si in,l tr,lii. Se siie cn r.cliunca idcalisld .onrcnroDnn llhssle t*rb luirri,rtinr p.a shtiviiitii nd3nkr culnielor li @le dai noi date deslPr ndrs stcmici a materiel, penrru

    ' in.crca si .einnoiasDi, !i iDs!fle

    li ir rCerlisrnlli, agncsl.icisnllul. TEhue 6t .Innen ncl, c.te8!rlc,$rii knrn, rini! nrlc.ialsri. ii el i&alist in tcrb dcncniile cuoasrrii, in t.rte problemerc aiiihtifice.

    Se intcrcge dcl3 6ine cn Nesle p.oblenc filosiice, rccste lroblcnqnrc tin de dncepli. dcspE rDeli cre ocupi !i loc atet de inporrrn jn Brti,rlt nl un relld direct al l4tei ilc clrsi .are !e loc in so.icLrlc al 3r ata,b lrc lrrte. indjsmtrlril, dln .etructuri, ditr elenen-rrr suprcstru.tunle tn stilntn,

    cat despic rliinFrc scdtlc, $re slnt lecate nedjLct! do inhe.gl\ .Ii s.ciali, Ce lurts do clast

    -

    rceslc 9liinle lre pr i nrdisd{ablldi: doneiill sulrasrnciurilor. EIc sunt o oglintlire directi a luptei.ler L.i ce 1rc l.c in societrte. lrnin a sc s ci itiinjele s.cialc sunt chcrtc ai serre$ci inicresel: dilditel.r clse ,,.n.i in.,rd s,.idr^ld t re-I i ntd pe htrkt da ct6d N p.dte ensb ,tiiflta s..iab 3aepdii^itoarel'

    19, ed. rusn, p 3) $llintelc s.cirre se dsv.ltd innRr.ii cc.n.nico siictule debrfr

    r.nru eliborrm lor sl scfldc rceasii lupli, dar da dxta xccrstn dtn

    D.cn nu se Fale rcrli d.spt o saiendiri lrlct?ri siu blrEhun.i :rrc o dinrc Frol.t.ri sin lnrshezi, ori dsprc o itiltrlt proletlrd, xrcii d.sprc o e..nomle polilici prolibrn slu Durghern, despre o fil&. i: pmletaln sau hrghczi.irr.i snpFslrudurn, nu slnl hs.te direct de lr3dtr.tiei aeastt ksiturirr,rlD si rolcii riiintc sciilc nu pot serli cu s .cs cgsl clr* diloiile, nr.l.,nistr, Fiind direrjic prin przili:lc l1r dc pl.dre t pritr o .ntaDar niol:gici. cle e

    'lcDseb{sc in Eod rrcical nnelc de altele .1i seNesoir D.d drrcrji chsclo aniq.nis

  • tebn: si prccizirn, toto,lrlii, cil distilsjir !c c.ft o r,.er intre ceredou. ranlri ale cun .ete'ii rliinlifi@ itijnFrc ni.nrii, sriinJere tennicc, de o prrb, $i qtiinletc sociale, ite altn larte, dhlir.iic dcsp'! carc

    inpnrlre n*lr$"

    ," i.a rrrl ' .'.1 ."dlq' ,.Jri n"lrcm rliila cmrszi ru lreconizaic la timpul lor neokaniienii Windelba.d

    pri"d::ri! s bi?cli,, jitru cat, duFi Oirerd lor, deos]]i$a dirie c:L d.ut.mnri de dno4|iF drc ucx$ de &nrtiiriir h.stri. d net deb nosi&de ercetrre, ;t nu de deose'Jnib cbi@live dnt& obiedde inseti ale cun.asterii Esenlr si senq selrriJii es .;1lc 0i 3 ttiinleror despre mltu.i,(rdidi r gtii(lelor smidc) ..nsii ln niEa.risnei legr in $cietrte.aeaae@, dnpa ni3lr.It, nnl initividrale 9i iupor ri n{.dmte n, hsi generatc Aeastr cste csn13 rc.clionrri, rdealisti.'grostici r niscocirilor lui winddband 9i Riclcri.Distn,cF DaBisln dint$ stintclc dsrre iatlrn ei $ii,rlcre dcsDEscietate sc bMesz- dimnotrivn ne n ?tu1ciptu abi.ctit, re deo{bitelobieciivn dintrrtiintclor haiuii ei stiinlclDr $cl3le in eo.ietere.

    In luoirile sale {tcslr liisvisticn, L v Slalin r lohulai o serie itetezc. ci& srit de . inp.rtarti exceplioDaLn pentru dcsoltlea nai de.p te a mclotcl dixleiie nslrisie Dl scrte: ,,tn qde?l /r"l"e s{i st/ntu srft rtneo btd'nla .arc d Fdsiuhed eq)taziih, .i ktea tte.eni

    n pA ea rti .st. nlatt ttitd ru n tuoikttiti i|stcltatii nnd: artituhild nici attattdfi.ne s.ciatc 0t bazei sor sr?rosbrttii. Eo estc oLti|dtane p*tn sociut.td inl,ilrtita in ctaec drertuE Dat tu e*e na bc ablt!$tarievattu s..ietaten u cte n eristat ctdse lh6nac' (I v Sir]nr, ,Idr.istutt ti ptubtmzte lh1tristiai,4. nsi. p 23 20) 1).

    tuele crditrsle can ar . n3rc inennnt.t.pd,tn iilel{erex nEti a ietodei narxist.dlaleclftc

    tnsilr.ilc fundlmcnlale alc net.dei maBisrdi.hctie suDi laqil.h.t! i si s.cie61ii ii Ennt valrlile peitm torld leMncn re .alxril 9idocietilli. D.f cal dc !a rti rsle mrrii.slars a.est leqi in dilc'ile]e

    . cat de v iatn este n xni ie starea &estotlcgi in vie.l' s.ci.El lrin n.nrrc, h crrne eii slin a rcrcr nsniresidft

    i lirici a a.cator lcsir nu po_ti rcducc, dc rildi, toai. turdcle lcgii r..'

    i.!clr. rcchc ca1i1.1. h lnr Dou{ s}solut nr bak F?!}ile. nmai lrtnnr .,eqtaziei'. Aexsti [email protected] $ lrodua surr fomi dc erlozie,rtrtr.I cnniL se trcc dclr. fomslie sdcirE snlagonisln b rfta. Rdo

    Lir scl3vilor, de pildi, 3licl]idrl prinito expl.zic rcchca socictate scl..r ii. cu aiuion unci cxplozil rcvoh$t nurgb.ziei 3 d.hodt feudt

    evolllii, a a@srei qplozit esre tvohti.'' trczi din 1?39 1794, Rev.lulb proleL.intdul doboad lubrea opi

    r' lilor ri nagidilor. lornr clasicn r acestei rcvriutii este rhE. ReL! rLLric sDclaftti din octonbric. In societ'Lc edsln imn o seri. dc @r

    .

    jn dmsebi intio orantuiJe undc nn nri distn daso ahsonisi.,a la 6' 8:ti't"le nu I d *

    r zij. ci intr'o slit fornn. Sn lunn, dc pildi, prccesll trmsio.niirii 30hrii. 3 asriculiuii, proesul tr.erii nasse, .ovnrtitoare a tiranllo!I Ir R. S. S. pe fistul sospodtiici colcdne Dnpi tm sc stlc, arulrlrt a fost in U.R s S

    ^tulihoni c.titu| Ct ffiare a lnlEsri Fliticc

    f'.neigniraF 3 Patidrlui B.lgevic ii r strvernxlri sDvietic. r i..epntI rrmea 3ccr inhsre. in n'ssi. d. buiivile a liranilo. in c'lhoa'.i,.i I nrcep sn inbe i' oDlhotui srta, fioans { rlisbich r'niFgi. Pe haz'tr$tci adevirale ntrciri de ndsi, ore clFinsese nsjcribier c.varti,i,r r ti[nilcr, Pnrerei Sorietici a trectri del. |,lilkr ci rnt.dixrn.

    ,L,i i,,glidire a chiaburinii, l" o poli cn n.!i, h p.lilica de lichidals i,,Anf.t ra tuari:at a

    t qrknnrte t@atuttla\ di tft.ere naidddrct- sc c tovarirnl Slalirn sdtt d.Io tthe\ :+ate caktdtitd d soci?ktlii ta o aoud state .oLitn

    it ti .at 6h6 d, l,rn th|nfile d4 N Reulqi' din octonbAe 1911.ct,t.t.n1t spe.ilk nt c..stet renttlii c.nstd in latd en .d d lot

    !i,,ii:!il,i d. sus, dtn tiltarnid ?ttsni di sroi .! rltji' l dircl de jos al, n{tt de itkrne de tira^i care turndt inpottind robiei citidb rtti,tt xt t L o idlit til,.fi dhohici' ( C rrsul scttt de ist.ric o Pdrtrlnlli Co.I lis! (bal.\ari.) .l aiftaii srrt'ii.a, ed. rdsn, !. 291 292) 1).

    rain calactetul tnuj p.in sprcilicul nanir.stiiiir I .. sru acest s.lt. se dcosobe5le ndicrr dc salludl., ce x{oluliilc care

    ntrmrlio soci.h anirq.nisii I alta ,{ici n':,elDr':iu" Ir.lul chdlcnt r d Prlidrlni B!rf.!ic.

    , L itiva l,,tdrr de sbi, sprijinul rccstor niori de cltr'. ndselc lirtI uii, in corditiilc {iicttllrii gio, rcs 3 n:iretci sarclni a t$@rji nssslor de nudc niliornc rle lnrn,i,,ii Dc ris.id socirlismdni. T* r5i nr este ndoic, itc pilda, de nicto

  • ,,34ro'?. t3 ft@e dclx socirlim la mnuniom in u. n. s. s. Tro@rre. beptati deh sociarisn b ccDun:sn 3e sivn6.+t. firi erlt.ziii .3esle o l]e.s,t dela sbdiul inlerior la stadiul 3qirior al uneiari elchgioranduiri s.cialc. aceasrn hlcere se i'J4iu6r slb conduceEr nrrclujparlid onnnisi, 3 cirtrjp.riiicn Ler vi.Jii orlrdui i soriethc

    -

    arcelrtjinur ccp]jn al intr.sulni polor. un rol hottrito! id !..rsli ireceFn .r sialul Sccialist, d{ D el sie rolF carsj l]e sar, inrlegurutar "L.ipLorulri,."' iu : d^td,-a, r.r,.r "irDdsa.

    ' I.p.i.F.

    uer e! hgllaln deLa srciarisn ]a cohu-nih: Iiseenni desvoltarr rai delarre r b.z.i !.hnico I ccm!trcnutut,dcsvollirea fnrn *rqii a td!.td nrrcrialc dc producli. :lc soci.iit i.Gislnri.clc ccn$rucliirienr pustjuril.r, srhdiras.lc lucrili dc inpidurir ca: lrar:siorni

    urj.rn r constuclici iidusbiei srele 9i ciitotde otrun'ralic, desvolt.p! oxhrardinrrn llin lrop:4ijle sale ri prrr

    eo.*nii n3il.mb a u. ;r. s. s l,.ti .ccaslnmismD inanrt sc imretuo$n. ftvolulionarn. t re sri,rt|e rs ,ra?Jdi,d@ nu t'1t; in,bd ra.t4ionar, dat ldrd erpt ti.T,tc.'.r tlcprrti deh sociriisn la c.nunisn n$canjli licht&re3btdn a coDtrdisliei dinhe nuca fizici.rt 9i sati ltcrrrdarea cf,nptetri a dsscbirii dj,t& chsele eare nai existtrstizi in u. R s. s., a ces.hhii dinrF closr nun.i,-a& ti lirnninc, in.

    conl st at rep4r4iej: dela lrccare dnli caFct-later sr.liocirtrh dqn n.voileinportant in dcsv.]1$?a s.ci.i:]'' ii, o tr@*e la o noui dare .3tii'tivda s.cleiitii ii d*voi1rr.a fohalici mNnistc, crre inc.pe cu rinul s5n

    vtus*t. cu at d.it* stadiu ar siu , cd,Ii o expldici delvollsrer rrptrtn r no

    durui de prodnciio s.cirrist r. drce FForrele din u n. s. s k cohunhn Mai *e hcv.ie oue si din ere'n!]. pcniru r srib ci in

    so.irrsnnrui cctr c.nsrruft si .i alsolut clar ti se vnd de pc imn nultbisitu rle conDisnului?

    Tovar:lqtrl Sidin r r&d. de ,sehcrcaj cn na*imnl nn recu!.attdqTl.zjl subte Drci in c.sv.xxrtlti, si zicm. arn.r limhl cristmte sau cEarer suliri ! lnei linbi noi.o .ct_er dc ice drs:rre icih si dcs .rtaEr rin ilf se ani ii t lati con.tra'liciie or lc.!ii!l lsbric. O asttl de idee dcspr. islori, timbilor aDutli si rlxri nundi c. rczullal al vul{a zilrii rchd.i diahcri? si nu

    ristn. Din toaie a.esGa reznrti ct lcqir.

    dL lrliq.i nn cbuc privitc jn nod d.gmtiq cn iretuc sn stuniezj prln, liesiruj lJro@s, i sn ttit sn fobse9u

    i .:.rnn 'nportnln p.ntru des{itfea nairilr si tcbtru rplkrrer ei ln s.i t c&.tT ir tcate domc irc tcoriejsi nlI tc problencle hinslorDirr traclicc a iumii, Iorie a:e*er s nl de o

    nrxit cni din rortD tirire.

    o larliculxritate inp.rh(Li r stiinlei mar:lstc, parti.orarit.te 6reIl dii . f.4i d. ncrrirdt .st. rrprd cn d e.t. durmxnul ncinpncai adnir i d.gmlusm, al .ricnrei si3gtriri, at oricirtri coc!.iiriisd sierp.Itfii.r re'olulio. t fRunderzn, idbositorte si ccsvord neincetar

    nu ezltn si nrr.cuirsci rormur:,ndilii cxE rrd cit3r. r3!i d4 e eiiirtr. u. 1rtrn3r.o. Io1"i.

    Dupe no'ftea hi Mar si lnseh, tdin ri st^tin ri discjDolil 1or&i nrr apropiati iu ro3. siq+rii nnrr$ri .lre !u dcsvou.r n'i dcprrtcir '!id c.catr nlaisnul ri.u apuc.r c.netuiile $ raele lo.la noitekrin a rrdi.at naryishur pc o treilti nofi,q!.e lst.rj.e ep.E imperillituultri ti a rev.tutiil.r lmretare. IiniDI inL.gnrii n3r:snnt or noi c

    rfrlira noilor conditii ?te lllrci ilc ct*i 3 proreterialului pc'tru .libeIlnh si st3lin au sulljniar t.tdealnr ci marjsnd n! *te o doFi.

    r . c:Fnr:r tn mlnnrc. ,i cn dc,l snatisr ]-an b si st.lin rn arihl t,ldeaunr ci n:rxis nl sdcvnrri.

    .dcf xrur.r. re,.ru(ion!r,h c.iscaul al \,'I.ka 3l p. tr. s. D. (Iolselic) dln Rusjr, t, 3 an_

    rl n i91?, i' .junul rlarii Ravoh4ii scc rlisb dh o.r.nbrie, r. v. strlj!I rpus: ,jrfr e$e e'.r6 .d i,d)4i R'sia sd fi. t.tfa c.te sn n rchad d11trtrn s:,z s..iansn... Trcbue sn ne dcbat^d .te,Lea,elindd cd nunni

    t,r.a,i..iun n.-.t..tt).d.r nu hd stuez pe r)tattand ndftisnttti ceatot. tr. v. sraiLtn,,r., vol.3,.d. tusi, p. 136-137)

    ').de .ni. rn nusir a inviru rr,rer Re

    ! '

    Lrlie s(ciarjstt din ociohbrlc

  • mul 9i Fr, nerse cn cccs inaiire 5!h connnisn. Tocmsi Rus:a Gr.J d u-:, s,'.,.,,"d,i !| urumrt

    muncii dir cel.hfte !nri. rrevjzinier tui r. v. si'tln s.r rdc,erii |]e dcplin.Nu r)oli re.iti aeum {estc randuri lirn un senlinor! dc darci Eno

    ._ sh,. ! ,o,_.! de .cb:runr n'.rism leninisndui. chiar ii ih istoria iarxfn,hnirhmutni. .3r?dLe bosatn ir predzjuni gtiiijilj@ ac.*tn prcviziune stllinisla! care seba:e.zn pe rnaliza .rariore ti prolnida I silurtici si rap.riutui de lortelin+d [email protected] cstc nM dintre cele nai inporrahre.

    LnFllnd inlottra deiatnririi dogmaiice, prin citale, ! nsBkndulda cnE duth,nil paitidnrui Botsevic ai ri plparului, mre tnerc3u s! *sprijile !e vehq romuln I lui Ehgek cu Drivire ta itrFsibirirrt.a yictodei rocirlis ulnl inh o singnri Frn, tomuu cfe se refcrc. h epoc'c.pitalisndni prem.norolist ii calc m n.i ch jus[ nr eFc' inperi]rhnurtri r. v. srsrin

    ^ sctis:

    ,,De silut ca, ddca E"Ieb 6 li tost ,nueaid, ru lF li tonpa*t ae ta.h4 t'.mrfi, ci, nihpaln&, ot ti sd-hdar lild re:.fte ft1dqia aa6+1n, spunnrd: .r,a d et er tode t,)r,rttctc techi, rtnidscd rd.h4ia dctaiaosd din u.R.ssf, (r. st,lin.O?aq lal. 3, ed. rusn, I 303) 1).

    "delifui dntor al t{dei miBlstc. ostilibtea ej raii ce orice sr.gnaE,tuti de .rico docb in!ftn si dognrtjsn.I" lufiirile sarc cn rriviid la lnrevistici, tomr*rt Sixtin d sulli

    nixt din nou cf.ct.tur clnbrtif srextor .t tcoriei nrxisie: !]rorjsnlrsrin/d,

    -- sc c .l tu p.:ale rtl ?. Lc, a, re drsrun' rj 'a r.r,l.4ia".Ed. I^ desrate.n rrit, ntrnr , N|tc sn ru ! i,nbi.

    ftovn c ettdrtdhand, eu naitz dn^rlin.t, t"in u ndre net l.t,tlte ri..".h.ii ole t)ti nu pat sd^ se schinle tu,t?rtjhu ?tt sdnlic intoatire de la alte $ n^ctu.ii nli. e.r.spunznkrnft naitt sddni ktaie?. tl3flislnllt ndnile larhut ,i.ancluzii irntobtt., ot'ti.ldtDtii Fenhl taate eDo.itc ai pd.atxte |1at!isr\t astc darns aticdtui d.a ta.tn,i' (L v. sulin, nlamtsu, ri pr.bk,n.r, ri,4rii/i.it, od.rui p.43),).

    C! ierpusi viscarc tomrtunl Stalin a srnht dnr notr cum a ilesvoltsrLcnin in mod o.rt Darrisnul in ep.ca inpcriaiknuhi 3i i Evclu-

    nnscnt.r et a ridicutizrt F. ratnudjs$si buchoii crre N pihand escnia !..blcmei. ci tot.s4c duerjtc .jr.tsiieze rtun d lns s*dd de codiJiilc istorice.

    Luotuilc luj L v. staliD.oml exendu vju d.n , xisn creai.r, u( nodcl dc ddvolt're reaD I acestni.

    l'ov&rnril Ineheind zeastn conmi.are , ne. h 9edinta A.t'tenreirtr

    'rrli.ii P.purarc Romene, 4diteli ni st slut, e ndbru ritursnoLiv sr

    ^cadcnjei dc ltjinle a U. R S S., Acrdcnia d Yobtri ti sn vn

    utz nul! Nees si r,nncnNdnici. Legirura lrietcnerscn c.rc a'a stator'ii.it lntrc svaniii svietici ei savtntli mmdri, inne acrcdi. de 9tiinten rl. R. s. s. Fj A.t,tedi. R. P, R, mNiitle chezttie lnor noi 9i natDrli su@se, aut in rcliritrtea Acadeniei noaslre, cAt ti h &livitzter,\c.demiei Repuhlicii Porintard Rodine.

    victoda tuputati de popor ,8upB oprcso lor sii, instlnrarP, noiiodin socble, deschide rtiinjci prsFeliee imense, c'levn co'dilii Eiru-rric Fniru actlvii"le sav.(ilor $ pune rn fatl ror nrl strcini de stal!tr adcvtrat Fopulare. ItenJia 9i itrasosrca crldi cu 3.re attt snvcmul.:t 3i massclc larsi alc loportrlui inconjura !. n i jn U. lt. S. S. pc sr'r h!i, constitu. Dcnh! aceiij' o fo4n lolilizatcrrc rl in$llelit$e atnttu ,lresti nrcAt ei isi ons.qn toate cunottintele, bare puterile 9i $trr(11\i1e cauzei stiil4ci, cauzei poporulul. Euanduie pe sin3lE ns.trdi'! triinlirlli j,stn, nr{oda dialeiici mxistn, pe slislra cri@p-lr,i

    .iusli dcspre lune. &n&plia desprc l!n. a n.terialhmdui dia.lectl.,'rsniii nslrj oblin,lu,ltrte Ft il"cite in toatc ionhiile an BterittrxpEsic r nirelurli atnt de inali ei 3 fortei iliinte"u:(!e Acrdcnicirnu,lui dc onorre al ,{cltldici de Sliinlc a u. R- s. s.,rari3lului *vmt si naftlui .ond diinr 3l popordti sovicti. 9l indnnt-rr al othcniror nuicil

    'lin lmca h1'$gn I v. STALINI

  • LUCII,{NIT"E TOVANT\$UI,UI STALIN ASUPRALINGVISTICDI 5I PROBLNIIDI,]J $TIINTNLOR SOCIAL]]

    DIN TlRrL NOASTn.\MTUNICAIB IIIZOMATA

    PMI. (hN. L iiJUTU

    Luclnnb rui rosr astrpli ltnsvtsticcj puipr.bkhe nirr N nmri in l,!! tibgvrtlllor dar 9r tn iala oane. ordc $ijnF din tdte s4t a&le a.tivftalit liiintirico. rn dmsebt noi, kic nuncin pe aramur rliintelor sciale, avcn de rras log,1 ,i mdnie

    lucrnri ate lovarasurui sirun, care !u ridica!l* o rreaptn slperto,ri sandire, filosolicn nanjsi.tednistd.

    N.i triin in epoca bansfornirii .evoruriDnsr:, midirie. a srctetiiii in lfr noash.n. Trnin ttrido epocn de disrrug.re r buei kcrn,crpilrlisto,no9ier9rl, Si r tuprdc fiurie e

    'net b3ze noi, socirliste tt a noii sprrstrucldi, corcspnn2i

    De a3i decurge penttu no1, grElnr *udieil aprofundsle '

    Doditt.c.nir.r inteneillc in ,drnddrea etunhi.n a so.iatdlii tin atapa ddtdtr d.r,.x.in:i el.

    -

    asr cun detlnc!1c rournint sirtin bdz. societitiiNu nrr putin inp.rt3nri, 9r ru nai putin vlsti

    nosrrt, jurisfli 9lrhlislii in tm.k liteniur{i 9i rnci au ii lltr lor !. cdnp de 3c!i'jei.rnirsinit. o iieplrzabiln bogniie de subrecrc ,i proltcne. .c sc iglcaptn

    si imbosi|rcr de enh t larirnr Staltu s nrvi

  • Fiurii Drrxislr.iinria rsupia bzei 9i swbsrnrtu r. h.cbn. st sa,\B!di spccirlj+nor i.rrri in ;riiile sciare dftr i ni pulanie srinddrth divilrle. 10r stinrrificn,Fircilc. rrunci ce)d vortrn de rrd,if,a nlrtipleLr lrobtene

    lcsrrc dc rupia penbu baz ri a vechii lupr5strucrnri,NDrru tiulift! Dci brz 9i a nnei suprasrncturl not. socialhL, lut,!l.n conccpe rQst slldin d o rea Fi ncpisitorts ldiyirttc de crb!rt. In.t ih te io.da de nate& a tnvitnluii rnislc. Itarl ffar* ,irilrt ii er3bDrc $te ,Tez asuFrs lni FeDdbactri ci ,,titasofii n,nt

    'tvo. i1 , nlr.i.r. d o scrrtrdi. Mlsiun* orului de tlijnln nn esi. nlful de a 3rd{r.ur h.zi tt nom snlrmtruduraj ci dc . lrftlcipa h nod ..riv !iiradnd et, contribuind lr .cmlvrea lroblcnctor polilie st econ ni,.r!6'rre de Feli:xda de r.ansiti. d.lr cspilalisn t. scjalisn. la el*or'&. noildr nomc liridrG, ta totuarer si tntirifta noitor insritut|,Lr inchcsaEs noilor conccplii norale, ta trduco$ in liealr 3 troil.!

    $ninlclc sociale tuc p.rte inresrarti dtn srrBsrtuchra socieiilrirte. .ei c0 numesc pe rirdrnur lliinFror

    sciale trebnc si * celiue$ci de invitftuB tui Sbljn rsllra rotuhirciiv rl supFstn,clurii.

    ,,Ban rxtAoi de dc.eo iri xrBed2n surnenrt.tutd s., rentn'cd sii lie ntjnn d. sup6be.lutd, Fqtn.d sd tie aiLtatd d.1it

    .., .d."iatn t.rit, i. t.a.aeqh4tt ctlttii sd lie richi.tden t).

    slii(tr sdir]n mrni{.khiiisti csre ui dusnriobicctlvismurui Lurghez, .are inFrDnn cr ideansnnl ftlciion,r it cosnolrlftisn,n. este si rimdnc !c .olur ideol'gic flincip.r tu doncntltrctiviulii ililntlfi@ iar, losrri,

    .,.. r erlicrn' $.ie lovfisuttr4 rd lt4cd .Ie pe peitia de aldtdt. t.tird d b@i $t , p.po.it a u L t at t, Ji?i' t tit"tfr . road d"

    "

    t r p p.1, i t . 44 dituli"3etodn, 4otdr..t qkd "t.oin tteze de t nai ti surnrt l rctntt a.cn htF aclivftdea rr.dcn pc de o p.rtc ri

    so.irliolrui, pe dc llii prrlei tFbua si diste .l.giluri rcat Indisohrrili, N! incale indoirrn si .ceasrt lesitn.i, uti]t 9i

    ftccsrrn pir'u scesul actiritdtji pracrice. %rilcrn.iirom *!pr! aciiviErir teo&li@, o varo nuin. eu citerjll ccl nai sisur rt jusleJei

    rv4 rorod26 0 inrlurtrcresunda 11 ihb.sill, .

    rtr lie.!! idolosici a Fni nosrN e dc nrturn si slinnle/i ii sn i&Dal:ez o iorcnst aclivitrre !cililiDnl liiiitelor slciale. Mn rfer,tirduere romancascii, !c brzs Ho6driiRo^i. x oo"ncarc ?u $nnl prhete 3 volume, prech ,i a nuftc.oase ruo.nrl de luiv L I?ni( ti t. v sialin nr ed+ii e!ar.le. In at d

    r- f rPr!r bihs..iL 6nd(,b;hr Pun-u n.(hi \{ :'otss' Ro

    ' ' '. . Lul rl d.c'ri h Rod n

    'a i d"or,.turt,.. r,pv J rr.{:n Ir I

    ' nr, i d. 3J ]l1 :a 9rr. ry,r.rruuurii ri inrn rii alianlei inne crasr nu.ciioaE sl lnrnnine, nnD.!i.(c, cuveriirne 9i s.rl.rne c.ndtr.irorit r'

    obLT.L datu d. d4da'r poDUir;. !u rrt.t!" ,r ^,o oDtr n.i

    FU, I "w it.. sh:, cr.i. sDtc.F tu d!si.

    'r- insxs'1.^ 1-r. o.1.. n -,1'.\igr$r ri $r*3m ror isur slatin. rn ]Icrtrila conduclloriror parridu.' ' j - r cum"n "t" d" in b"r. tr..inli r"cenr' flr, ,ua3 ts d" - ,1. i

    sliirtiric la nrtrebirile lnnd.hcntate 3te rvotult.t noast& mialjst.:.E d^ d4' c , i" !^prtr., ,r roni I dT

    .i. .r.b. .ri 3 co..au.LI'fsme r..1rc nh FU1rii dc sft cin de tichidotu I .rpftslthutrt ta lfi j .N.p d .a .taln obligarorre Etrrnt peri.aib de h..nsi1ie d.ta capiblisn 1ls.brismj edilicrEa conohtet dsniftclic. forur pdtdutd s fo4d o..du.ntrare in srahn msin si nnmemse dhL

    {.rnd h r'--d lndFp r'n a. n,rri"' to" st:r'tTa. r,tos.,..o

    "i su b .

    ' un"t" $.Fe Lrn m"rir d"reb

    a, .i *4$n priviitn purJlimtiitc p$jodjo ca ,r?).d rr. ,raJ4 sfudi,,

  • @tcrialjsm dirlccljc rt rstoric, ce s lEdru io trtive.siiiti $ insriiuie rleo sdivitric sri b.srti t! ilesrisart isroricti ti fholcsii no9hr-

    Ntr ni v.iu dp,i a pra ei, tnha car ca v! ri lnsltrtn i', allc conuniciinDF cu totie ci cxistn atunite {r&nn pozitiv. ln itoncnirl qiii!

    lolor g,cirle, n.i N De p!1cn declxrt nki !e dcFrte satlsricuti dc cea 4rn infipiult pant actrE.

    NenuniBle probl.he teo.eticc bir la !9t no$tri. Ttc.ce. h sliz.lei plrnnlul cincn,d ti a plrrului de clcdrith$e a liril, FrcBDlde hanslornrP sodllisti

    ' sgriontuiri lirliri.cr 9i dcavolisrea slaluhl

    de dc;ocralie popului, rev.hlia cnltnr.6 c're se dcsfitri 'n

    Fnn rstl.

    -

    toate testca ne ptrn l" ficcu. zl, in liccare .eas problen!o1. de o acftn rdlditrte. rrcle Sirltn de in hc.nrile sale t lra ltng'vtsticcr o genialll ddin4ie r stitntci nrryisie, ea nll ompletn di!ctte onorie riterahra nrrxisri: ,Mrritnat aste $intld te.i).r de det'oortar. o ,aiurji ri s'.i.rilii, tttintu ftNt{tiai raassetat $rrnte , enpbdtnt., ttiinla {i.ta.iei snciatisndui in radte FtiL, etintd c.t*nitiso.ieriiti .muisir"). Noi nu lutm ivi accastn dcrihitie num.l do derhitie I'eitn nol. ct este lotodttn !, Frosnn 3ioicqrinznto! ileaciiLiirie rc lirinnl sliintctor sccirle

    slnlsn dit.ri si conl r ln h o sprarun&in cunoaiteE . lcstlo.nrturji si sci.ti-til dc ditD ziaitorlt socirlkftulul oancnii nuncitrumal. si int.lcctu.le din !'r ncadri. suntcn dltoti si lr.en lafg cdnoscnt adc'nrtrrjrc rliintel .3tc a soroalhrt ula9'eror-" : t --i , uft! -vo lod' r orol{3r" h'! "' :nih;h^i"" r -*"."*" ". "inlr'o pcriodi cind Uniun.3 Sovietici s tte.ul Ia conslnttc' 1*zct sd-berioarc r contriisnntui, cilnit nftlc poDor crrincz t smtuar jugd h'i."i"li"-,1";,

    "a"a lirilc de denocrallc l.pul.rr constdesc cu tu'@r

    ;c[nsnur. cand luttl lnpotrlla lnpc'i'lkdulul I luat un 'vn liriD-cd^.rl ri i".r"rr'!s+.i-! r'ie d"Fnder_c .i co or:,1' . . d _. ra

    o"." "^i :" ' -- ..- t"i'. " lu,l

    _ 1 : u. vlgarN n^-r or3' ! rr rlF .'. r'-d i orr tu- l, o_d'n'4 d' z' lkn'd'l r 'u$lu' 'dp"ntllsi 9lvrctorir socialismrlut lie scxrd nondl.E.

    suiie' dx1.rl. in tctiv 13 sildlcEa si "p'o_fUlitrreanrrYhml.ljnIsmuld.rltiiu,l'o.on',rli'i

    c.slei stiinie !3 condtiilc lirii nosbe Itsiu'lieiea lcsil.r deetlterii Grii n.NlE spr eci'lisn in mndjliilc bsl_

    o(( j de dchocBJie populari, ln conditiire exisicnlel Tn.ii sacitlhdllullrmi pernit si obscw, in prsniezit. ct rinnci .eril vorbesc dc legi

    rr.svoriar 2 llrii iorstr spre s.cillism, nn Elrt r t sti. Ceset:nnssklteit n, po .fc. dtn pnBb, lilolosii no9lr' inct .or.tru rjut.1 sn b baduccn rn romancrtc).

    Ircbre sn .iutin in nod diftct, prin &tivit ter noahi rtlinlific4iloare, jn opera de intirire a sllrul'i d.

    r&1r.r4ie populari ti de ediricrrc a hxzel cconomt@ r socirlismulul, '

    ,1,.rei do &stizare . Flanului clncinal 5i de traDslomare sociallsii r

    TEbuc st abordin u itrdrn c.ln tttlnlrtci (caE m e t l ma ordinJn) lrohleDe ca: ehihbi)tl? iiteNcnile in rlpodurilc ile dasn l,Lr! norstri, in dfrsebl Ii Jrdi lorlcle nobik alc dcsloltniii societilltl' c.ndiliile resisnluj de dcdo.ulie riopnrari; rotucle jlridi@ ti o!, itutronald in statul de denocratie populiiir f i4iuiile strtulnl ti .oluir u in sonstEirar ecialisnnlui (in dsselj, in rEnsrorfrrrer s.cialistlt r,fronleili *on.nir phnjrica6 io cotdili:le reginului dc dcn drJi.trjrularni lj'biolhnul socialist tl lmbinar4 tui amoniorsn o i.t4-trxlionarhnrt pmlebrj pmld htuhi in trm no:stfil: rczohire. Frorlenei mtionrlc si hpta pcntn lhhidr&3 ddinitivn

    rl hslionrlknnlui hurghcz; ioile con..p,tl,ii.e ("tiiudiiea raF dc nuncn, r'tn da bunll ohst*c, r4i dc raneje eitrniliejr sistcnul fhanct$ el honetr. iD condtiilc demoo4ici lopu'e -rrbu nlorqtls,t,t t r dApropbtr mlvssrs r 30 dc ani delr tiriiiFr* P.rlidului CoDn

    risl dl. Rcmdnls, l&bue sn Frilejuiasdt snalizaEa ttilrlilic6. intesei'ut1,r tuvititurr hr*isileninistn, ! cvDlulicl sociale a lirli nostE :,trcsti 30 de rni sl odali cu t@rstr, lnrilisrrd .olului cl$ei nuncitorErrolullomra 9i a Pdtidnlut ei in Islorla conicnpor!(n a Prrriei ncast6.

    Trebue si valDriricdn lelioasa noitetrlle lixrti noui de gendltodlrn,Fresltti 3i l&cutuld. cun su rost: cantcnir, Bilesctr. Brber 9l .4n.llcbue st lonbaten ftri crutie itr lucrnrib no.stF contr.b"nda ld6.1,,!jci inlerialistn $i .tmiri!el. .oncepllilDr rildollce reac,ionre, c,nM arui circublie tn Ronnnii crriblisto'noliercisci.

    Irsbli!.ire in jrhl geiirl.t r lucrirl alc 1o':rrSalui slalln .su!r.sriintei inridice, tmrici r/r.i si lilcrrtrrii.

    !) l-ur