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Journal of Hill Agriculture

Volume 7, No. 1 January - June, 2016

Sharing Knowledge for Prosperity

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Distt Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145 (INDIA) Website: www.ishaindia.in

INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010)

URL: www.ishaindia.in

JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE (DOI: 10.5958/2230-7338) (Print ISSN 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)

NAAS Rating 3.10, Global Impact Factor 0.683

Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science that is of primary interest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The publication is open to the members of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all authors become the annual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes various types of articles, i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review papers (full and short) (iii) Research papers (iv) Short communications and (v) First Report. The manuscripts may be submitted through e-mail to [email protected] or by online submission through ISHA’s website www.ishaindia.in or www.indianjournals.com. Indexing / Abstracting: Google Scholar, J Gate, NAAS, AGRIS (FAO), Scribd, Indian Citation Index, Cite Factor, CeRA (JCCC), EZ3 - Electronic Journals Library, GIGA, Hamburg, Germany, CIARD (RING) GFAR Italy, AGRICOLA, CABI (Submitted), Thomas Reuters (Submitted)

Editor-in-Chief Dr SK Sharma, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])

Associate Editor Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA

Business Manager Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])

EDITORIAL BOARD (2016)

Dr Ajay Gupta, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Alkesh Kandoria, PSCST, Chandigarh, INDIA Dr Amit Jasrotia, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Anchal Dass, IARI, New Delhi, INDIA Dr Anil Kumar, GBPUAT Pantnagar, INDIA Dr Asgar Ebadollahi, Ardabil, IRAN Dr Ashok Thakur, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA Dr Bijayalaxmi Mohanty, National Univ of SINGAPORE Dr BM Pandey, VPKAS, Almora, Uttarakhand, INDIA Dr Davide Spadaro, Univ of Torino, ITALY Dr HSR Kotturi, Univ Central Oklahoma, USA Dr Gulzar Singh Sanghera, SKUAST(K) Anantnag, INDIA Dr Lala Iswari Prasad Ray, CAU, Meghalaya, INDIA Dr J P Sharma, SKUAST(J) Jammu, INDIA Dr M Shakila Banu, Coimbatore, INDIA Dr Pankaj Panwar, CSWCRTI, Chandigarh, INDIA Dr Rajesh Chauhan, Arba Minch, ETHIOPIA Dr Rajesh Kaushal, CSWCRTI, Dehradun, INDIA Dr Rajneesh Kumar, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA Dr Prashant Bakshi, SKUAST Jammu, INDIA Dr Rakefet David-Schwartz, Volcani Center, ISRAEL Dr Rakesh Sharma, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA Dr Rashmi Yadav, NBPGR, New Delhi, INDIA Dr S K Maurya, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA Dr VP Zambare, SDSMT, South Dakota, USA Dr Sanjai Kumar Srivastava, GBPUAT Pantnagar, INDIA Dr Tsering Stobdan, DIHAR, Leh, INDIA Dr Shachi Shah, IGNOU, New Delhi, INDIA Dr Sushil K Sharma, DSR, Indore, INDIA Dr VR Karoshi, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Dr Ajit Kumar, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA Dr Yun Kong, Beijing University of Agriculture, CHINA For any queries pertaining to Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) or Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) please write to Secretary / Editor-in-Chief (JHA), Indian Society of Hill Agriculture Secretriat, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ. Agr. Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 249 199, India

For print version of journal of hill agriculture, subscribers may write to the Business Manager / Editor-in-Chief (JHA) and the Online version may be accessed through www.indianjournals.com

Phone: +91 9412962535, 9412463923 E mail: [email protected], [email protected] URL : http://www.ishaindia.in or http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jha&type=home

Sharing Knowledge for Prosperity

Journal of Hill Agriculture 2016, Vol 7(1)

CONTENTS

STRATEGY PAPER(S) Hill Horticulture – status, problems and strategies T JANAKIRAM 1 - 11

REVIEW PAPER(S)

Management of host plant resistance through immunization: an overview ANSHUL ARYA 12 - 27

RESEARCH PAPERS

Horticulture Studies on dyeing and value-addition of ornamental grass Lagurus ovatus

BHARATI KASHYAP THAKUR

28 - 31

Influence of the organic manures, plantation time and spacing on physiological and biochemical parameters of ashwagandha

MEENA KUMARI SHWETA RG UPADHYAY 32 - 35

Effect of explant type and surface sterilants on asepsis and survival culture for callus induction in peach

TS BISHT PN SINGH LAXMI RAWAT 36 - 40

Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on plant growth and development of bell pepper MEENA KUMARI SC VERMA SK BHARDWAJ ASHOK K THAKUR RAKESH KUMAR GUPTA RAJNISH SHARMA

41 - 45

Response of pinching and growth regulators on African Marigold cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand

SANDEEP CHAUHAN VK RAO SANCHITA GHOSH

46 - 51

Studies on hot air oven drying of chincherinchee (Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.) GITAM SHARMA GUPTA

52 - 55

Effect of split doses of nutrients on growth and yield parameters of banana cultivated in Assam KARTIK BARUAH DEBANAND DAS 56 - 59 Effect of nutrients on physiological characters of Bermuda grass as a lawn grass PRARTHANA GOGOI 60 - 63 Effect of seed treatment by ethyl methane sulphonate on growth, flowering and yield of papaya cv.

Pusa Dwarf MAHESH KUMAR DK GAUTAM

64 - 67

Genetics and Plant Breeding

Evaluation of diallel crosses for estimation of components of genetic variance and graphical analysis in okra

BUDHA RAM RR ACHARYA KALYANRAO PATIL 68 - 74

Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in F1C2 population of potato genotypes RITU PANDEY 75 - 79

Agronomy

Determining cause effect relationship among yield and yield components in upland rice genotypes PRAFULL KUMAR ABHINAV SAO MUKHERJEE

80 - 83

Plant Physiology Amelioration of photo-assimilates translocation pattern by the application of phytohormones in Indian

mustard under abiotic stress environment BK SINHA A 84 - 89

Environmental Science

Appraisal of water quality of Rewalsar Lake during Baisakhi fair (harvest festival) in Himachal Pradesh, India

RACHIT KASHYAP 90 - 95

Plant Protection

Validation of IPM module against major insect-pests and diseases of cabbage in mid hills of Uttarakhand

AK PANDEY

96 - 101

Agricultural Economics

Time-series analysis of variations in pesticide use and hazard from vegetable production in Great Britain

YONAS UGO UTAILE

102 - 109

Contribution of fish farming in farm household income and employment: a study of Kumaun hills of Uttarakhand

MEENAKSHI LATWAL

110 - 113

Analysis of farmers’ perception and response to soil erosion problem in Ankasha district, Ethiopia DESSALEW MESERET 114 - 120 Impact of kisan credit card (KCC) scheme on input use: an economic analysis of Basmati rice

cultivation SUDHAKAR DWIVEDI SHARMA

121 - 124

Food Science and Technology Mineral composition and protein fractionation of tartary buckwheat grains grown in cold dry desert of

Himachal Pradesh RISHI THAKUR SUNIL KUMAR CP AWASTHI

125 - 128

Quality evaluation of blended nectar prepared using aloevera, bitter gourd, aonla and guava JAYSUKH M VAGHASHIYA DEV RAJ HARISH SUTHAR 129 - 134 Effect of post-harvest treatments on chemical changes in banana during ripening under different

storage conditions SM TALANE 135 - 138

A comparative study on the quality of laboratory-made and market samples of milkcake - a traditional Indian sweet

ANIL KUMAR GR PATIL RRB SINGH HARI RAM GUPTA SWARNITA KANDPAL NC SHAHI

139 - 148

SHORT COMMUNICATION(S)

Training needs of marigold farmers on production technologies in Kathua District NEERJA SHARMA 149 - 151 Influence of organic and inorganic amendments on leaf nutrient status of banana cv. ‘Jahaji’ P TAMULI PHUKAN 152 - 155 Response of mango malformation to stage and severity of pruning of shoot bearing malformed panicles SATYA PRAKASH

MUKESH KUMAR 156 - 158

Management strategy of web blight of urdbean KPS KUSHWAHA 159 - 161 In-vitro effect of newer fungicides on mycelial growth in biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum

(Th 14) DINESH RAI KS BISHT AK TEWARI 162 - 164

Insecticidal properties of some plant products against Sitophilus oryzae from hill and tarai region of Uttrakhand

NEHA BHATT 165 - 167

FIRST REPORT (S)

First report of sugarcane whitegrub, Lepidiota mansueta Burmeister and their bio-ecology from Uttarakhand

AK PANDEY

168 - 171

Guidelines to authors i - ii Esteemed Referees of Journal of Hill Agriculture 2016 Vol 7(1) iii Rejection Statistics iii

OFFICE BEARERS Chief Patron: Dr Mangala Rai, Vice Chancellor, GBPUAT Pantnagar; Former Secy (DARE,

GOI) cum Director General ICAR Patron (s): Dr HS Gupta, DG, Borlaug Institute for South Asia, New Delhi

Dr J Kumar, Dean, Agriculture, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand President: Dr PS Bisht, MD, UK Seeds and TDC, Uttarakhand Vice President (s): Dr AK Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

Dr SK Thakur, HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh Dr VK Rao, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr PJ Handique, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam Dr MS Mir, SKUAST, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir

Secretary: Dr VK Yadav, IGFRI, Jhansi, UP Joint Secretary: Dr Sanjeev Sharma, CPRI, Shimla, HP

Dr Sunil Kumar, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr OC Sharma, CITH, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Dr Vinod K Sharma, IARI, Katrain, HP Dr Mayank Rai, CAU, Manipur

Treasurer Dr Chandra Dev, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Dr Mangala Rai, Vice Chancellor, GBPUAT Pantnagar, Former Secretary DARE, GOI, DG ICAR and President NAAS Dr PL Gautam, Former, Chairperson, PPVFRA, Govt. of India Dr Anwar Alam, Former Vice Chancellor, SKUAST(K), Srinagar, J&K Dr KM Bujarbaruah, Vice Chancellor, AAU, Jorhat, Assam Dr KR Dhiman, Former Vice Chancellor, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, HP Dr Bhag Mal, Former South Asia Coordinator, Biodiversity International, New Delhi Dr JDH Keatinge, Director General, AVRDC, World Vegetable Centre, Taiwan Dr Md. Yousuf Mian, Former Director General, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh Dr C Kole, Vice Chancellor, BCKV, Kalyani, WB, India Prof (Dr) FG Schroeder, Dresdan, Germany Dr G Paliyat, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Dr Ramesh Thakur, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, USA

EXECUTIVE COUNCILLORS

Dr AK Singh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Dr AK Singh, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr BL Attri, CITH (ICAR), Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand Dr SP Uniyal, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr Vandana A Kumar, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr VK Joshi, Former Head, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, Himachal Pradesh Dr VK Sah, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010) URL: www.ishaindia.in

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) was founded in 2010 having its secretariat at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, with the main objective to cultivate and promote research, education and development of agriculture and allied branches of science with special emphasis on development of hill and mountain regions of the world.

Journal of Hill Agriculture 7(1): 1 - 11, January - June, 2016 DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00003.3

Hill horticulture – status, problems and strategies

T JANAKIRAM VIJAY RAKESH REDDY Received: April 6, 2016; Revised: April 16, 2016, Accepted: April 18, 2016 ABSTRACT The hilly areas constitute undulated terrains with a variety of agro-climatic conditions, low population density, very low per capita availability of land and practical difficulties in intensive cropping. For economic upliftment of the rural hilly community and environmental restoration, proper land use planning has to be done with different horticultural and plantation crops. Cultivation in these regions is carried out in fragmented and terrace fields. The farming system i.e. agriculture as well as horticulture is mainly dependent on composition of the soil, position of the field, slope aspects, presence/ absence of irrigation, density of the population and their literacy rates etc. In order to boost up the horticulture sector central and state governments are working through introduction of Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan (HMNEH) States is a part of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) scheme, being implemented for overall development of Horticulture in NE and Himalayan states. A complete package of supply coupled with marketing and processing facilities should be made available at subsidized prices to the farmers in the hilly areas. Crop diversification should be targeted with special emphasis on high value crops such as vegetables, vegetable seeds, orchids, spices and mushrooms with adequate marketing facilities. . KEYWORDS Horticulture, hills, mountains, floriculture, status, strategies Janakiram T1 Reddy Vijay Rakesh2

1Assistant Director General, Horticultural Science Division, ICAR, KAB-II, New Delhi 110 012, India 2Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Rajahsthan – 334 006, India

T Janakiram ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION The hilly areas constitute undulated terrains and they are mostly fertile and has a variety of agro-climatic conditions. Due to varied climatic conditions, these hills are suitable for tropical, sub-tropical and temperate horticulture. The rainfall is, by and large high in most of the hilly regions and fairly wide-spread. Though the soil and climate conditions are highly favourable for practically growing all types of horticultural crops, in reality the organised horticulture in these hilly regions is relatively scanty compared to the plains. Though cultivation is practiced in few pockets of these hilly regions, still a major portion of the hill tracts remains untapped. In the hilly areas, undulating landscape constitutes the most fragile elements of the ecosystem and the traditional economy rests on the terraced cultivation with extremely limited feasibility for expansion and modernization. Consequently, low economic return remains the characteristic feature of the agrarian landscape in these regions. It is the common experience that the ecological conditions of the basin are more suited to fruit cultivation rather than cereal farming (Atkinson 1882). Along with fruit cultivation, tea garden practice and cultivation of seasonal vegetables will boost up the regional economy (Sati 2004). The population density in these hilly regions is very low but the per capita availability of land in these regions is also low because vast portions of the land couldn't be covered with traditional agricultural crops presumably due to the practical difficulties experienced in the intensive cropping in such hilly terrains. For economic upliftment of the rural community inhabiting these hilly terrains, proper land use planning has to be done with different horticultural and plantation crops. In view of soil conservation and ecological points of view, it is also desirable to cover the hills with perennial vegetations (Ghosh 1985).

STATUS PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 7(1): 12-27, January - June, 2016 DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00004.5

Management of host plant resistance through immunization: an overview ANSHUL ARYA GEETA SHARMA

Received: January 6, 2016, Revised: January 16, 2016, Accepted: February 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Resistance is an inherent character of a plant which gives protection against one and several plant pathogens and it can be developed in plant through different methods. Plant Immunization is one of the processes which can develop the resistance in plants against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens by activating the natural defence mechanism of plant through artificial inoculation with biotic and abiotic factors. Activation of SA Pathway, Ethylene Pathway, AzA Pathway and JA Pathway through artificial inoculation with biotic and abiotic factors results in synthesis of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins, Hypersensitive Responses, production of Phytoalexins, production of Active Oxygen Species and some morphological and biochemical changes in the cells etc., all these phenomenon are responsible for resistance development in plants against a variety of pathogen and are components of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) in plant. Protection against plant viruses can be achieved through Cross-protection, it is a phenomenon in which infection of a plant with a mild virus or viroid strain protects it from disease resulting from a subsequent encounter with a severe strain of the same virus or the viroid. Cross protection can be accomplished through different approaches like RNA silencing, Defective interfering RNAs and Satellite sequences etc. SAR and ISR can be utilized under field conditions for eco-friendly management of diseases.

Arya Anshul Sharma Geeta

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India Geeta Sharma ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Resistance, Immunization, PTI, ETI, SAR, Azelaic acid pathway, hypersensitive response, cross -protection INTRODUCTION The growing human population will require a significant increase in agricultural production. This challenge is made more difficult by the fact that changes in the climatic and environmental conditions under which crops are grown have resulted in the appearance of new diseases, whereas genetic changes within the pathogen have resulted in the loss of previously effective sources of resistance. Plant disease mitigation in the 21st century confronts significant challenges. The expanded exercise of traditional chemical inputs has led to environmental and economic dilemmas. Moreover, pathogenic microorganisms affecting plant health are a crucial and alarming threat to food production and ecosystem stability globally. Taking into account, there is an imperative need of additional approaches for controlling plant disease, and thus, induced resistance renders the promise of durable, broad-spectrum disease control using the plant's own resistance, as a result, there has been extensive enthusiasm in the development of agents which can mimic natural inducers of resistance. These include elicitor molecules released during the early stages of the plant–pathogen interaction, the signalling pathways used to trigger defences locally and systemically. Besides functioned barriers and constitutively expressed antimicrobials, plants possess inducible defence mechanisms that are aroused upon contact with pathogenic or non-pathogenic micro-organisms, extracts of micro-organisms or chemicals, thus furnishing protection as "plant's bullet proof" against a broad spectrum of pathogens (Anand et al. 2014). To help meet this challenge, advanced genetic and

REVIEW PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 7(1): 28- 31, January - June, 2016 DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00005.7

Studies on dyeing and value-addition of ornamental grass Lagurus ovatus

BHARATI KASHYAP YC GUPTA RAKESH GUPTA PRIYANKA THAKUR RANJNA SHARMA

Received: December 14, 2015; Revised: January 22, 2016, Accepted: January 28, 2016 ABSTRACT Lagurus ovatus (hare tail grass) is a winter season grass which is utilized in dry flower industry in preparation of various types of value-added products like flower arrangements, hangers, wall pictures etc. Different dyes like Fabric dyes, indicator dyes, food dyes and bio-colours were used for colouring this grass. Findings revealed that among four different categories of dyes fabric dyes i.e. Yellow, Dark green, Violet, Magenta Pink and indicator dyes Brilliant Green, Eosin Yellow and Crystal Violet were the excellent in performance for dyeing of Lagurus ovatus in terms of colour intensity and colour absorption. These dyes scored maximum for quality parameters even after ten months of storage. Quality parameters in case of food dyes were medium to high at the time of dyeing but the colours faded very fast and retention was not good after ten months. Out of the bio-colours; dyeing with turmeric and lilium pollen were quite satisfactory, whereas other colours like henna powder, gulmehndi (wild henna), coffee, butea, punica, beet root were very poor in performance. KEYWORDS Indicator dyes, fabric dyes, bio-colours, ornamental grass, Lagurus ovatus, hare tail grass Kashyap Bharati Gupta YC Gupta Rakesh1 Thakur Priyanka2 Sharma Ranjna

Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, 1Department of Entomology, 2Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Dhaulakuan, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh – 173 230, India

Bharati Kashyap ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Dry flowers have tremendous potential as a substitute for fresh flowers and foliage for interior decoration and a variety of aesthetic uses as these are long lasting, eco-friendly and near to natural products that are available throughout the year. Dry flowers have good demand in the international market and these are exported to countries like USA, Europe and Japan. Out of the total floricultural exports, 71 per cent that values Rs 260 crores were comprised of dry flowers (Anonymous 2010). The demand for dry flowers has increased manifold in the last decade and is increasing at an impressive rate of 8-10 per cent annually, thus offering immense opportunities to the Indian entrepreneurs to enter the global floriculture trade (Singh 2009). Lagurus ovatus (hare tail/ bunny tail grass) is a winter season grass commercially utilized in dry flower industry. The name ‘Hare’s Tail’ perfectly and accurately describes the creamy-white flower heads, which are hare's tail-shaped, fur-like and soft to the touch and do not shatter even after long term of storage, hence find use in dried arrangements. It is a short grass with green leaves and a clump forming habit, the fluffy plumes are ideal for the edging and bedding purposes in landscaping. It is an easy to grow grass from seed as well as seedlings and flowering occurs in 12 to 13 weeks. Cottony plumes make it the most suitable grass for colouring and value-addition. However, there is a dearth of literature on colouring/dyeing aspects of dried flowers. Colouring enhances the value of dried flowers because of aesthetic beautification and product diversification. Dyeing provides materials with more

RESEARCH PAPER



MEENA KUMARI SHWETA RG UPADHYAY

Received: October 4, 2015; Revised: October 29, 2015, Accepted: November 15, 2015 ABSTRACT Studies on the effect of organic manures, plantation time and spacing on physiological and biochemical pareameters of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) cultivated during Kharif season of 2010-2011under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh revealed that different physiological parameters viz., leaf area, days to fruit initiation, days to maturity, number of root branches, root yield and biochemical (quality) parameters viz., chlorophyll and total phenols were significantly higher in plants transplanted in panchang time with vermicompost application having wider spacing. While significantly lowest values were recorded in plants transplanted in non-panchang with Farm Yard Manure application having low spacing of 60cm X 30cm. Highest root yield (16.33 g/plant) was recorded in T9 while lowest root yield (4.66 g/plant) was recorded in T4. Similarly highest chlorophyll content at vegetative stage (6.30 ml/100g) and highest total phenols at flowering stage (42.80 µg/ml) were recorded in T9 while lowest chlorophyll content (2.90 ml/100g) and lowest total phenols (26.01 µg/ml) were recorded in T4. Significantly higher physiological and biochemical parameters were recorded in T9 and the lowest in T4.

Kumari Meena1 Shweta2 Upadhyay RG3

1Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Himachal Pradesh - 173230, India, 2Department of Biotechnology, Doaba College, Jalandhar, Punjab – 144 008, India, 3Department of Organic Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh - 176 062 India

Shweta ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Withania somnifera, biochemical parameter, panchang, physiological parameters, vermicompost

INTRODUCTION Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal commonly known as Ashwagandha is one of the important medicinal crops. It grows prolifically in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Srilanka and Bangladesh. In India, Withania somnifera is cultivated in around 10,780 ha with a production of 8429 tonnes (Tripathi et al. 1996). This crop is generally taken in late kharif season only on conserved soil moisture and can be grown on any type of soils having good drainage with 7.5 to 8.0 pH. It requires dry climate for better growth and root development but winter temperatures are known to improve the root quality (Kahar et al. 1991). It contains many alkaloids of which, withanine and somniferine are important from commercial point of view. Withanolids are the most important bioactive constituents of roots of ashwagandha. The ethnopharmalogical properties of the plant include adaptogenic, anti-sedative and anti-convulsion activities and the plant has been employed in the treatment of neurological disorders, geriatric debilities, arthritis, skin lesions, paralytic conditions, in reducing pus formation and stress problems (Dhuley 2001). Many chemical fertilizers are used to increase the yield of plants and improve the nutritional composition of the plants. But continuous use of chemical fertilizers is reported to have deleterious effects on soil health due to their ill effects on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (Sarkar et al. 1997). Looking at the ill effects of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides it

RESEARCH PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 7(1): 36-40, January - June, 2016 DOI : 10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00001.X

Effect of explant type and surface sterilants on asepsis and survival culture for callus induction in peach TS BISHT PN SINGH LAXMI RAWAT

Received: December 1, 2015, Revised: January 15, 2016, Accepted: February 12, 2016 ABSTRACT For the optimization of surface sterilization of explants and their in vitro establishment for callus, aseptic culture and survival of explants were measured. The present study was carried out to investigate the influence of explant type, various surface sterilants and their exposure time on the establishment of explants for callus induction in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). The leaf disc and intermodal segment explants taken from newly growing twigs of peach cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.5 mg/L) + 2,4-D (2 mg/L) for callus induction after surface sterilization with various surface sterilents. The overall results suggested that the best sterilization treatment for culture establishment in peach explants was sequential exposure of explants to ethanol (70 %) 30 second + HgCl2 (0.1 %) 3 minute + NaOCl (1.0 %) 3 minute resulting 63.34 per cent aseptic culture with 80.00 per cent survival of explants in both leaf disc and internodal segment comparatively suitable among all the five treatments. Further increase in exposure time to various sterilants resulted in significant reduction in survival of explants. Hence, ethanol (70 %) 30 second + HgCl2 (0.1 %) 3 minute + NaOCl (1.0 %) 3 minute was used for surface sterilization of explants in peach for establishment of explants for callus induction.

Bisht TS1 Singh PN2 Rawat Laxmi1

1 Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Hill Campus Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand - 249 199 GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India

2Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India TS Bisht ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Aseptic culture, survival culture, ms basal medium, sterilants INTRODUCTION Living plant materials from the environment are naturally contaminated on their surface with microorganisms, so surface sterilization of explants is required. The first condition for the success of a culture is asepsis. The maintenance of aseptic (free from all microorganisms) or sterile conditions is essential for successful tissue culture procedures. Reduction in surface contaminations begins with the stock plant used as a source plant and effect of sterilizing agent and duration of the treatment varied with the plant material used. Therefore, the explants should be disinfected with surface sterilants before placing on the nutrient media otherwise this would result in the death of the explants. Surface sterilization of juvenile explants is generally not difficult, however, if older plant parts are used, contamination of explants is sometimes a serious problem unless the tree produces juvenile sprouts. Disinfestations require the use of chemicals that are toxic to the micro organisms but relatively non-toxic to the plant material (Hartmann et al. 1993). Tissue culture contamination frequently originates with the introduction into culture of explants contaminated with endophytic microorganisms or surface sterilisation resistant microorganisms. These include pathogens of the plant and common environmental micro-organisms, both of which may become pathogenic in culture (Cassells 2001). Preventing or avoiding microbial contamination of plant tissue cultures is critical to successful micropropagation. Contaminated plants may have no visible symptoms, reduced multiplication and growth rates, or may die. Introduction of microorganisms due to poor aseptic technique or improperly sterilized

RESEARCH PAPER



Received: October 1, 2015; Revised: October 20, 2015, Accepted: October 22, 2015 ABSTRACT Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on plant growth and development of bell pepper was studied under three Open Top Chambers (OTC) and one natural air and temperature condition. Maximum plant height (76.26 cm) at 50 % flowering was recorded at elevated CO2 and lowest plant height (66.17 cm) was recorded under natural condition. Similar trend for plant height was found at maturity stage. Maximum pollen viability (80.81 %), internode length of plants (9.01 cm), were observed under elevated CO2 condition. Both elevated temperature and CO2 concentration had significant effects on growth and development in vegetables. Overall, bell pepper responded negatively to elevated temperatures and little positively to elevated CO2 concentrations where in interaction of elevated CO2 and temperature positive effect of CO2 is reduced or offset by temperature effect. KEYWORDS CO2, temperature, bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L, plant growth, open top chamber Kumari Meena1, Verma SC2 Bhardwaj SK1 Thakur AK2

Gupta RK3 Sharma Rajnish4

1Department of Environmental Science, 2Department of Seed Science and Technology, 3Department of Basic Science, 4Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh – 173 230, India Meena Kumari ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION The global annual mean concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing rapidly. The Third IPCC report predicts that global average surface temperature will increase by 1.4 to 5.8oC by 2100 with atmospheric CO2 concentrations expected to rise between 540 to 970 ppm during the same period (Houghton et al. 2001). The rise in CO2 levels is associated with an increase in average global temperature. Vegetable cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, in general, has gained significant importance on account of favourable agro-climatic conditions for growing quality off-season vegetables. Among various vegetable crops grown as off-season in the state bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important commercial summer season vegetable. Mid hills of Himachal Pradesh are the leading suppliers of bell pepper to the plains. Bell pepper is considered as money-spinner to the hill peasantry as they fetch high remuneration due to off-season cultivation (Negi et al. 2008, Sharma et al. 2010). However increasing level of CO2 and temperature is affecting the growth and development of bell pepper in this region and these events can cause drastic reductions in commercial yield and affect the livelihood of farmers. Increased concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide stimulates crop growth by the carbon fertilization effect (Rogers and Dahlman 1993). However, the positive effect of elevated CO2 might be offset by the adverse effect of associated global warming particularly excessive heat and drought. A large number of studies have been conducted on responses of various types of crop systems to elevated CO2 (Ainsworth et al. 2002, Ainsworth and Long 2005). However, fewer studies have been conducted on responses of crops to both

RESEARCH PAPER


Response of pinching and growth regulators on African marigold cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand SANDEEP CHAUHAN VK RAO AJIT KUMAR SANCHITA GHOSH

Received: October 15, 2015; Revised: October 29, 2015, Accepted: November 15, 2015 ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out to evaluate response of pinching and growth regulators on growth and yield of African marigold cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with sixteen treatment combination consisting of eight growth regulators viz. CCC @ 750, 1000 ppm, GA3 @ 125, 250 ppm, NAA @ 25, 50 ppm, Ethrel @ 750, 1000 ppm and each concentration tried on pinched and non pinched plants. The results revealed that pinching significantly influenced several vegetative parameters like plant spread (52.14 cm), number of leaves per plant (363.24) and leaf area per plant (90.45 cm2). Pinching delayed some floral attributes like first flower bud initiation (69.93 days), first flowering (79.23 days). Among growth regulators GA3 @ 250 ppm significantly improved several characters like plant height (92.80 cm), plant spread (54.77 cm), number of leaves per plant (399.33), number of flowers pr plant (62.85), maximum flower yield per plant (359.50 g), longest shelf life of loose flower (9.47 days), except stem diameter (2.18 cm) which was found maximum with application of CCC @ 1000 ppm. KEYWORDS African marigold, growth regulators, pinching, Pusa Basanti Gainda, flower yield Chauhan Sandeep Rao VK Ajit Ghosh Sanchita

Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India VK Rao ( ) E mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Growing of flowers in India has been a time honoured activity, largely for religious purpose, perfume industry and landscape. Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), belonging to family Asteraceae is one of the important commercial crops in our country and it is native of South and Central America especially Mexico. Tagetes erecta is commonly grown for its exquisite blooms and also natural dye (xanthophyll) extraction, while Tagetes patula is used for extraction of oils. Though, African marigold is one of the important commercial flowers of Uttarakhand, the yield levels are low. In African marigold, apical dominance plays a crucial role in accelerating axillary branches and flower production. Its plants first grow upward to their final height and after the formation of flower buds, axillary buds develops into branches which also bear flowers. However, if apical portion of shoot is pinched early, large number of axillary shoots arises resulting in to well branched plants with more number of uniform flowers. It is shallow rooted crop, therefore, plants become lanky if they are not pinched at proper stage. It is observed that exogenous foliar application of growth regulators stimulates growth and flowering to get maximum yield of flowers (Doddagoudar et al. 2002). Since there is scanty information on the effect of pinching and application of growth regulators on vegetative and floral characters of African marigold cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda particularly in North Indian conditions. Keeping in view the above facts, the present study was carried out with the objective to study response of pinching and growth regulators on vegetative growth, flower yield and quality of African marigold cv Pusa Basanti Gainda.

RESEARCH PAPER


Studies on hot air oven drying of chincherinchee (Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.)

GITAM SHARMA BHARATI KASHYAP BP SHARMA YC GUPTA RAKESH GUPTA

Received: December 8, 2015; Revised: January 14, 2016, Accepted: January 28, 2016 ABSTRACT Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. (chincherinchee) is a ornamental bulbous plant of family Liliaceae. Healthy, disease free and uniform spikes were harvested in the months of March and April 2014 when 10-11 florets were open. Four drying media were used for embedding of flowers in hot air oven drying viz., silica gel, borax, sand + silica gel (50:50 v/v) and sand + borax (50:50 v/v). After embedding, the flowers were dried in hot air oven at different temperature (50, 55 and 60 °C) for different durations (24, 48 and 72 hours). The results obtained showed that maximum score for quality parameters, was recorded in flowers embedded in silica gel kept at 50 °C for 24 hours (17.00/20) and minimum score (10.60/20) was obtained when the flowers were dried in borax kept at 60 °C for 24 hours. KEYWORDS Dry flowers, drying, drying media, desiccant, embedding, quality parameters Sharma Gitam Kashyap Bharati Sharma BP Gupta YC

Gupta Rakesh1

Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, 1Department of Entomology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh – 173 230, India

Gitam Sharma ( ) E mail: [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Dry flowers are rapidly gaining popularity amongst the floriculturists and buyers since they are inexpensive, long lasting and eco-friendly. The products are available throughout the year. Fresh flowers though exquisite in their beauty, are expensive, short lived and available only during a particular season. India’s export of floriculture products in the year 2011-12 was 365.32 Rs crores (Anonymous 2013). Out of this much of export the dried flowers contribute to 77.1 % followed by cut-flowers, bulbs and rhizomes, cut-foliage and others (Anonymous 2014). The top ten cultivated dried flower genera are Helichrysum spp, Helipterum spp, Limonium spp, Nigella spp, Gypsophilla spp, Delphinium spp, Amaranthus spp, Papaver spp, Carathamus spp and Rosa spp (Anonymous 1989). However, the quest for searching new material which can be utilized as dried flowers never ends and in fact is the demand of the hour. Therefore, the present studies was carried out to test Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. (chincherinchee) as a new dry flower crop. It is a bulbous plant of family Liliaceae and is native to South Africa. It produces white coloured cup-shaped flowers in dense racemes. Flower stalks are leafless and produce either a tight cluster of flowers or few flowers in a loose corymb with flowers reaching almost the same height. It is a showy garden plant and the flower sticks are used as cut flowers and are very long lasting. Flower stalks remain in presentable condition even after termination of vase life and hence, can be used as dry flowers. Drying techniques play an important role in the overall quality of the dried produce. But, there is a dearth of literature on the drying aspects of chincherinchee.

RESEARCH PAPER


Effect of split doses of nutrients on growth and yield parameters of banana cultivated in Assam KARTIK BARUAH DEBANAND DAS

Received: January 21, 2016; Revised: February16, 2016, Accepted: February 21, 2016 ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted at Assam Agricultural University, to study the nutrient requirements of banana crop grown under rainfed conditions at different growth stages i.e. vegetative stage, flower bud initiation, flowering stage and bunch development stage. Application of nitrogenous and potassium fertilizer in splits at different growth stages of banana had significant influence on growth and yield parameters of the crop. The yield and quality parameters were significantly influenced by the different levels of the nitrogenous and potassium application at different stages. Combination of treatments, 100 % recommended dose of fertilizers with nitrogen split as 40:20:20:20 and potash split as 0:0:40:60 at vegetative stage, flower bud initiation stage, pre-flowering stage and bunch development stage respectively, exhibited better growth, higher yield and quality of the fruits. This combination gave highest yield (58.64 tonnes/ha), weight of fingers (148.73 g), weight of 2nd hand (4.00 kg), bunch weight (19.00 kg), fingers per hand (21.32), length of finger (22.88 cm) and girth of finger (14.10 cm) alongwith better plant growth parameters. Thus, this combination may be recommended for commercial cultivation of banana in Assam. KEYWORDS Resistance, Immunization, PTI, ETI, SAR, Azelaic acid pathway, hypersensitive response, cross -protection Baruah Kartik Das Debanand

AICRP on Fruits, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat Assam – 785 013, India Kartik Baruah ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Banana being the fourth in the list of the most important food crops, after rice, wheat and maize, is gaining commercial importance in many countries of the world. It is considered as a whole food because it contains 61.40 % moisture, 36.40 % carbohydrates, 1.30 % protein, 0.20 % fat, 0.70 % mineral matter, 0.01 % calcium, 0.05 % phosphorous, and 0.04 % iron. Besides, banana contains 1.0 mg vitamin C, 150 mg of vitamin B, 0.50 mg nicotinic acid, 30 mg riboflavin per 100g of pulp, alongwith a calorific value of 153 (Anonymous 1989). Banana removes a high amount of mineral nutrients from soil for its growth and quality fruit production. Production of 30 tonnes of banana removes 50-75 kg of nitrogen and 175-225 kg of potash (Shanmugam 1973). A huge amount of fertilizer therefore, is to be applied to the soil in order to sustain the production and productivity of the crop. It has been observed that nitrogen and potassium is essential throughout the growing period of the crop and hence, application of these two nutrients in split doses at different growth stages of the crop will boost the production of banana. Keeping the above facts in view, a study was conducted to evaluate effect of application of nutrients (nitrogen and potash) in split doses at recommended levels and lesser than recommended levels at various stages of plant growth, on various parameters related to the growth, crop yield and fruit quality of banana cultivated under rainfed conditions of Assam. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment was conducted at Horticultural Orchard, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat campus under the AICRP on Tropical Fruit. The experimental plot was sandy loam in texture with a pH

RESEARCH PAPER


Effect of nutrients on physiological characters of Bermuda grass as a lawn grass PRARTHANA GOGOI PRADIP MAHANTA

Received: January 6, 2016; Revised: January 16, 2016, Accepted: February 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Response of Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon local (C1) and Cynodon dactylon hybrid (C2) to varying levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and vermicompost were studied in terms of physiological characters at Assam Agricultural University. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design. Experimental results revealed that physiological characters were significantly influenced by treatment, cultivar and their interaction effect. The N,P,K and vermicompost application increased chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content and relative growth rate which finally enhanced the quality characters like aesthetically pleasing colour, resiliency and rigidity etc. Cultivar C2 was better than cultivar C1 as it resulted highest total chlorophyll content (1.607 mg/g), relative growth rate (2.59x10-2 g/g/day), leaf relative water content (77.97 %), The highest fertilizer dose (60:60:60 g/m2 N:P:K) gave more optimum results in both the cultivars of Cynodon dactylon. KEYWORDS Cynodon dactylon. turf grass, lawn grass INTRODUCTION Bermuda grass referred to as “The Turfgrass of the south”, is a creeping perennial grass widely grown in temperate climates as a lawn or pasture grass (Turgeon 2002). It is one of the most important warm season turf grass including its use as a major turf grass species for fields, lawn, park, golf courses.

Gogoi Prarthana Mahanta Pradip

Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat , Assam – 785 013 India

Prarthana Gogoi ( ) E mail: [email protected]

This turf grass has helped to beautify many parks and landscape, while it also provides resilient playing fields for many sports (Patton et al. 2004). It is a durable, heat and drought resistant warm season grass. Cynodon dactylon is further spread through its commercial use as forage and turf, being widely used in the Sonoran Desert region as a lawn grass (Chambers and Hawkins 2002). Bermuda grass is well adapted for heavily used areas for its superior quality like good recuperative capacity. Proper lawn fertilization schedule is always encouraging the healthy turf growth by maintaining good physiology. The present study was, therefore undertaken to find out the optimum level of nutrition for maintaining good physiological growth in cynodon dactylon.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The investigation was undertaken in Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University during 2013-2014 on Cynodon dactylon local (C1) and Cynodon dactylon hybrid (C2). The experimental site was located 26°47 N latitude, 94°12 E longitude and at an altitude of 86.6 amsl. The topography of land was uniform. The treatments included of T0 - Control, T1 -Vermicompost 200 g/m², T2- Vermicompost 200 g/m² + 10:10:10 g/m2 (N:P:K), T3-Vermicompost 200 g/m² +20:20:20 g/m2 (N:P:K), T4 - 40:40:40 g/m² (N:P:K), T5 - 50:50:50 g/m² (N:P:K) and T6 - 60:60:60 g/m² (N:P:K). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with 3 replications having a plot size of 1.5 m2. Application of 50 kg lime was done to the experimental site to raise the pH of soil up to 6.5. A basal dose of well rotten cow dung manure @5 kg/m2 and basal dose of fertilizer comprising of half of the nitrogen and full doses of phosphorus and potassium was applies according to the calculated dose. The remaining half nitrogen was split into three parts and applied during the month of August, November and February as foliar

RESEARCH PAPER


Effect of seed treatment by ethyl methane sulphonate on growth, flowering and yield of papaya cv. Pusa Dwarf MAHESH KUMAR MUKESH KUMAR SATYA PRAKASH DK GAUTAM SANJEEV RAO

Received: October 15, 2015; Revised: October 29, 2015, Accepted: November 15, 2015 ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, to find out the optimum doses of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) on growth, flowering and yield of papaya. The seeds of papaya were treated with chemical mutagen ‘ethyl methane sulphonate’ (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 %). The results indicated that the seed treated with EMS @ 0.50 %, significantly emerged earlier sprouts as compared to the other treatment. The maximum germination percentage, survival percentage was also observed in same treatment. Untreated plants produced maximum height of the plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and petiole length while, the plants obtained by the seed treatment with 0.50 % EMS concentration produced maximum stem girth. While, maximum days to first flowering and plant height at flowering stage was observed under control. However, the plants produced by the seeds treatment with EMS @ 0.50 % concentration produced maximum fruiting length, fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant during both the years.

KEYWORDS Papaya, ethyl methane sulphonate, seed germination, growth, yield Kumar Mahesh Kumar Mukesh Prakash Satya Gautam DK Rao Sanjeev

Department of Horticulture, SVP University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh – 250110, India Mahesh Kumar ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the important fruit crops of tropical and subtropical region of the world. Owing to unique characteristics, papaya cultivation has become very popular among the fruit growers. Being short duration, early maturing, quick growing and dwarf in nature, it can be grown very successfully in the orchards of major fruit crops. Due to nutritional and medicinal values, it fetches very good price in the market. Papaya is most important fruit with forth position in production (5382 thousand t), first position in productivity (40.7 t/ha) from 132000 ha area among the fruits cultivated in India (NHB 2013) . Among the breeding programme, mutation is one of the most important methods adopted by plant breeders to create variability in a number of species. Natural mutants have played as important role in creating variability in many of the species. However, induced mutations have not brought out the desirable results in many of the fruit crops. A number of induced mutations have ended up as chimeras in fruit crops and intrasomatic selections have reversed the mutant effects. Mutation directly affects the genetic structure of plants. Dwarfness and earliness in flowering are important characters for high density planting. Therefore, the present study has been formulated to study the effect of seed treatment by ethyl methane sulphonate on growth, flowering and yield of papaya. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation was conducted at Horticultural Research Centre at SVP University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh during the year 2012-13 and 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with five treatments and three replications.

RESEARCH PAPER


Evaluation of diallel crosses for estimation of components of genetic variance and graphical analysis in okra BUDHA RAM RR ACHARYA KALYANRAO PATIL Received: July 10, 2015; Revised: September 24, 2015, Accepted: September 25, 2015 ABSTRACT The present investigation on okra comprised of a half-diallel set of eight parents including standard check GAO 5 and their 28 crosses. The components of genetic variance and graphical analysis were studied for twelve characters viz., fruit yield per plant, days to 50 % flowering, first fruiting node, days to first picking, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, plant height, number of nodes per plant, number of primary branches per plant and moisture content. The analysis revealed importance of both additive and non-additive genetic variance for inheritance of these traits. Degree of dominance manifested over dominance for fruit yield per plant, fruit girth and primary branches per plant. Asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative alleles and unequal distribution of dominant and recessive genes found in parents for these traits. The graphical analysis indicated that all the traits controlled by either over or partial dominance. The parents had greater diversity as their array points scattered throughout the graph for the traits like fruit yield, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of primary branches per plant and moisture content. KEYWORDS Genetic variance, half-diallel, heterosis, okra, over dominance, partial dominance Ram Budha1 2 3 1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2Main Vegetable Research Station and 3Department of Seed Science and Technology, BACA, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat - 388 110, India Kalyanrao Patil ( ) E mail : [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Okra is an important annual vegetable crop grown for its immature, green and non-fibrous edible fruits in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It provides an important source of vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals, which are often lacking in the diet of developing countries. The fruits of okra are rich source of vitamin A and C. The seeds of okra are good source of protein (20 %) and gained much interest as a new source of vegetable oil (14 %). The average nutritive value (ANV) of okra is 3.21 %, which is higher than Tomato, Brinjal and Cucurbitaceous vegetables (Sharma and Arora 1993). Nutritional value of 100g of edible okra is characterized 1.9 g protein, 0.2 g fat, 6.4 g carbohydrate, 0.7 g minerals and 1.2 g fibres. In India, it was cultivated in the area of 5.31 lakh ha with the annual production of 63.50 lakh tonnes with the productivity of 12.00 tonnes per ha during the year 2012-13 (Anonymous 2013). The assumptions of diallel analysis diploid segregation, no maternal effects, absence of multiple alleles, absence of linkage, absence of lethal genes and no genotype x environment interaction were difficult to evaluate independently of one another. Therefore, ‘t’ test calculated as deviation of regression co-efficient ‘b’ from zero and unity were employed to determine the assumptions basic to diallel analysis for each of the characters studied. The analysis of quantitative inheritance of fruit yield and its related traits was also an equally important objective to gain knowledge regarding the nature and magnitude of gene action, which has an important bearing on the choice of most appropriate and efficient breeding methodology. Clear-cut knowledge for the types of gene action, magnitude and composition of genetic variance are of fundamental importance to a plant breeder.

RESEARCH PAPER


Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in F1C2 population of potato genotypes RITU PANDEY JP SINGH DHIRENDRA SINGH PK PANDEY

Received: May 7, 2015; Revised: Nov 3, 2015, Accepted: Nov 5, 2015 ABSTRACT The study was done on genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient of potato to get the breeding strategy of the genotypes wherein 126 F1C2 population with 4 check varieties of potato were grown in augmented block design and accommodated in 9 blocks having 14 plots each. Genotypes were evaluated to find out the variation and correlation of twelve traits with the tuber yield. Maximum positive direct effect on tuber yield per meter square was imposed by percent plant emergence at 30 days after planting, plant height, and average tuber weight, number of stems per plant, dry matter and total soluble solids, number of tubers per plant, specific gravity and ascorbic acid. However, protein content, and tuber diameter were exerted negative direct effect towards yield. Positive direct effects of tuber weight and number of tubers per plant indicate good scope for improvement in tuber yield by selecting genotypes bearing high tuber weight along with more number of tubers per plant. The tubers, obtained from the present investigation, were virus free but of smaller size, therefore, the selected genotypes after evaluation should be grown for five to six generations to get the high marketable yield. Therefore the evaluated genotypes might be grown for 5-6 generations to get maximum marketable yield. KEYWORDS Potato, F1C2 population, genetic variability, correlation coefficient, path coefficient Pandey Ritu1 Singh JP2 Singh Dhirendra2 Pandey PK2

1Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand – 248 007, India

2GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India Ritu Pandey ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) belongs to the family Solanaceae. The cultivated potato is highly heterozygous and out breeding species which suffers from inbreeding depression. The natural variation for most of the yield attributes is considerable in the F1C2 population of this crop and there is need for the breeder to improve the materials for increasing the yield and productivity as it gives more food energy and protein per unit land than cereals. As, tuber yield is complex polygenic trait and dependent on number of attributing traits and association among the component characters, is a pre-requisite to execute effective selection programme. Therefore, the knowledge of variability among genotypes, correlations of yield components and path analysis will be very useful in formulating breeding strategy to develop elite genotypes through selection in advanced generations. Keeping in view, above facts, the present investigation was conducted to determine the variation for 12 characters, among the 126 genotypes alongwith 4 check varieties, the nature and degree of association among the characters and their direct and indirect effects on tuber yield. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation was carried out at the Vegetable Research Centre of GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The experimental material was procured from the cross made between CP-2130 and TPS-67 in the year 2005 at CPRI, Kufri, Shimla. Two successive generations of this material i.e. F1C1 and F1C2 were raised to assess the genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis. The experiment was conducted in an incomplete block design augmented with four checks (Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Ashoka, Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Bahar) and one hundred twenty six F1C2 populations in the last fortnight of October month to assess the genetic

RESEARCH PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 7(1): 80-83, January - June, 2016 DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00015.X

Determining cause-effect relationship among yield and yield components in upland rice genotypes PRAFULL KUMAR ABHINAV SAO RAJA RAM KANWAR SC MUKHERJEE POONAM KUMARI

Received: October 15, 2015, Revised: October 29, 2015, Accepted: November 15, 2015

ABSTRACT A study was undertaken to evaluate cause effect relationships among quantitative traits in upland rice genotypes in biennial experiment i.e. Kharif 2013 and 2014 of SG College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh. A total of 18 local and exotic genotypes were studied under complete rainfed treatment. Analysis of variance revealed significance in all traits indicating presence of considerable amount of genetic variation. In first experimental season (E 01), biological yield per plot had the maximum positive effect (1.0836) on grain yield followed by harvest index (0.8311) and panicle length (0.1176). Positive direct effects of these traits on grain yield indicated their importance in determining this complex character and therefore, should be kept in mind while practicing selection aimed at the improvement of grain yield. In present study (pooled over environments), biological yield has maximum direct effect on grain yield (0.9485) and indirect effect was 0.2200 mainly due to plant height (0.3018), panicles per square meter (0.3071) positively and harvest index negatively (-0.3788). Hence, biological yield should be higher in upland genotypes, which will in turn increase plant height, panicle length.

Kumar Prafull1 Sao Abhinav1 Kanwar Raja Ram1 Mukherjee SC2 Kumari Poonam3

1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2Department of Entomology, SG College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh - 494 001, India 3Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141005, Punjab, India Prafull Kumar ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS upland rice, rainfed ecology, indirect effect, path coefficients INTRODUCTION Rice, one of the most important crops of the world, has the evolutionary particularity of being semiaquatic, and water requirement for its cultivation is quite higher i.e. 2500 litres to produce 1 kg of grain (Bouman et al. 2007), and is expected that rice production will be decreased due to water stress in many Asian countries, affecting more than 19 million ha. This higher water requirement is probably due to large area of lowland long durational irrigated rice. Thus it’s necessary to opt for varieties requiring limited water (Matsumoto et al. 2014) to sustain food security in climate change era. Under such water shortage rice agriculture, upland rice is emerging as novel and viable option for rainfed soils. Upland rice is the staple food for poorest farmer of Asia and Africa with 0.8 to 1.2 t/ha average productivity (Sharma and Pattnayak 2009). Since, upland rice imparts 12 % of global rice production, need for improving productivity is alarming challenge among crop breeders. In rice, yield is not a trait per se, but product of panicles per unit area, number of spikelet per panicle, spikelet fertility, harvest index, crop biomass and many others (Toshimenla and Changkija 2013). Hence, present study was undertaken to standardize direct and indirect yield contributors along with cause effect relationships in diverse upland rice genotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was undertaken with 18 genotypes under rainfed conditions during Kharif 2013 and Kharif 2014 at Upland Rice Breeding Block of SG College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, IGKV,

RESEARCH PAPER


Amelioration of photo-assimilates translocation pattern by the application of phytohormones in Indian mustard under abiotic stress environment BK SINHA ML CHHABRA

Received: March 25, 2015; Revised: December 30, 2015, Accepted: January 3, 2016

ABSTRACT Detailed studies were carried out to find out the effect of various phytohormones on 14C translocation pattern in mustard under abiotic stress conditions. IAA100 µM enhanced 14C accumulation in siliquae 19.66 %and 26.84 % in waterlogged and high temperature stressed plants respectively in respect to control (3.67 %) while, IAA500 and Kin50 reduced the accumulation in siliquae 1.41 % and 1.46 % in water logging (WL) environments and 2.30 % in high temperature condition in compared to control 5.78 % and 14.27 %respectively in water logging and high temperature (HT) stress. All the concentrations of phytohormones significantly enhanced the translocation of photo assimilates in siliquae 6.5 %, 22.31 %, 13.85 % and 6.29 % respectively in plant sprayed with IAA 100, IAA 500, Kin 5 and Kin 50

% under WL+HT stress. roots except Kin5 that decreased the accumulation in roots. After a revival period of ten days, the effect of all the hormonal concentrations was equivalent to water spray with regard to the 14C counts in siliquae of waterlogged plants. Further, in siliquae of high temperature stressed plants, IAA100 was at par with water, while IAA500, Kin5 and Kin50 reduced the incorporation of 14C assimilates.

Sinha BK1 Chhabra ML2

1Division of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology FOA, Chatha, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir -180009, India 2Oil Seeds Section, Division of Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana -125 004, India

BK Sinha ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Brassica juncea, water logging, high temperature, 14C-translocation pattern INTRODUCTION Plants being sessile are challenged by a variety of growth-limiting environments before they complete their life cycles. Thereby, they evolved a multitude of complex signalling systems to respond to external and internal cues to regulate growth and development under stressful environments. Under stressful condition phytohormones play critical regulatory roles in the process. Hormones are synthesized at low concentrations and control various developmental events throughout the plant life cycle ranging from patterning, cell identity and differentiation as well as coordinated growth of various reproductive organs (Singh and Jwa 2013). Photoassimilate translocation study is important because an understanding of this basic phenomenon would clarify many other processes such as growth correlation, differentiation, and growth. Stressful environments, including drought, salinity, and unfavourable temperatures, considerably hamper the process of photosynthesis in most plants by altering the ultra structure of the organelles and concentration of various pigments and metabolites including enzymes involved in this process as well as stomatal regulation (Ashraf and Harris 2013). Decrease in rate of photosynthesis as a result of water logging is due to (I) Stomatal closure which interferes with diffusion of CO2 and water vapours (II) Reduced leaf area and chlorophyll content as a result of enhanced senescence and leaf abscission (III) Reduction of the key enzyme, RuBP Carboxylase, etc. In addition, flooding inhibits translocation of photosynthates. This may be due to reduced availability of sinks and interference in phloem translocation per se. Further, heat stress (38 °C) in B.

RESEARCH PAPER


Appraisal of water quality of Rewalsar Lake during Baisakhi fair (harvest festival) in Himachal Pradesh, India RACHIT KASHYAP KS VERMA MK BRAHMI

Received: September 23, 2015; Revised: October 2, 2015, Accepted: October 5, 2015

ABSTRACT The purpose of the work was to study water quality of Rewalsar Lake with respect to physico-chemical parameters especially during baisakhi fair (harvest festival) in Himachal Pradesh, India. Results have shown slight alkaline nature of water with high dissolved solids and low visibility. High calcium (55 mg/L), sodium (29 mg/L), chloride (16.80 mg/L) and potassium (22 mg/L) were also observed during fair, however overall mean value were (41.60±1.89 mg/L), (17.66±2.02 mg/L), (10.27±0.87 mg/L) and (16.18±0.95 mg/L) respectively. Phosphate (21 mg/L), sulphate (55 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (125 mg/L), biological oxygen demand (BOD) (48 mg/L) were recorded with overall mean values of (16.36±0.83 mg/L), (40.17±2.06 mg/L), (83.08±6.26 mg/L) and (33.33±2.20 mg/L) respectively. Significant high concentrations of BOD and COD showed that lake water is unfit for human and animal consumption. Maximum values of each parameter during baisakhi fair showed presence of organic and inorganic pollutants in lake water. Thus, the present study revealed that lake touched the critical stage of water pollution especially during baisakhi fair due to massive anthropogenic pressure. Proper conservation, management plans, strategies have to be formulated by government for restoration and rejuvenation of religious lake.

KEYWORDS Eutrophication, physico-chemical parameters, restoration, Rewalsar Lake, water pollution Kashyap Rachit1 Verma KS2 Brahmi MK3

1Department of Environmental science, 2College of Forestry, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh -– 173 230, India

3Regional Horticulture Research and Training Station, Dhaulakaun, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh – 174 101, India Rachit Kashyap ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION The lakes are the unique gift of god present only in certain parts of the world. Lake water quality is of vital concern for living beings as it provides habitat for a variety of flora fauna, recharges ground water, recycle nutrients and maintains steam flow. The components of aquatic ecosystem and their working pattern are highly dependent on the catchments structure and the land use pattern in the catchments (Ramachandra and Ahalya 2001). Lakes retain water during dry periods, thus keeping the water table high and relatively stable. During periods of flooding, they mitigate flood and trap suspended solids and attached nutrients. The deterioration of such lake systems because of urbanization or other factors typically causes lake water quality to worsen (Reddy et al. 2012 and Kashyap et al. 2015). Rewalsar Lake has a national importance and located 24 km away from district Mandi in Himachal Pradesh, India. Lake has mythological significance and is a tourist's delight, a holy place where people come from all over the world. Since the lake is multipurpose in use, the public attention is focused on water quality as pollution is rising to an alarming degree day by day in the lake. The poor sewerage system of Rewalsar town is further increasing the problem as contaminated water directly flows into the lake. Due to increased pollution pressure and sources of pollution (non-point sources) like agricultural runoff, soil erosion, faulty agricultural practices, population densification, human induced pressure on land use, construction activities and bad practices of solid waste deposition around the lake reduced drastically its life span and creating threat to aquatic life. Several studies have been conducted so far to understand the physico-chemical properties of lakes, ponds and reservoirs in India (Jain et al. 1996, Sreenivasan et al. 1997, Mohanraj et al. 2000, Srinivasa and Kotaiah 2000, Thorat and Masarrat 2000, Dutta and Sharma 2001, Shastri and Pendse 2001,

RESEARCH PAPER


Validation of IPM module against major insect-pests and diseases of cabbage in mid-hills of Uttarakhand AK PANDEY BIJENDRA KUMAR CHANDRA DEV

Received: December 31, 2015, Revised: January 16, 2016, Accepted: February 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Field trials were conducted to validate the formulated IPM programme for the management of insect-pests and diseases in cabbage grown in Jadipani village of Chamba block of district Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The result showed that the IPM program provided 59.12, 57.12, 43.88, 55.98, 52.67, 49.41 and 52.24 % reduction in white-grub, cut worm, cabbage butterfly, DBM, aphids, tobacco caterpillar, painted bug infestation, respectively, as compared to non-IPM practiced fields. Similarly, there was 52.15, 52.94 and 49.41 % control of damping-off, black leg and white blight or head rot diseases, respectively, over non-IPM practice. Analysis of cost benefit ratio of IPM practice revealed that there was 58.88 % increase in yield with net return of Rs. 65.59 thousand per ha over non-IPM practiced field. The B:C ratio of IPM practice field was 2.19. Overall study revealed that the cabbage production under IPM situation proved to be economically more viable in terms of reduction in crop losses by suppression of pest and consequently increase in yield. KEYWORDS IPM, cabbage, damping-off, white-grub, cut worm, DBM, Spodoptera

Pandey AK1 Kumar Bijendra2 Dev Chandra3

1Department of Entomology, 2Department of Plant Pathology, 3Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India AK Pandey ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) continues to be important vegetable crop for growers of India. Its total acreage in India during 2013-14 was 0.40 million ha with a production of 9.04 million tonnes, which makes it fifth important vegetable crop after potato, onion, tomato and egg plant. The production of cabbage in Uttarakhand is 73.23 thousand tonnes from 6.20 thousand ha area with the productivity of 11.81 metric tonnes (Anonymous 2014). With the development of new hybrids and varieties, it is now being grown throughout the year. As a result, the risk of damage from the pests has greatly increased. Consequently, this has resulted in higher rates of pest infestation, especially by diamond back moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella), tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura), painted bug (Bagrada cruciferarum), damping-off (Pythium sp.), black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white blight or head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) (Loganathan 2002, Singh et al. 2002, Rao et al. 2003, Shukla and Kumar 2005, Sharma et al. 2006, Monobrullah et al. 2007, Bhagat and Pan 2008, Abrol and Gupta 2010, Kohl et al. 2010). Practice of using non-recommended pesticides other than recommended ones and sole reliance on them for managing the pests of vegetables is relatively higher in India (Weinberger and Srinivasan 2009). High frequency of application of highly toxic insecticides results in pesticide residues above maximum limit value (Shah et al. 2000, Kole et al. 2002, Cesnik et al. 2009, Islam et al. 2009). The concern is not only that the pest control approach currently being followed by farmers is focused on application of highly toxic insecticides but also the resistance developed by many major insect like Spodoptera litura, Plutella xylostella and other insect-

RESEARCH PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 7(1) : 102- 109, January - June, 2016 DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00002.1

Time-series analysis of variations in pesticide use and hazard from vegetable production in Great Britain YONAS UGO UTAILE PAUL CROSS

Received: October 15, 2015; Revised: October 29, 2015, Accepted: November 15, 2015 ABSTRACT Pesticides play an important role in safeguarding crop productivity and production losses although their uses impose threats to human and environmental health. The EU expelled seventy-five % of existing pesticides in use as set out in the authorization Directive 91/414/EEC and the Sustainable Use Directive 2009/218/EEC to respond to growing public concern over the use of pesticides in crop production. In this study an attempt was made to assess time-series trends in pesticide hazard posed by pesticides applied on four major homegrown vegetable crops in the UK. An environmental impact quotient (EIQ) method was applied to estimates changes in pesticide hazard from 1991 to 2011. Results suggest that there were considerable variations in pesticide use and hazards among crops, pesticide types and non-target groups. Overall mean pesticide use declined by 42 % whilst the mean yield increased by 7 % over the study period. EIQ and EIQ per hectare was reduced by 12 and 13 % respectively, partly contributing to a 45 % reduction in overall EI. Greatest reduction in EI was for farmworkers (65 %) followed by the environment (41 %) and consumers (24 %). EIQ was reduced by 38 % for insecticides while it increased by 22 % for herbicides and remained unchanged for fungicides. The highest reduction in pesticide use and hazard was for brassicas followed by lettuce and endives and peas and beans. Newly introduced EU pesticide legislation appears to have played significant role in reducing pesticide use and hazard whilst enabling vegetable growers in the UK to harvest more tons of yield per ha.

Utaile Yonas Ugo Cross Paul School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK Yonas Ugo Utaile ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Pesticide, EIQ, EI, hazard, vegetable crops INTRODUCTION Green Revolution marked tremendous achievements in agricultural production and productivity and thus played crucial part in global food security. Chemical pesticides were among the three modern agricultural technologies, in addition to improved seed varieties and chemical fertilizers that made surplus food production possible (Tilman et al. 2002, Godfray et al. 2010). Muhammetoglu et al. (2010) argued that use of pesticides in safeguarding crop yields saves 40 % crop losses to pests, and by contrast exempting pesticides use from agriculture may account for 35 % loss of yield worldwide (Pimentel 1995). However, there are an extensive volume of studies suggesting detrimental impacts of pesticides on human health, wildlife and the natural environment. Human health impacts could be acute (short-term effects that occurs at high exposure dose) or chronic (long-term effects that develops gradually due to extended low exposure dose). Studies show that there are positive associations between continued human exposure to pesticides and various chronic health outcomes including cancer and neurological disorders (Alavanja et al. 2004, Bassil et al. 2007). Sheep farmers in the UK, for example, use organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids to disinfect sheep ectoparasites which potentially expose them to harmful impacts of these chemicals. Epidemiological studies revealed supportive evidence that sheep farmers and dippers, in the UK, experience neuropsychological abnormalities and chronic fatigue due to chemical exposure (Pilkington et al. 2001, Tahmaz et al. 2003). Alavanja et al. (2004) reviewed substantial volume of studies on pesticides-related carcinogenic and neurotoxic human health outcomes and deduced that

RESEARCH PAPER


Contribution of fish farming in farm household income and employment: a study of Kumaun hills of Uttarakhand MEENAKSHI LATWAL SK SRIVASTAVA

Received: September 09, 2015; Revised: January 11, 2016, Accepted: January 15, 2016 ABSTRACT The study was conducted in the hills of Kumaun division of Uttarakhand to determine the contribution of fish farming in the total farm household income and employment in the study area. Simple descriptive statistical tools were used to accomplish the objective of the study. The findings show that the fishery, from the average pond size of 0.014 ha water area, contributed nearly 4.56 % of the total income earned by the fish farm households. Non-farm works were the main sources of the farmer’s income contributed nearly 55.59 % of the family income earned during the year. Per farm household’s aggregate annual employment generation was estimated about 734 man days. The fish farming generated less than 5 % of annual human labour employment on the farm which was quite less as compared to the employment generated through other on-farm and non- farm activities. KEYWORDS Fish farming, income, employment, hills, Uttarakhand INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy. It provides employment to 57 % of the country’s work force and livelihood security to more than 650 million people (Anonymous 2012). Agriculture including crop

Latwal Meenakshi va SK

Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India SK Srivastava ( ) E mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

and animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and agro processing provides the basis for food and livelihood security. It provides significant support for economic growth and social transformation of the country (Raghav and Srivastava 2014). In Uttarakhand hills more than 90 % of the farmers are under marginal size, followed by small size farmers (Goswami and Srivastava 2014). The financial institutions are found unable to meet the credit requirements of hill farmers for adopting recommended package of practices in cultivation of major crops when human cost is included (Agri and Srivastava 2014). Fisheries sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. It contributes to the national income, exports, food and nutritional security and in employment generation. Share of agriculture and allied activities in the GDP is constantly declining. It has been observed that agriculture sector is gradually diversifying towards high value enterprises including fisheries. It is evident from the contribution of fisheries sector to the GDP, which gone up from 0.46 % in 1950-51 to 0.70 % in 2010-11. The share of fisheries in Agricultural GDP has increased more impressively during this period from mere 0.84 % in 1950-51 to 5 % in 2010-11 (Anonymous 2012). The fisheries sector has recorded faster growth as compared to the agriculture in all the decades. Fish production in India has increased from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 8.30 million tonnes in 2010-11. Likewise, world production has gone up from 23.5 million tonnes to over 159 million tonnes during same period. The share of India in global fish production has grown gradually from about 2.60 % in 1960s and 1970s to 5.10 % in 2010-11. Thus, compared to growth in global fish production, the growth in India has been at a faster rate, mainly due to increasing contribution from inland fish production. The total Inland fish production in Uttarakhand state which was 2.55 thousand tonnes in 2002-03, increased

RESEARCH PAPER


Analysis of farmers’ perception and response to soil erosion problem in Ankasha district, Ethiopia

DESSALEW MESERET AKLILU AMSALU

Received: November 7, 2015, Revised: January 12, 2016, Accepted: January 15, 2016

ABSTRACT Natural resources, such as soil and water are best managed by the people, farmers, who use them rather than by other government bodies. Consideration of farmers’ perception is an essential issue when making decisions on soil and water conservation, and agricultural sustainability. This study analyzed the perception and response of farmers on soil erosion problems in Ankasha District, Ethiopia. 79 % of farmers perceived erosion as a problem on their farm land. However, their understanding of erosion severity depends on appearance of visible signs of erosion such as rills and gullies. Educational level of the household heads and slope where the farm land was located had significant influence at 99 % (P<0.01) confidence level, contact with extension workers, age of the household heads, participation in agricultural training and plot distance from the homestead had significant influence at 95 % (P<0.05) confidence level, whereas, plot size and family size were found to have significant effect at 90 % (P<0.1) confidence level. Raising farmers’ awareness and involving them in the planning and designing of conservation measures will increase the chances of success of conservation efforts and reduce erosion problem.

Meseret Dessalew1 Amsalu Aklilu2

1Department of Natural Resource Management, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia 2Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Dessalew Meseret ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Land, soil erosion, farmer’s perception, farmer’s response, logistic regression INTRODUCTION Nowadays, increased pressure on the limited and scarce resources of the earth and unwise exploitation by human beings made the study of resource degradation one of the most important and urgent issue of the world. In the third world countries, where over 85 % of the population directly or indirectly depend on agriculture and where there are low levels of secondary and tertiary economic activities that are better alternatives for leading people’s life, people highly deplete the natural resources to fulfill their basic needs. The livelihood of the vast majority of the population in Ethiopia depends directly or indirectly on Agriculture. Such dependence obviously leads to increased vulnerability of the economy to problems related to land degradation mainly due to water erosion (Aklilu and De Graaff 2006). Soil degradation in Ethiopia can be seen as a direct result of past agricultural practices including, over cultivation, deforestation, widespread use of dung and crop residues for household energy and overgrazing (Badege 2001). The problem soil erosion is severe in the highlands of Ethiopia, and especially so in the Amhara Region, where the soil estimated to be eroding at very rapid rates of 16–50 t/ha per year (Abegaz 1995). Because of this, the region accounts for more than 50 % of the estimated annual soil loss in Ethiopia. Farmers’ perception and understanding of soil erosion problem and its impact on agricultural productivity is by far important to control ever increasing rate of soil erosion. Farmers’ decisions to conserve soil and water are largely determined by their

RESEARCH PAPER


Impact of kisan credit card scheme on input use: an economic analysis of Basmati rice cultivation SUDHAKAR DWIVEDI SHYAM SUNDER PAWAN KUMAR SHARMA

Received: September 10, 2015; Revised: December 28, 2015, Accepted: January 3, 2016 ABSTRACT The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme implemented for fulfilling the short term credit need of farmers was assessed for its impact on basmati rice production in RS Pura block of Jammu district. The total cost of basmati rice cultivation was found to be higher in case of KCC beneficiaries by 5.78 % as compared to non-KCC beneficiaries. The productivity, net profit, farm business income, farm labour income of basmati rice was also higher in case of KCC beneficiaries by 3.73, 7.95, 6.89 and 8.29 % respectively as compared to non-KCC beneficiaries. The cost of three inputs of basmati rice namely; seed, labour and machinery had significant difference between farms of KCC and non-KCC beneficiaries. The total cost of basmati rice after drawing and using credit under KCC increased by 26.37 %, whereas the productivity and net profit increased by 5.78 and 116.79 % respectively. The results indicate significant improvement in expenditure on input use, yield and profitability of basmati rice after use of credit under KCC scheme. KEYWORDS KCC, basmati, input use, farm business income, farm labour income Dwivedi Sudhakar1 Sunder Shyam1 Sharma Pawan Kumar2

1Division of Agricultural Economics, FOA, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu – 180 009, India 3Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Poonch – 185 101, India Sudhakar Dwivedi ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION The development of agricultural sector, like any other sector, depends upon the amount of capital invested in it. Indian farmers that are traditionally being less resourceful could not able to invest for the development of their own agricultural resources. In such scenario, credit plays an important role for facilitating technological up-gradation and commercialization of agriculture. The institutional credit support to agricultural sector was one of the major factors behind the success of Green Revolution in India through the expansion of input use in agriculture. Therefore, the accessibility to an easy and cheap source of credit is an important component of agricultural development. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was launched in 1998-99 in order to provide the farmers an easy and cheap source of institutional credit in India. The feedback, utility and effectiveness of KCC scheme however remains a matter of discussion and research (Patel 1999). Kisan Credit Card has emerged as an innovative and indispensable credit delivery mechanism to meet the credit needs of farmers in a timely and hassle free manner (Bhatt 2012). The states with initially better access to agricultural credit show subsequently greater amounts of KCC lending (Chanda 2012). The cost of cultivation as a whole significantly influenced the credit requirement under KCC scheme (Patra and Sahu 2010). The total cost of credit as percentage of borrowed amount was found to be higher in the non-Kisan credit card category (Sajane et al. 2011). Banks should also have the clear understanding of mechanism of credit disbursement under KCC scheme for increasing its effectiveness (Dhanabhakyam and Malarvizhi 2012). The real farm level impact of KCC scheme would be evident from any visible shift in expenditure on inputs under different crops. Therefore

RESEARCH PAPER


Mineral composition and protein fractionation of tartary buckwheat grains grown in cold dry desert of Himachal Pradesh

RISHI THAKUR SUNIL KUMAR CP AWASTHI

Received: February 20, 2016, Revised: March 28, 2016, Accepted: April 3, 2016 ABSTRACT The grain samples of thirteen tartary buckwheat varieties / genotypes were collected from Mountain Agriculture Research and Extension Centre (MAREC CSKHPKV, Palampur), Sangla Distt. Kinnaur Mean values of magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc and iron evaluated in the grains of tartary buckwheat genotypes showed the range of variation from 194.5-216.5 mg/100g, 346.6 to 375.2 mg/100g, 49.2-57.6 mg/100g, 2.6-3.2 mg/100g and 3.5 to 4.2 mg/100g, respectively. Soluble protein content showed the significant variation from 9.8 to 11.3 % in tartary buckwheat grains. Soluble protein further fractionated into albumins, globulins, glutelins, and prolamins based on their solubility in different solvents and showed the range of variation from 4.5 to 5.4%, 0.7 to1.2%, 2.1 to 2.5% and 1.5 to 2.0%, respectively.

KEYWORDS Tartary buckwheat, magnesium, calcium, iron, albumins, globulins, glutelins, prolamins

Thakur Rishi Kumar Sunil1 Awasthi CP

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences CSK HP Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh-176 062, India 1College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri PO Khaggal-, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh – 177 001, India Rishi Thakur ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Underutilized crops often considered as minor/neglected/under exploited crops were once grown more widely or intensively, but are falling into disuse for a variety of agronomic, genetic, economic and cultural reasons. Farmers and consumers are using these crops less, because they are in some way not competitive with other species in the same agricultural environment. Consequently, these species have been neglected and genetic erosion of their gene pools has become scarce. Although underutilized crops can be found in many different agricultural ecosystems, yet they are mainly grown by small landholders in the marginal areas. They are usually characterized by having local importance in consumption and production systems, requiring relatively low inputs, adapting to specific agro-ecological niches, receiving scarce attention by national agricultural and biodiversity conservation efforts, mainly consisting of local types or landraces, and being cultivated with indigenous knowledge. Many underutilized species are adapted to low input agriculture and depended on by a large number of people in marginal areas in developing countries. Among the different underutilized crops viz. buckwheat, amaranth, chenopods, ricebean, horsegram, faba bean and adzuki bean grown in various parts of world, tartary buckwheat have recently gained attention as an important supplementary pseudocereal crop. This crop possesses immense potential due to its nutraceutical attributes and multipurpose usages (Aarthi et al. 2003).

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Quality evaluation of blended nectar prepared using aloe vera, bitter gourd, aonla and guava

JAYSUKH M VAGHASHIYA DEV RAJ HARISH SUTHAR Received: January 22, 2016; Revised: March 15, 2016, Accepted: March 23, 2016 ABSTRACT The present investigation was aimed for quality evaluation of blended nectar prepared using different levels of blends [B1-2:2:12:4, B2-2:12:2:4, B3-4:4:8:4, B4-4:6:6:4, B5-4:8:4:4, B6-6:4:6:4, B7-6:6:4:4, B8-8:4:4:4 and B9-12:2:2:4 (aloe vera: bitter gourd: aonla: guava)] and TSS (T1-15°B, T2-16°B and T3-17°B). The nectar was prepared by blending fresh juice / pulp of aloe vera, bitter gourd, aonla and guava using different blending levels following adjustment of TSS and acidity, heat pasteurization; packing in glass bottles and processing for 30 min at 96 ± 1 °C. The results of the present investigation indicate that nectar prepared from 12 % aloe vera juice, 2 % bitter gourd juice, 2 % aonla juice and 4 % guava pulp having 15.00 °Brix TSS and 0.30 % acidity (T1B9) was extremely liked on the basis of 9 point Hedonic scale and found best on the basis of nutritional composition. With the increase in the level of aloe vera juice (upto 12 %) in the blended nectar there was increase sensory acceptability. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of nectar was observed 1.78 at minimum market sale price of Rs. 10.00 per bottle (200 ml).

KEYWORDS Aloe vera juice, bitter gourd juice, aonla juice, guava pulp, blending, TSS, quality

Vaghashiya JM Raj Dev Suthar Harish Department of Post-harvest Technology, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat - 396 450, India Dev Raj ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION India is the 2nd largest producer of the fruits and vegetables in the world after China (Anonymous 2014). Despite such a huge production of fruits and vegetables, population still has insufficient food for an active and healthy life (USDA 2009). According to the World Health Organization reports; non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality in the world, representing over 60 % of all deaths; out of which 30 % deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases. Non-communicable diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts etc. One of the major causes of these diseases is the malnutrition resulting from food insecurity. So; health, fitness, well-being, nutrition and freshness of the foods are likely to drive the Indian food processing industry in the year ahead, as in the rest of the world. Therefore, a preventive food is required to avoid the necessity of taking medication/ drugs (WHO 2003). According to the traditional system of Indian Medicine, combinations of different foods are used to enhance the desired activity and to eliminate unwanted side effects. Food commodities like aonla, guava, bitter gourd and medicinal herbs like aloe vera are known from centuries for the beneficial effects and are being used to care different degenerative diseases. aloe vera, is the most widely used and commercially available medicinal plant because of its nutritional and therapeutic properties (Olariu 2009). Recently, many commercial food-product manufacturers have initiated the use of aloe vera in their productions. It is useful in various diseases such as type II diabetes, arthritis, eye disease, tumor, spleen enlargement, liver complaints, vomiting, bronchitis, asthma, jaundice and ulcers

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Effect of post-harvest treatments on chemical changes in banana during ripening under different storage conditions SM TALANE SS MINGIRE WALE

Received: October 15, 2015; Revised: October 29, 2015, Accepted: November 15, 2015

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted for evaluation of post-harvest treatments on chemical changes in banana during ripening under different storage conditions. Treatments included combinations of pre-cooling at 13 ºC and 95 % RH for 30 min storage at ambient conditions at 14 ºC and 95 % RH and dipping in Ethrel @ 500, 1000, 1500 ppm for 10 secs and storage at ice placed condition for seven days. Maximum ascorbic acid and moisture were observed in storage at 14 ºC and 95 % RH from 3rd to 13th day of storage. The minimum pH was observed in treatments consisting of dipping in @ 500, 1000, 1500 ppm for 10 sec and storage at ice (8 kg/day) placed condition for seven days) from 3rd to 13th day of fruit storage respectively. Increase in moisture on 7th and 9th day of storage observed in fruits dipped in ethrel @1000 ppm for 10 sec and stored at ice (8 kg/day) placed condition. Similarly significant reduction in starch, ascorbic acid and pH was also recorded in ethrel treated fruits during ripening and storage. After 13th day of storage, it was observed that moisture was increased gradually day by day when stored at 14 ºC and 95 % RH treatment during storage upto 37th day. On the other hand, the starch, ascorbic acid and pH content of fruit gradually decreased day by day from 13th up to 37th day.

KEYWORDS Biochemical changes, banana, chemical parameters, post-harvest treatments, storage conditions Talane SM SS

Department of Fruit Science, Aspee College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396450, India SS Mingire ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Banana (Musa paradisica L.) is a large herbaceous perennial monocotyledonous and monocarp plant which belongs to family Musaceae. Banana could be considered as “poor man’s apple’’ and cheapest among all the fruits in the country. Banana is a rich source of vitamin A and fair source of Vitamin C, B and B1. Large numbers of cultivars are popular and commercially grown in different parts of the country, of which Basrai (Dwarf Cavendish) remained most favoured cultivar throughout Indian banana growing regions. After the introduction of Grand Nain (Musa AAA) it is getting popularity and approx. 80-90 % Basrai cultivation has been replaced. Banana is cultivated in the districts of Bharuch, Surat, Anand, Narmada, Junagadh, Vadodara, Navsari and Valsad because of favourable agro-climatic conditions and abundant supply of irrigation water through well and canal. Banana is grown successfully from 80º N to 28º

N latitudes with temperature and rainfall of 15-35ºC and 500-2000 mm per annum, respectively. The post-harvest loss of banana is 25 to 30 % due to improper handling and lack of storage facilities. In the present situation, a large area of Basrai banana is being replaced by newly introduced Grand Nain (Musa AAA) variety. Similarly, the post harvest technology have been developed to ripen the fruits as cold storage facilities are also used biochemical changes which undergo during the storage life of banana fruits either at ambient temperature vis- -vis may hasten or delay with treatments. Standard use of chemicals, most probably ethrel dipping is not uniform and varies with demand and supply and affects the fruit quality including shelf life. In south Gujarat, however, the data with regard to changes in physico-chemical properties of Grand Nain (Musa AAA) bananas under different storage conditions are very meagre. Various

RESEARCH PAPER


In-vitro effect of newer fungicides on mycelial growth in biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum (Th 14) DINESH RAI KS BISHT AK TEWARI

Received: August 3, 2015, Revised: September 11, 2015, Accepted: September 15, 2015 ABSTRACT Trichoderma harziaum (Th 14) was tested in vitro for its compatibility with different concentrations of commonly used newer fungicides. Six systemic viz., hexaconazole, tubunaconazole, difenaconazole, propinconazole, carbendazim and two contact fungicides mancozeb and captan were used, each at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 ppm. A progressive increase in percent inhibition of radial growth in the fungus was observed as the concentrations of the fungicides increased. Among the systemic fungicides 100 % growth inhibition was recorded at all the concentrations tested except metalaxyl. Toxicity of the contact fungicides was lower than the systemic fungicides, among which mancozeb was compatible, no inhibition was observed at lower concentration (25 ppm). The inhibition ranged from 8.75 to 23.75 % for metalaxyl, from 4.58 to18.33 % for mancozeb and from 14.75 to 32.91 % for captan and increased with increase concentration. These results will help delineate the possibility of combining T. harzianum biocontrol agents and fungicides for use in an integrated disease management approach.

KEYWORDS Trichoderma harzianum, fungicides, compatibility Rai Dinesh1 Bisht KS2 Tewari AK2

1Department of Plant Pathology, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar – 848 125, India 2Department of Plant Pathology, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India

Dinesh Rai ( ) E mail: [email protected]

Biological control involves the use of beneficial microorganisms to attack and control plant pathogens, and the diseases they cause. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai has been identified as a very promising biocontrol agent. It is antagonistic to a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina (Upadhyay and Mukhopadhyay 1986, Muhammad and Amusa 2003, Adekunle et al. 2006, Shalini et al. 2006). Many other workers (Srivastava et al. 2011, Osman et al. 2011) utilized Trichoderma species as a potential biological control agent. Trichoderma isolates have also been reported to control the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitw. in sunflower and to suppress nematode reproduction, reduce root galling and increase yield of tomato (Affokpon et al. 2011).

Although use of biocontrol agents could reduce chemical application to a limited extent, it is less reliable and less efficient. The package of IDM involving chemicals and compatible antagonists not only protects the seeds and seedlings from soil-borne inoculum but also provides protection from seed-borne inoculums (Dubey and Patel 2001). Within these complex plant protection strategies, one may need to combine biocontrol agents with chemicals to achieve the target (Kredics et al. 2003). The combined use of biocontrol agents and chemical pesticides has attracted much attention as a way to obtain synergistic or additive effects in the control of soil-borne pathogens (Locke et al. 1985). The effect of certain fungicides and herbicides on Trichoderma spp. was reported earlier with an emphasis on practical applications (Kredics et al. 2003).

SHORT COMMUNICATION


Insecticidal properties of some plant products against Sitophilus oryzae from hill and tarai region of Uttrakhand NEHA BHATT RS BISHT

Received: August 25, 2015, Revised: January 16, 2016, Accepted: February 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of 12 botanical powders against Sitophilus oryzae, a pest of stored grain attacking PBW 343 variety of wheat. Percent grain weight loss and percent reduction in adult emergence of the pest was recorded to evaluate the extent of damage caused by insects. Overall finding indicate that out of 12 plant products tested Acorus calamus @ 1.5 and 0.75 % w/w was most effective in controlling the population of the pests.

KEYWORDS Storage pest, plant powders, rice weevil, grain damage, botanicals

About 200 species of insects and mites have been reported to infest grains and a few are major or primary pests (Cotton 1956). Rice Weevil (Silophillus oryzae) is one of the most destructive insect pests of stored grain all over the world. It has a wide host range and cosmopolitan distribution (Barnes and Grove, 1916 and Cotton, 1960). For grain protection chemical control methods are most commonly used, however, their use is being discouraged in the recent years due to problems like resistance development and ill effects on human health (Subramanyam and Hagstrum 1995). Several plants have been identified which possess some insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent and juvelizing properties and as such they have been used in protecting the grains against the damage of number of stored grain pests. In recent years several plants have been identified which can be used in eco-friendly

Bhatt Neha Bisht RS

Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India Neha Bhatt ( ) E mail: [email protected]

management of stored grain pests (Singh et al. 1999, Bhargav and Meena 2002). Keeping in view of these facts attempts has been undertaken to test the efficacy of some botanical powders in the management of the stored grain pest, S. oryzae. To study the effect of some plant powders on the adult emergence and percent grain weight loss by S. oryzae the disinfected and untreated grains of variety PBW 343 was used as the host of insects. The moisture level of grain was maintained at 13.5 percent by adding appropriate amount of water. The leaveas of Pongamia pinnata L (Karanj), Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. (Timbur,Tejbal), Adhatoda vasica Nees. (Malabar nut), Myrica esculenta Buch.( Kaphal), Acorus calamus L. (Vacch), Cinnamom camphora (Camphar), Prunus persica L. (Peach), Agave americana L. (Ram bans), Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Sisham), Thuja orientalis L. (Morpankhi), Berberis asiatica Roxb. (Kilmora) and Juglans regia L.(Walnut) were collected from different locations of areas of Uttarakhand. After collection, the leaves of each botanical were dried separately in shade and the dried leaves were then grinded with the help of grinder to obtain powers. The ground material was sieved with the help of 60 mesh sieves to obtain botanical powders to be tested against the pest after mixing them separately with grains at different dosages. The experiment was conducted in laboratory at 30±2 °C and 70±5 % relative humidity. In order to mix the powders with seeds, fifty grams of wheat grains were placed separately in plastic vials and desired doses of powders were added to each vial. The powders were mixed thoroughly with seeds by shaking the vials. A control (untreated) experiment was also laid down simultaneously. Five pair of test insects were released in separate vials and removed after seven days. The F1 progeny of insects after 40 days was evaluated. The experiment was replicated three times.

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Journal of Hill Agriculture 7(1): 168-171, January - June, 2016 DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2016.00032.X

First report of sugarcane whitegrub, Lepidiota mansueta Burmeister and their bio-ecology from Uttarakhand AK PANDEY

Received: January 6, 2016; Revised: February 24, 2016, Accepted: February 29, 2016 ABSTRACT Out of four sugarcane producing districts (viz. Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar, Dehradun and Nanital) of the state, Haridwar district ranked first with 63.0 % of total sugarcane producing area. However severe losses caused by whitegrub were noticed in Laksar block of Haridwar district. In view of this frequent surveys were conducted to identify the problem. During survey work, a whitegrub species i.e. Lepidiota mansueta Burmeister (order : Coleoptera, Family: Scarabaeidae and sub family: Melolonthinae), which has not been reported earlier from Uttarakhand, was identified. The bio-ecological study revealed that L. mansueta started emerging with the onset of monsoon generally cloudy, hot, humid day time. Females lay eggs in the month of June and remain in grub stage from July to following year's March - April and pupation occurs in April - May. The total lifecycle is completed in two years. KEYWORDS Whitegrub, Lepidiota mansueta, sugarcane, Uttarakhand INTRODUCTION

Uttarakhand state of India is focusing on agriculture as one of the major thrust areas for development of the state. Out of total 53,484 km2

(53.48 lakh ha) geographical area of the state, Pandey AK

Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India AK Pandey ( ) E mail: [email protected]

sugarcane cultivation is practiced on 1.21 lakh ha producing 73.7 lakh metric tonnes of sugarcane with an average productivity of 610 qha-1. Out of four sugarcane producing districts of the state Haridwar ranked first with 76.63 thousand ha (i.e. 63.0 % of total area under sugarcane) and production of 46.74 thousand quintals (64.5 % of total sugarcane production of the state). Haridwar district consists of six blocks i.e. Bhagwanpur, Roorkee, Narsan, Bahadrabd, Laksar and Khanpur. Among these, Laksar block holds major portion of sugarcane production with more than 90 % land under sugarcane cultivation. However, farmers of these blocks are facing a problem of severe infestation of whitegrub in sugarcane and this problem has become a bottleneck in crop production. Due to severe attack of sugarcane whitegrub, farmers are shifting towards the cultivation of paddy.

In light of the above facts, frequent visits were conducted to the crop production areas and keen observations were recorded to find out infestation of insect-pests and understand their behaviour.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Frequent surveys were conducted during three consecutive years (2009-10 to 2011-12) in various blocks (Bhagwanpur, Roorkee, Narsan, Bahadrabad, Laksar and Khanpur) of district Haridwar of Uttarakhand to identify the problems in sugarcane cultivation. Light traps were installed at various locations of Laksar, Bhagwanpur, Bahadrabad during last week of May to end of July (at 6.30 pm to 9.30 pm) to observe whitegrub species (beetle) occurring in this area. The trapped beetles were collected daily and species-wise counting was done. Frequent pit samplings were also conducted to observe the occurrence of various stages of whitegrub in sugarcane field. For this, soil of randomly selected one meter

FIRST REPORT

i

GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science (as mentioned below) that is of primary interest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The publication is open to the members of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all authors become the annual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes various types of articles, i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review papers (full and short), (iii) Research papers and (iv) Short communications (v) First Report/ Record. The manuscripts should be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief (JHA) by e-mail ([email protected]) as MS Word file or by online submission through our website www.ishaindia.in or through indianjournals.com. The status of manuscripts can also be checked online. Each manuscript must be typed doubled spaced on one side of an A4 size page. Clearness, brevity and conciseness are essential in form, style, punctuation, spelling and use of English language. Manuscripts should conform to the SI system for numerical data and data should be subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. On receipt of an article at the Editorial Office, an acknowledgement giving the manuscript number is sent to the corresponding author. This number should be quoted while making any future enquiry about its status. MAJOR FIELDS/SUBJECTS COVERED UNDER JHA a) Plant Improvement with reference to genetics, plant breeding, production, cytogenetics, physiology, biotechnology and biochemistry of various crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, medicinal plants and forest plants. b) Plant Protection including entomology, plant pathology, nematology, microbiology and agro-chemicals c) Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences including Natural Resource Management, Soil Sciences, Water Management, Environmental Sciences, Agronomy, Seed Science, Meteorology and Agroforestry. d) Animal Sciences including Veterinary Science and Fishery e) Agricultural Engineering including Farm machinery, Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Energy Management, Postharvest Technology, Food Technology and Dairy Processing f) Social Sciences including Statistics, Economics, Extension, Home Sciences, Nutrition, Research Management TYPES OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN JHA a. Strategy paper. These papers are invited exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence to give their opinion on the trends of agricultural development and future of various sectors of agriculture and allied disciplines and related development issues all over the world especially in hill and mountain regions. b. Review paper It should be comprehensive, critical and updated on a recent topic of importance. The maximum page limit is of 14 double spaced typed pages including Tables and Figures. It should cite latest references and identify some gaps for future. It should have a specific Title followed by the Name(s) of the author(s), Affiliation, Abstract, Key words, main text with subheadings, Acknowledgements (wherever applicable) and References. c. Research paper. The paper describes new and confirmed findings, not generally exceeds 12 typed pages including Tables/Figures etc and has the following features. Please consult previous issues of JHA for your reference and help. Title followed by author (s) and affiliation: address of the institution (s) where the research was undertaken and e-mail

address of corresponding author. Abstract: Entire work along with the highlights of the findings must be given concisely in 200 to 300 words. Key words: About 5- 6 keywords to be indicated. Introduction: This must highlight importance of the problem and its relevance to hill agriculture including pervious work

done and gaps thereof. Materials and Methods: Describe the materials used in the experiments, year of experimentation, site etc. Describe the

methods employed for collection and analysis of data in short. Results and Discussion: This segment should focus on the fulfilment of stated objectives as given in the introduction and

contain findings presented in Tables, Figures and photographs. Data should be statistically analyzed following suitable experimental design. Same data should not be presented in the table and figure form. Avoid use of numerical values in findings, rather mention the trends and discuss with the available literatures. At the end give short conclusion.

Acknowledgements: (wherever applicable). References: Reference to literature should be arranged alphabetically as per author's names, should be placed at the end

of the article. Each reference should contain the names of the author with initials, the year of the publication, title of the article, the abbreviated title of the publication according to the World List of Scientific Periodicals, volume and page(s). In the text, the reference should be indicated by authors’ name and year of publication in brackets. eg. (Smith 1979, Sharma and Nautiyal 2009, Raghav et al. 2010). If there are more than two or more references mentioned together in one bracket they should be written in chronological order.

d. Short communication: The text including Table(s) and Figure(s) should not exceed 5 pages. It should have a short title, followed by name of author(s) and affiliation and References. There should be no subheadings, i.e. Introduction, Materials and Methods etc. The manuscript should be in paragraphs mentioning the brief introduction of the of the topic and relevance of the work, followed by a short description of the materials and the methods employed, results and discussion based on the data presented in 1 or 2 table(s)/figure(s) and a short conclusion at the end. References should be maximum seven at the end. e. First Record/ Report: This mentions the occurrence of disease or pest incidence in a particular area for the first time, reported in any publication. Paper contains generally text only, without subheadings in 2-3 pages.

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STANDARD REFERENCE WRITING PATTERN FOR JHA (w.e.f 1 Jan 2015)

Research and Review Papers Sharma KD, Kumar R, Kaushal BBL 2004. Mass transfer characteristics, yield and quality of five varieties of osmotically

dehydrated apricot. Journal of Food Science and Technology 41(3): 264-274. Ponnuswami V, Kumar AR 2009. Crop improvement and management strategies in paprika – a review. Journal of Hill

Agriculture 5(1): 460-466. Books and Book Chapters Sharma SK 2010. Postharvest Management and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables – Instant Notes. New India Pub

Agency, New Delhi, 395p. Babu A, Gupta HS 2006. Approaches to improvement in maize. In: Sustainable Production from Agricultural Watersheds in

North West Himalaya. Gupta HS, Srivastava AK, Bhatt JC (eds). Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttaranchal, pp 124-138.

Symposium / Seminar/ Conference Publications Dhillon BS, Rana JC 2004. Temperate fruits genetic resources management in India – issues and strategies. In: Proceedings

of the Seventh International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Jindal KK, Sharma RC, Rehalia AS (eds), International Society of Horticultural Sciences, Belgium, pp 139-146.

Mohsin F, Singh O 2010. Studies in intercropping of cash crops in Populus deltoides plantation. National Symposium on Conservation Horticulture, 21-23 March, 2010, Dehradun, India, Book of Abstracts, pp 131.

Arora VPS 2010. Indian horticulture – marketing and export issues. National Symposium on Conservation Horticulture. 21-23 March, 2010, Dehradun, India, Souvenir, Singh SS, Singhal V, Pant K, Dwivedi SK, Kamal S, Singh P (eds), pp 80-87.

Patent Schmidt GR, Means WJ 1986. Process of preparing algin/calcium gel-structured meat products. US Patent 4 603 054. Thesis Bisht R 2007. Studies on the multiplication and utilization of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia D.Don), M Sc Thesis, GB

Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand, India. Website Kumar S 2009. Rearing rabbits in the mid hills of Himalaya. http://www.rabbitrearing.com/. Accessed March 10, 2009. General instructions to the authors All the manuscripts should be typed double spaced on one side of A4 size paper with proper margin of 1 inch on all 4

sides. Generic & specific names should be italicized throughout manuscript. Similarly, the vernacular/ local names are to be

italicized. Tables should be typed on separate sheets, each with a heading. Tables should be typed with the first letter (T) only

capital. All Tables and Figures should be properly numbered. All measurements should be in metric units. Each illustration must be referred to in the text. On the first page address of the corresponding author and E-mail Id. etc. may be specified. Revised manuscript is acceptable only as soft copy (attached file in MS Word) of the corrected version through e mal

sent to Editor-in-Chief. The paper after publication shall be sent as pdf file version of the whole issue of the journal to the authors. Article forwarded to the Editor-in-Chief for publication is understood to be offered to JOURNAL OF HILL

AGRICULTURE exclusively and not for any other journal. It is also understood that the authors have obtained a prior approval of their Department, Faculty or Institute in case

where such approval is a necessary. Submission of a manuscript for publication in Journal of Hill Agriculture shall automatically mean transfer of all types

of copyrights to the Indian Society of Hill Agriculture. ISHA may ask authors to provide a copy of the Copyright Transfer Statement duly signed by all or the corresponding author on behalf of all the authors.

The Editorial Board takes no responsibility for the fact or the opinion expressed in the Journal, which rests entirely with the author(s) thereof.

All the authors of a paper have to become annual/life member of the ISHA for publication of paper. All papers should be sent to Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Hill Agriculture, through e mail as attached file to

[email protected] or by online submission through our website www.ishaindia.in or through indianjournals.com.

iii

Check List 1. Complete manuscript in MS Word format 2. Names and details (including complete postal address alongwith Phone No. and e mail) of at least three potential

referees who might be interested to review your paper. 3. Copyright transfer statement on separate page. Download form from

http://www.ishaindia.in/Downloads/COPYRIGHTFORM.pdf 4. Membership Number (if fee is paid already)/ Membership fee. For details please visit

http://www.ishaindia.in/Downloads/Membershipformnew.pdf or http://www.ishaindia.in/types-of-membership.php

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN JHA

above mean sea level amsl Limited Ltd at the rate @ litre or liter l centimeter,centimeter cm Messrs M/S degree centigrade °C meter, metre m et caetera, et coetera or et cœtera etc milligram mg exampli gratia e.g. parts per million, parts per

billion ppm, ppb

Figure Fig per cent % Gram g per ha or per litre or per kg ha-1 or l-1 or kg-1 Hectare ha second(s) sec hour(s) hr square meter, cubic meter etc m2, m3 etc international unit IU such as i.e. it is or that is i.e. volume by volume v/v Kilogram kg weight by volume w/v kilometer, kilimetre km weight by weight w/w lesser than, greater than <, > tonne(s), ton t REFEREES OF JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE, 2016 Vol 7(1)

Dr Anil Dixit, Ludhiana, India Dr Anil Kumar, Pantnagar, India Dr Birendra Prasad, Pantnagar, India Dr BL Attri, Mukteshwar, India Dr BM Pandey, Almora, India Dr JS Wazir, Shimla, India Dr KC Sharma Kullu, India Dr MK Srivastava, Jhansi, India Dr NK Shah, Jhansi, India Dr Priyanka Thakur, Dehradun, India Dr Rakesh Sharma, Solan, India Dr Ram Kewal, Buxar, India Dr Rashmi Yadav, Delhi, India Dr Reena, Jammu, India

Dr Sanjay Chadha, Palampur, India Dr SC Singh, Lalitpur, UP, India Dr Shachi Shah, Delhi, India Dr SK Maurya, Pantnagar, India Dr SK Srivastava, Pantnagar, India Dr Soliman Desoky, Egypt Dr Surendra Prasad, Chapra, India Dr Umesh Singh, Meerut, India Dr Vinod Sharma, Katrain, India Dr VK Rao, Pantnagar, India Dr VK Yadav, Jhansi, India Dr Alkesh Kandoria, Chandigarh, India Dr Ajit Kapoor, Pantnagar, India

REJECTION STATISTICS OF MANUSCRIPTS Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) follows high standards to maintain quality of papers. The current rejection statistics of the journal therefore are quite high (refer table below). Common basis for rejection have been observed to be: 1. Lack of proper statistical tools used for analysis of data. 2. Improper layout of experiments or improper use of experimental materials and procedures. 3. Poor explanation and discussion of the results. 4. When papers do not fall within the purview of the journal. 5. Authors not submitting the revised version of their manuscripts for the permitted time frames.

Period Papers Received Decision taken (%) Accepted (%) Rejected (%) In Process

Jan-Mar, 2015 61 39 (64%) 19 (48%) 20 (52%) 22 Jan-June, 2015 103 70 (68%) 36 (51%) 34 (49%) 33 Jan-Sept, 2015 143 124 (86%) 66 (53%) 58 (47%) 19 Jan-Dec, 2015 175 155 (88%) 80 (52%) 75 (48%) 20

SUMMARY Type of membership Fee for SAARC countries Fee for rest of the nations Annual member Rs 800/- per year US $ 30 per year Life member Rs 5,000/- (one time) US $ 200 (one time) Subscriber (organization) member RS 2,000/- / per year US $ 100 per year Year shall be counted w.e.f. January 1 to December 31 of each year. If somebody deposits fee in October 2014 it shall be counted only for that year i.e. 2014.

Membership of the society shall be open to individuals from all nations and shall consist of the following categories of members with qualifying criteria as indicated against each. Membership can be obtained by filling a membership form and sending it to [email protected] with a copy to [email protected] alongwith membership fee (effective from 1st Jan, 2015) as detailed ahead

(i) Ordinary Members (annual Membership) This membership shall be offered to the individuals interested in promotion of Hill Agriculture and its allied branches. This shall also be the minimum fee to be deposited PER AUTHOR for getting a paper published, in case it is accepted for publication. There shall be an annual fee of Rs 800/- for individuals from all SAARC countries including India and US $ 30 for individuals from rest of the nations.

(ii) Life Members (continuing Membership) There shall be a one time life membership fee Rs 5,000/- for individuals from all SAARC countries including India and US $ 200 for individuals from rest of the nations.

(iii) Patrons (continuing Membership) Any individual or institution making a payment of a substantial sum (as may be prescribed by the Executive Council from time to time).

(iv) Subscribers Any corporate body / institution / library / association of persons can subscribe Journal of Hill Agriculture by making an annual payment of Rs 2000/- for all SAARC countries including India and US $ 100 for rest of the nations.

The membership fee should be transferred by NEFT/ RTGS or directly deposited into ISHA’s Account as detailed below: Name of Account Holder: Indian Society of Hill Agriculture Account No. : 3119 0343 798 Name of Bank: State Bank of India Name of Branch: PANTNAGAR, Uttarakhand, India Branch Code: 1133 For NEFT/ RTGS Transfer IFSC Code (within India) SBIN 000 1133 For International Wire Transfers SWIFT CODE SBININBB MICR CODE 263002901 Important Note: For all transactions, please do not forget to send your duly filled

(i) duly signed membership form, (ii) bank transaction Id (iii) scanned copy of stamped deposit slip (counter foil).

by e-mail to [email protected] with a copy made to [email protected]

Journal of Hill Agriculture 2016, Vol 7(1)

CONTENTS

STRATEGY PAPER(S) Hill Horticulture – status, problems and strategies T JANAKIRAM 1 - 11

REVIEW PAPER(S)

Management of host plant resistance through immunization: an overview ANSHUL ARYA 12 - 27

RESEARCH PAPERS

Horticulture Studies on dyeing and value-addition of ornamental grass Lagurus ovatus

BHARATI KASHYAP THAKUR

28 - 31


MEENA KUMARI SHWETA RG UPADHYAY 32 - 35

Effect of explant type and surface sterilants on asepsis and survival culture for callus induction in peach

TS BISHT PN SINGH LAXMI RAWAT 36 - 40


41 - 45

Response of pinching and growth regulators on African Marigold cv. Pusa Basanti Gainda under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand

SANDEEP CHAUHAN VK RAO SANCHITA GHOSH

46 - 51

Studies on hot air oven drying of chincherinchee (Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.) GITAM SHARMA GUPTA

52 - 55

Effect of split doses of nutrients on growth and yield parameters of banana cultivated in Assam KARTIK BARUAH DEBANAND DAS 56 - 59 Effect of nutrients on physiological characters of Bermuda grass as a lawn grass PRARTHANA GOGOI 60 - 63 Effect of seed treatment by ethyl methane sulphonate on growth, flowering and yield of papaya cv.

Pusa Dwarf MAHESH KUMAR DK GAUTAM

64 - 67

Genetics and Plant Breeding

Evaluation of diallel crosses for estimation of components of genetic variance and graphical analysis in okra

BUDHA RAM RR ACHARYA KALYANRAO PATIL 68 - 74

Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in F1C2 population of potato genotypes RITU PANDEY 75 - 79

Agronomy

Determining cause effect relationship among yield and yield components in upland rice genotypes PRAFULL KUMAR ABHINAV SAO MUKHERJEE

80 - 83

Plant Physiology Amelioration of photo-assimilates translocation pattern by the application of phytohormones in Indian

mustard under abiotic stress environment BK SINHA 84 - 89

Environmental Science

Appraisal of water quality of Rewalsar Lake during Baisakhi fair (harvest festival) in Himachal Pradesh, India

RACHIT KASHYAP 90 - 95

Plant Protection

Validation of IPM module against major insect-pests and diseases of cabbage in mid hills of Uttarakhand

AK PANDEY

96 - 101

Agricultural Economics

Time-series analysis of variations in pesticide use and hazard from vegetable production in Great Britain

YONAS UGO UTAILE

102 - 109

Contribution of fish farming in farm household income and employment: a study of Kumaun hills of Uttarakhand

MEENAKSHI LATWAL

110 - 113

Analysis of farmers’ perception and response to soil erosion problem in Ankasha district, Ethiopia DESSALEW MESERET 114 - 120 Impact of kisan credit card (KCC) scheme on input use: an economic analysis of Basmati rice

cultivation SUDHAKAR DWIVEDI SHARMA

121 - 124

Food Science and Technology Mineral composition and protein fractionation of tartary buckwheat grains grown in cold dry desert of

Himachal Pradesh RISHI THAKUR SUNIL KUMAR CP AWASTHI

125 - 128

Quality evaluation of blended nectar prepared using aloevera, bitter gourd, aonla and guava JAYSUKH M VAGHASHIYA DEV RAJ HARISH SUTHAR 129 - 134 Effect of post-harvest treatments on chemical changes in banana during ripening under different

storage conditions SM TALANE 135 - 138

A comparative study on the quality of laboratory-made and market samples of milkcake - a traditional Indian sweet

ANIL KUMAR GR PATIL RRB SINGH HARI RAM GUPTA SWARNITA KANDPAL NC SHAHI

139 - 148

SHORT COMMUNICATION(S)

Training needs of marigold farmers on production technologies in Kathua District NEERJA SHARMA 149 - 151 Influence of organic and inorganic amendments on leaf nutrient status of banana cv. ‘Jahaji’ P TAMULI PHUKAN 152 - 155 Response of mango malformation to stage and severity of pruning of shoot bearing malformed panicles SATYA PRAKASH

MUKESH KUMAR 156 - 158

Management strategy of web blight of urdbean KPS KUSHWAHA 159 - 161 In-vitro effect of newer fungicides on mycelial growth in biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum

(Th 14) DINESH RAI KS BISHT AK TEWARI 162 - 164

Insecticidal properties of some plant products against Sitophilus oryzae from hill and tarai region of Uttrakhand

NEHA BHATT 165 - 167

FIRST REPORT (S)

First report of sugarcane whitegrub, Lepidiota mansueta Burmeister and their bio-ecology from Uttarakhand

AK PANDEY

168 - 171

Guidelines to authors i - ii Esteemed Referees of Journal of Hill Agriculture 2016 Vol 7(1) iii Rejection Statistics iii

print issn: 0976-7606 online issn: 2230-7338 journal of ...1).pdf · online issn: 2230-7338 journal...

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