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Page 1: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Principles and Practices of Nematode Control

04/10/23Walia CCSHAU1

Page 2: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

TerminologyPi = Initial Nematode Population Pt = Threshold level (ETL, Damaging level,

Pathogenic level)Pf = Final Nematode Population

Nematode control required only if Pi > PtNematode Control - aims at eradicationNematode Management – aims at keeping the

nematode population below Pt

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Page 3: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

A diagrammatic relationship between phytonematode populations and crop loss

Per

cent

age

yiel

d

Crop compensates any injury caused

Tolerance level of crop and plant Threshold of

nematode numbers above which yield loss becomes significant

Yield decreases as nematode numbers increase

Yield loss reaches maximum

100

75

50

25

Logarithmic scale of nematode numbers per plant

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Page 4: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Methods of Nematode Management

CulturalPhysicalChemicalHost resistanceRegulatoryBiologicalIntegrated

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Page 5: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Cultural MethodsCrop rotation

Growing a non-host crop in between two susceptible ones

Non-host crop must be economically viable, locally acceptable and should not promote any new pest of disease problem

Rotation of wheat with gram, mustard for the control of Heterodera avenae

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Page 6: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Crop Rotation

Wheat - Wheat Oats - Wheat

Wheat - Wheat Fenugreek - Wheat

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Page 7: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

2. FALLOWING

KEEPING THE FIELD BLANK

• FallowingPPNs are obligate parasites, cannot survive without food

• FloodingPPNs are aerobic; they will die due to asphyxiation in flooded lands

Cultural Methods

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Page 8: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Cultural MethodsPropagation through healthy planting material

Many nematode diseases spread through infected planting material; burrowing nematode in banana suckers, citrus nematode in infected citrus saplings, earcockle disease of wheat with contaminated seed

Removal or destruction of infected plantsRemoval and destruction of root stubbles soon after

harvest

Organic manuring/AmendmentsDecomposition products (fatty acids) are toxic to PPNsIncrease in the population of micro-organisms,

including nematode antagonistsImproved plant growth leads to tolerance against

nematode damage

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Page 9: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Cultural MethodsTrap crops

Nematodes penetrate but fail to develop inside some crops like Crotalaria; can be used as green manure after a few days

Antagonistic cropsRoot exudates of certain crops contain nematoxic

compoundsOnionGarlicTagetes (ᾳ-terthienyl)Asparagus (asparagusic acid)

Can be used as interculture

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Page 10: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Cultural MethodsTime of sowing

Advancing crop sowing by 2-3 weeks to escape nematode infection; older crop suffer less damage even if infection occurs

Soil solarizationDeep summer ploughingPlastic mulching

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Page 11: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Physical methodsMost nematodes cannot tolerate

temperature > 50-60 CHot water treatment of infected plant

material (bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes runners, seeds etc. ) is highly successful

Temperature-Time combinations are to be standardized for each crop/material

ExamplesHWT of bulbs of ornamental crops against

Stem & Bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaciWhite tip disease of rice against white tip

nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi

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Page 12: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Chemical controlInvolves use of Nematicides or

NematocidesPre-requisites

When Pi is very highCrop is valuableQuick results are warranted

Generally discouraged because ofResidue problems in edible partsEnvironmental pollutionToxicity to non-target organismsResurgence of pest problemsCost considerations

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Page 13: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Classification of Nematicides

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FumigantsHighly volatile halogenated hydrocarbonsUpon application into soil, turn into gaseous

phase and diffuse through soil pore spacesKill nematodes due to blocking enzymes by

substitution with halogen moietiesUsed extensively during 1950-60sExamples

DD – Dichloropropane and dichloropropeneEDB – Ethylene dibromideMBr – Methyl bromide1,3 D – 1,3 dichloropropeneDBCP - Dibromochloropropene 04/10/23Walia CCSHAU14

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Problems involved with FumigantsRequire high doses which are phytotoxic,

hence need pre-plant applicationWaiting period of 3-5 weeksNeed special applicatorsNeed soil surface sealing with coversNeed special field preparations Efficacy dependant upon edaphic factorsSome proved carcinogenic and leave residues in fruits

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Non-fumigants Advantages

Effective against insects alsoEffective at low dosagesEasy to apply and handleLess phytotoxic an can be applied to standing cropsMostly systemic in natureRelatively non-volatile

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OrganophosphatesCommon name Trade name

Organophosphates

Ethoprop Mocap

Fensulfothion Dasanit

Phenamiphos Nemacur

Phorate Thimet

Thonazin Nemaphos

Organocarbamates

Aldicarb Temik

Carbofuran Furadan

Metham Sodium Vapam

oxamyl Vydate

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Effect of Carbofuran against CCN in Wheat

Untreated Carbofuran

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Economising Nematicidal Use

Seedling bare root dip treatmentSeed treatment

Coating, DippingNursery bed treatmentRow treatment in widely spaced cropsSpot/basin area treatment in perennials

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Host Resistance

Effective, Economical and Environmentally safe

Steps involved in breeding a disease resistant varietyDevising techniques for assessment of

resistanceScreening of large germplasm, including wild

species in some casesStudy of inheritance of resistanceBreeding resistant lines through cross/back

cross, which have commercial traitsRigorous testing under field conditions 04/10/23Walia CCSHAU20

Page 21: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Nematode Resistant Crop VarietiesCrop Resistant Variety Nematode

Barley C-164, Rajkiran, BH-75 Heterodera avenae

Wheat Raj MR 1 Heterodera avenae

Citrus Trifoliate orange Tylenchulus semipenetrans

Coffee Robusta root-stock Pratylenchus coffeae

Potato Kufri Swarna Globodera rostochiensisG. pallida

Tomato SL-120, PNR-7, Hisar Lalit, Karnataka Hybrid, Mangla Hybrid

Meloidogyne spp.

Cowpea GAU-1 Meloidogyne spp.04/10/23Walia CCSHAU21

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Regulatory Method - Quarantine

Legal enforcement to prevent introduction or check further spread of pests/diseases

Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (Ministry of Agriculture, GOI), through DIP ActInternational

Plant Protection Inspectors at all airports, seaports and landports for commercial material

Research material inspected by NBPGR, NBAGRDomestic

Golden Nematode of Potato included in DIP Act 197104/10/23Walia CCSHAU23

Page 24: Principles and Practices of Nematode Control 5/30/2014 Walia CCSHAU 1

Biological ControlClassical biological control: Action of predators,

parasites and pathogens to control pestsAmbit of biological control expanded now-a-days

to include several other mechanisms, including antibiosis, host resistance etc.

Natural bio-control : Antagonistic biotic interactions among co-habiting natural populations of organismsIntroduced Biological Control

Inoculative releaseInundative release

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Nematode AntagonistsPredators

CollembolesTardigradesEnchytreidsProtozoaPredatory mitesPredacious nematodes

MononchusSeinura

Predacious fungi

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Predacious fungi

ExamplesSticky hyphae : StylopageSticky knobs: ArthrobotrysNon-constricting rings: DactylellaConstricting rings: Dactylaria 04/10/23Walia CCSHAU26

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ParasitesFungi

Egg parasitesPaecilomyces lilacinusPochonia chlamydosporia (Verticillium

chlamydosprium)Female parasites

Nematophthora gynophilaVermiform stages

Catenaria

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ParasitesBacteria

Pasteuria penetrans

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Other Antagonists

BacteriaPseudomonas fluorescensBacillus subtilisAzotobacter chroococcumGlucoacetobacter diazotrophicus

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Integrated Nematode Management

INM seeks to stabilize pest nematode population below damaging levels (Pt) through integration of various unilateral and effective practices leading to a long-term package programme or schedule based on ecologically sound, economically viable and acceptable principles

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Integrated management of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) on wheat

Rabi (November-April): Grow non-host crop such as mustard, chickpea Or

Grow resistant wheat (cv. Raj MR 1)/Barley (cvs. BH 393, RD 2035)

Kharif (July-October): Grow any crop

Summer (May-June): Two-three deep ploughings at 15 days’ interval

Field heavily infested with cereal cyst nematode found in the month of January/ February

Kharif: Grow any crop

Rabi: Grow non-host crop such as mustard, chickpea Or

Grow resistant wheat (cv. Raj MR 1)/Barley (cvs. BH 393, RD 2035) Or

If sowing of susceptible wheat cultivar an utmost necessity, apply carbofuran @1-2 kg a.i. per ha at sowing

Kharif: Grow any crop

Rabi: Monitor nematode population

Pi >2 J2/g soil Pi < 2 J2/g soil

Grow susceptible wheat

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Management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in a vegetable cropping system (North Indian conditions)

Field heavily infested with root knot nematode

February: Transplant resistant tomato/ chillies or grow non-host crop such as cluster bean (vegetable variety)

July: Transplant treated nursery or grow okra/cucurbits with nematicidal seed treatment

October/ November: Grow onion / garlic/ marigold/ cauliflower

May: Raise susceptible tomato/ brinjal nursery with nematicidal treatment/ polythene mulching

May: Monitor RKN population in soil

Pi > 1 J2/g soil Pi < 1 J2/g soil

Take any susceptible vegetable crop