prezent r.m 15 prosessing data (zue nity).ppt

8/10/2019 prezent R.M 15 prosessing data (zue nity).ppt

1/21

CHAPTER 18 : PROCESSING DATA

Name:NITHIYA MOORUTHY JM40746ZURIEDA BINTI AHMAD JM40786


2/21

Part One : Data Processing inQuantitative Studies

Editing Coding


3/21

(A) Editing

Regardless of the method of data collection, the information is raw data.The first step in processing data is to ensure the data is clean.( EDITING)Editing data for identify :

i. Errors,ii. Incompletenessiii. Misclassificationiv. Gaps in the information obtained from the repondent.

Problems can be reduced by:i. Checking the contents for completenessii. Checking the responses for internal consistency.


4/21

There are several ways of minimizing such problems:1. By inference2. By Recall3. By going back to the respondent

Two ways of editing the data:Examine all the answers to one question or variable at a timeExamine all the responses given to all the questions by one respondent at a time.


5/21

(B) Coding

The method of coding is largely dictated by two considerations:1) Variables can be measured2) Delivering results about variable to your reader

For coding, first level is the difference whether a set of data is qualitative orquantitative in nature.

For qualitative data a further distinction is whether the information is descriptivein nature (e.g. a case history) or is generated through discrete qualitativecategories

Descriptive categories , income, gander, religion, attitude towards an issue.


6/21

You will realize that almost all responses can be classified into one of thefollowing three categories:

1.Quantitative responses;2.Categorical responses (which may be quantitative or qualitative);3.Descriptive responses (which are invariably qualitative keep in

mind that this is qualitative data collected as part of quantitative research and

not the qualitative research).


7/21

For encoding quantitative and qualitative data in a quantitative study you have to gothrough the following steps:

Developing a code book

Pre-testing the code book

Coding the data

Verifying the coded data


8/21

Step 1: Developing a code book

Question from a survey to code book,

A code book provides a set of rules for assigning numerical values toanswers obtained from respondents.

The questions selected should be sufficient to serve as a prototype for

developing a code book, as they cover the various issues involved in theprocess.

Example of questions from a survey1) your current age in completed years2)your marital status


9/21

Example code book:

Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5

Column 1 : Particular piece of informationColumn 2 : The question number in the research instrumentColumn 3 : Name of variableColumn 4 : Lists the responses to the various questionColumn 5 : Lists the actual codes of the codes book that you decide to assign to a response


10/21

Step 2: Pre-testing the code book

Once the code book is designed, it is important to pre-test it for any problems beforeyou code your data.

A pre-test involves selecting a few questionnaires/interview schedules and actuallycoding the responses to ascertain any problems in coding.

It is possible that you may not have provided for some responses and therefore will beunable to code them.

Change your code book, if you need to, in light of the pre-test.


11/21

Step 3: Coding the data

There are three ways for coding the data:

i. Coding on the questionnaires/interview schedule itself, if space for coding wasprovided at the time of constructing the research instrument;

ii. Coding on separate code sheets that are available for purchase;iii. Coding directly into the computer using a program such as SPSSx, SAS.


12/21

Step 4: Verifiying the coded data

Developing a frame of analysisAnalyzing quantitative data manually

i. Developing a frame of analysis, Frame of analysis should specify: Which variables you are planning to analyze; How they should be analyze;

What cross tabulations you need to work out Which variables you need to combine to construct your major concepts or todevelop indices (in formulating a research problem concepts are changed tovariables at this stage change them back to concepts); Which variables are to be subjected to which statistical procedures.


13/21

Analyzing quantitative data manually

Manual analysis is useful only for calculating frequencies and for simplecross-tabulations.

If you have not entered the data into a computer but want to carry outstatistical tests, they will have to be calculated manually, which may become

extremely difficult and time consuming.


14/21

Part Two:

Data Processing in qualitative Studies


15/21

3 Ways of Writing the Finding

Developing a narrative to describe the situation, episode,event or instance

No analysis per se Think through the sequence to narrate

Identifying main themes ( field notes, in depth interviewtranscription write and quote in verbatim format )

Recall the context and correct the contents Transcribe the interview or observational notes and share with

respondents or research participant to get confirmation andapproval

Need to go through content analysis

Quantify the main themes ( provide prevalence andsignificance)

Need to go through content analysis


16/21

Content Analysis

Analysing the contents of the interviews or observational fields

to identify the main themes that emerge from the response given by therespondents or the observation notes

There are 4 steps involve in this process:a) Identify the main themes

Carefully go through the descriptive responses by respondents to each questionto understand meaning they communicateDevelop broad themes that reflect these meaningSelect the wording of the themes accurately in order to represent the meaningThese themes become the basis for analysing the text of unstructured interview

Go through the field notes to identify main themes.


17/21


18/21


19/21

d) Integrate themes and responses into the textof your report

Identified responses that fall within different themes,the next step is to integrate them into the text of thereportHow to integrate them is mainly our choice.

For example: Some people use verbatim responses to keep the feel of

the responses while discussing the main themes that emergedfrom their study

Some people counts how frequently a theme has occurredand provides a sample of the responses

Depends upon the way we want to communicate thefindings to the readers


20/21

The role of Statistics in ResearchHelps to answering research questions

How do I organise this data to understand it? What does that data mean?

Understanding the relationship between two variables ( morethan two variables)

Ascertain the strength of a relationship

Understanding the interdependence between variables andtheir contribution to a phenomenon or event ( more than twovariables)


21/21

Summary

Raw data or Simply data - Information gather from datacollection either qualitative or quantitative method)

The data processing includes all operation undertaken fromwhen a set of data is collected until it is ready to be analysedeither manually or by a computer

prezent r.m 15 prosessing data (zue nity).ppt

Documents