In 1922 a German engineer named Hermann Kemper recorded his first ideas for an electromagnetic levitation train. He received a patent in 1934 and one year later demonstrated the first functioning model. It wasn't until 1969, however, that a government-sponsored research project built the first full scale functioning Transrapid 01. The first passenger Maglev followed a few years later and carried people a few thousand feet at speeds up to 50 mph

it became possible to build the next generation vehicle Transrapid 07, built by the Thyssen Co. in Kassel. Since 1989, the Transrapid 07 has been the workhorse reaching the record speed of 280 mph and traveling some some 248,000 miles by the end of 1996

WHAT IS MEANT BY MAGLEV?WHAT IS MEANT BY MAGLEV?

Any thing which may levitate(raise or float) by means of a magnetic power is simply called as magnetic levitation.

Maglev=Magnetic + Levitation.“DRIVING WITHOUT WHEELS, FLYING WITHOUT WINGS”

Maglev trains have to perform the following functions to operate in

high speeds

1.Levitation 2.Propulsion 3.Lateral Guidance

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Principle of operation is independent on each other.To propel the vehicle, there shold be some lift

It ie done in order to avoid friction

Types of Maglev TrainsBased on the techniques used for Levitation

Electrodynamic Suspension uses Superconductors for levitation, propulsion and lateral guidance

Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) uses electromagnets on both track and train to push the train away from the rail.

In electrodynamic suspension (EDS), both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is levitated by the repulsive force between these magnetic fields. The magnetic field in the train is produced by either electromagnets (as in JR-Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack). The repulsive force in the track is created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track

2.PRINCIPLE OF PROPULSION IN EDS SYSTEM:The propulsion coils located on the sidewalls on both sides of the guideway are energized by a three-phase alternating current from a substation, creating a shifting magnetic field on the guideway3.PRINCIPLE OF LATERAL GUIDENCE IN EDS SYSTEM:When one side of the train nears the side of the guideway, the super conducting magnet on the train induces a repulsive force from the levitation coils on the side closer to the train and an attractive force from the coils on the farther side,This keeps the train in the center.

1.PRINCIPLE OF LEVITATION IN EDS SYSTEM:IN EDS SYSTEM “LEVITATION BY REPULSION” may takes place.The current in the top circuit travels in the opposite direction of the current in the bottom; resulting in an repulsion between the two coils

ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION USES ELECTROMAGNETS TO LEVITATE THE TRAIN.

For electromagnetic suspension (EMS), electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically conductive (usually steel) track.

which is in the shape of an inverted T, is a ferromagnetic rail.

When a current is passed through it, and the electromagnet

switched on, there is attraction, and the levitation

electromagnets, which are below the rail, raise up to meet

the rail

1. PRINCIPLE OF LEVITATION IN EMS SYSTEMIN EMS SYSTEM “LEVITATION BY ATTRACTION “ may takes place.Attraction is caused by having the currents within each of the circuits traveling in the same direction. It is important to note that with attractive forces created between the train and the track.

The propulsion of the train is mainly based on two types of motors:Linear Electric Motor (LEM) and, Linear Induction Motor (LIM)

The levitation magnets and rail are both U shaped(with rail being an inverted U). The mouths of U face one another.

electromagnetic system only hovers at 1-2cm above the track

For electromagnetic suspension (EMS), electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically conductive (usually steel) track

2.PRINCIPLE OF PROPULSION IN EMS SYSTEM:

3.PRINCIPLE OF LATERAL GUIDENCE IN EMS SYSTEM:

S.N

EDS S.N

EMS

1 Conduct electricity even after power supply failure

1 Required constant power supply

2 Levitate about 4” above guideway

2 Levitate about 3/8” above guideway

3 Cannot levitate at rest required about 100 kph speed

3 Levitate at rest also

4 Wheel advantageous during power failure or braking

4 System equipped with emergency power supply

the United States has been developing a newer style of Maglev called the Inductrack, which is similar to the EDS system. This system is being developed by Dr. Richard Post. The major difference between the Inductrack and the Electrodymanic System is the use of permanent magnets rather than superconducting magnets.

This system uses an “arrangement of powerful permanent magnets, known as a Halbach array, to create the levitating force

A major benefit of this track is that even if a power failure occurs, the train can continue to levitate because of the use of permanent magnets.

WHY MAGLEV Maglev uses 30% less energy than a high-speed train traveling at the same speed (1/3 more

power for the same amount of energy).

*The operating costs of a maglev system are approximately half that of conventional long-distance

railroads.

*Research has shown that the maglev is about 20 times safer than airplanes, 250 times safer than

conventional railroads, and 700 times safer than automobile travel.

*Despite the speeds up to 500 km/hour, passengers can move about freely in the vehicles at all

times.

*Maglev vehicle carries no fuel to increase fire hazard

*The materials used to construct maglev vehicles are non-combustible, poor transmitters of heat,

and able to withstand fire penetration.

✦ It doesn't have moving parts as conventional trains do, and therefore, the wear and tear of parts is minimal, and that reduces the maintenance cost by a significant extent.

✦More importantly, there is no physical contact between the train and track, so there is no rolling resistance. While electromagnetic drag and air friction do exist, that doesn't hinder their ability to clock a speed in excess of 200 mph.

✦ Absence of wheels also comes as a boon, as you don't have to deal with deafening noise that is likely to come with them.

✦Maglevs also boast of being environment friendly, as they don't resort to internal combustion engines.

✦ These trains are weather proof, which means rain, snow, or severe cold don't really hamper their performance.

✦ Experts are of the opinion that these trains are a lot safe than their conventional counterparts as they are equipped with state-of-the-art safety systems, which can keep things in control even when the train is cruising at a high speed.

“”

• The high cost incurred on the initial setup. While the fast conventional trains that have been introduced of late, work fine on tracks which were meant for slow trains, maglev trains require an all new set up right from the scratch.

• As the present railway infrastructure is of no use for maglevs, it will either have to be replaced with the Maglev System or an entirely new set up will have to be created―both of which will cost a decent amount in terms of initial investment.

• Even though inexpensive as compared to EDS, it is still expensive compared to other modes.

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Germany and Japan have been the pioneering countries in MagLev research. Currently operational systems include Transrapid (Germany) and High Speed Surface Transport (Japan). There are several other projects under scrutiny such as the SwissMetro, Seraphim and Inductrack. All have to do with personal rapid transit.

The MagLev Train: Research on this ‘dream train’ has been going on for the last 30 odd years in various parts of the world.

Maglev still remain dream for developing country like India as it requires very high initial investment.

Maglev provide a fast, safe & efficient means of transpiration.

Maglev deploy electricity electromagnet in an efficient manner rather than using coal, gas , oil as a fuel sources.

It has ben tested successfully.

THANK YOU

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