Dark Tourism and Dark Heritage: Emergent Themes, Issues and

Consequences (academic)

(January 2014, Philip Stone and Catherine Roberts)

Source: SelectedWorks of Dr.Philip Stone http://works.bepress.com/philip_stone/46

Laura Angelico 4210719

Macrostructure: Introduction

• Summarizing previous research (subject orientation)

• Establishing research field (key characteristics)

• Preparing for present research (extending a finding)

• Introducing present research (purpose)

Body of the text

Paragraphs:•Dark Tourism and the Dark Tourist (Experience)•Dark Tourism and Dark Heritage: Towards a Common Ground•Dark Tourism vs Dark Heritage: A Narrative DissonanceConclusionBibliography and References

Dark Tourism: why murder sites and disaster zones are proving popular (popularized)

Author: Will ColdwellDate: October 2013Source: The Guardian online http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/oct/31/dark-tourism-murder-sites-disaster-zones

Macrostructure• Headline• Subtitle : Chilling and macabre experiences aren’t just for Halloween. There’s

an increasing demand from tourist to visit the locations of some of th world’s most horrific events• Paragraph : five dark tourism sites• Pictures

Microstructure

• Lexical features• Morpho-syntactic features• Textual features• Author visibility• Other features

Lexical features Academic text

• Colloquial language: none

• Binomials Death and the dead, death and mortality,

• Trinomials emergent themes, issues and consequences (title)/homes, haunts, and graves/death,disaster, or the seemingly macabre

• Borrowings: spectrum (Latin), vacuum (Latin), thanatopsis (Greek), continuum (Latin)

• Specialised lexicon: thanatourism, black spots, grief tourism, morbid tourism, deathscapes , supply/demand (economics)

• Acronyms: none

Popularized text

• Colloquial language: selfie, do a thumbs up, behind bars

• Binomials: chilling and macabre, repression and racism,insulted and treated

• Trinomials: none

• Borrowings: macabre (French),dystopia (Greek)

• specialized lexicon: dystopia , demand (economics)

• Acronyms : DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik, p.2), AK47 (Avtomat Kalashikova 1947,), S-21 (Security prison 21)

Lexical features (2)Academic text• Phrasal verbs: none

• Zero derivation: to finesse (also borrowing from French), to theorise

• Compounds: deathscapes, post-visit, present-day, life-changing

• Prefixation: thanatourism , (re)presentation, displaced,recurrent

• Suffixation: demolition,, appropriateness, development

Popularized text• Phrasal verbs : to turn into, to fall under, to

crawl around inside , to walk through, to reflect upon, to learn about

• Zero derivation: to fuel ( noun fuel)

• Compounds: open-mouthed, well-known, handful

• Prefixation: unpleasant, reposting

• Suffixation: attraction, gladness, racism

Morpho-syntactic featuresAcademic text • Nominalisation:, recognisable, development ,

contemplation, presentation, examination

• Pre-modification: contemporary mediating method, often- protracted debates, scholarly attention, slavery-heritage attractions, deep-rooted physiological concerns, potentially deeply subjective axes , tourist motivation research perspective

• Post-modification: sites of dark tourism, intimation of post-modernity, the function of dark or displaced heritage

Popularized text• Nominalisation:commercialisation,

agreement

• Pre-modification: well-known sites, tourist’s inappropriate self portraits

• Post-modification: sites of memorial, experiences of the past

Morpho-syntactic features (2)

Academic Text• Non Finite verbs: contacting,

developing, shielding (and many others)• Passive: Can be found, new

locations are brought into…,(…) investments that are perceived to have been made by…,

Popularized text• Non Finite verbs: spending,

containing, visiting (majority of finite verbs)• Passive: bodies were buried,

visitors…are invited, (…)were murdered , Nelson Mandela was imprisoned

Textual featuresAcademic text

• Linkers : However, Thus, Hence, therefore etc. Cohesion of the text. Hypotaxis• Anaphoric reference:

consequently• Cataphoric reference :

subsequently• Repetitions : death, dark

tourism

Popularized text

• Linkers: As well as, recently. Parataxis and simple sentences are preferred. • Anaphoric reference: none• Cataphoric reference: none• Repetitions: people , notorious

Author visibilityAcademic text• Hedges: may, possibility, might, perhaps, can,

there is an obligation to, of course, unsurprisingly

• Code glosses: that is, for example

• Depersonalization :There have been tendencies…, research, there is an obligation to…, studies

Ex: Heritage studies increasingly privileged the role of memory in identifying what is important in society

Studies conducted by the author himself (Stone) are cited in third person

ex: Stone (2006) offered a dark tourism classification or spectrum that outlined a quantitative set of site-related factors…

Popularized text

• Hedges: none

• Code glosses: such as• De-personalization :there are currently

plans

Author visibility(2)Academic text• Irony: none

• Exclusive we: We encounter situations where memory and its translation- or put another way, heritage and tourism- becomes discordant, and we find reflection of those situations in developing conceptual discourse relating to difficult, displaced or dissonant heritage.

• Inclusive we: (…)the societal frameworks in which we reside

Popularised textIrony: the execution chamber of a former state prison don’t scream «wish you were here»

Chilling and macabre experiences aren’t just for Halloween

May not be everyone’s idea of fun

•Exclusive we: none

•Inclusive we: none

Author visibility (3)

Academic text• Connotative language: none

• Deictics: these, here

• Evidentials: Howarth goes on to argue that «it may be that in their quest to uncover hidden death…» ( many examples in the text)

Popularized text• Connotative language (subjectivity)

Unpleasant experiences of the past, reposting tourists’ inappropriate self portraits, the uncomfortable nature of dark tourism, brutally murdered

• Deictics: here

• Evidentials : "I think most people are going to these places with a purity of curiosity "", says Feifer.

"Dark tourism doesn’t need dark tourists"", says Stone.

Other features (academic text)

• Definitions of specific terms are not given because of the specialised context.

Exception : to remind the definition, only when the concept is presented for the first time

Ex: reformulation Dark tourism, that is travel to sites associated with death, disaster or

the seemingly macabre

Other features (popularized text)

• General and simple definitions : self portraits, or selfiesAK47, the weapon of the choice for the Viet Cong army

• Figures are not precise: approximately one million Jews, hundreds of…,• The article is about a negative matter: newsworthy