prenatal development and birth. prenatal environment reciprocal influence person and environment...
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND
BIRTH
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Prenatal EnvironmentReciprocal influence
Person and environment Good and bad influences important
Teratogen: Environmental agent Harms the developing fetus Critical Period: Organogenesis Dosage and duration Genetic make-up: Susceptibility
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• The critical periods of prenatal development. Teratogens are more likely to produce major structural abnormalities during the third through the eighth prenatal week. Note, however, that many organs and body parts remain sensitive to teratogenic agents throughout the nine-month prenatal period
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Teratogens: Drugs
Thalidomide (for morning sickness)All or parts of limbs missing
Tobacco: Miscarriage, low birth weight, SIDS, slows fetal growth
Alcohol: FASSmall, facial deformities, retardation
Cocaine: Processing difficulties
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• (A) Characteristic features of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
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(B) Child with FAS, illustrating many features in the drawing. Such children may also have cardiovascular and limb defects.
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Teratogens - DiseasesRubella (German Measles)
Blind, deaf, heart, brain
Syphilis: Miscarriage, blind, deaf, heart, brain After 18th week
AIDS: Mothers transmit to babies (15%-35%) Prenatally, perinatally, postnatally
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Teratogens: Environmental Hazards
Radiation: MR, leukemia, cancer, mutations, spontaneous abortions, etc. Avoid X-rays when pregnant
Pollutants In air and water Lead: MR (also postnatally)
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The Mother’s State
Age: Typically age 16-35 15 or younger don’t seek prenatal care
Birth complications, low birth weight Over 35:Miscarriage, Down Syndrome
(father’s age also) Emotion: Stress can stunt fetal growth
Positive outlook most helpful Nutrition: 25-35 lb weight gain
Malnutrition: Smaller neurons, brain, child
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The Father’s State Research limited except for genetic contribution Father’s age can also be influential
Over 35: Increased number miscarriages, heart defects, Down Syndrome
Over 50: Higher risk for schizophrenia Exposure to environmental toxins
Radiation, anesthetic gases, pesticides Damage to genetic material in sperm
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Postnatal Depression
Baby Blues: mild, commonClinical depression: 1/10
Previous depression commonChildren of Depressed Mothers
Insecurely attached, less responsive
Negative to other children
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The Father’s Experience
Accepted, expected in delivery rooms Attend prenatal classes with wife Experience described as a significant event Anxiety, stress common during delivery Relief, pride, joy when baby is born Sometimes depression following birth Disappointed if sex does not resume soon
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The Neonatal Environment
Culture, early socialization, health status E.g., low birth-weight babies (8% in US)
Less than 5½ lbsStrongly linked to low SESEnvironment: Neonatal intensive careRisk: Blindness, deafness, CP, autism,
cognitive, and later academic problems Parenting must be attentive, responsive
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• Modern technology permits survival of younger and smaller babies, but many experts believe we have reached the lowest limits of viability at 23-24 weeks gestation.
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Learning Objectives What are the advantages of breast feeding? Are there disadvantages of breast feeding? How can at-risk newborns be identified? What treatments are available to optimize
development of at-risk babies? To what extent are the effects of the prenatal and
perinatal environments long lasting? What factors influence whether effects are lasting?
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Breast or Bottle? Breast feeding most natural nutrition Practices vary across cultures Health benefits great for breast-fed infants
At least first 6 months recommended More likely to bottle feed: Factors
Younger, low SES, less education, employed, African American
US values toward breast feeding ambivalent
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Low Birth-Weight Babies < 5½ pounds: “Small for date” or “preterm”
Leading cause of infant mortality 8% of all births, 65% of all infant deaths
Factors: Low SES, smoking, stress, multiples Worse for minority, poverty, single-parent children For most, significant catch-up growth
Low Birth-Weight Infants Greater risk for blindness, deafness, CP, autism,
health problems - especially respiratory problems
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Factors Helpful for LBW Infants Breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact,
massage Responsive parenting, intellectual
stimulation Early intervention programs work with
parents Childcare education and support Growth-enhancing home environment
Consistently attentive, responsive parenting
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Risk and Resilience Not all high-risk infants have problems Werner: Kauai Longitudinal study (40 yrs) Findings:
Effects decrease over time Outcomes depend on postnatal environment Protective factors
Personal resourcesSupportive postnatal environment