35 THE ANTISEPTIC October 2016

Introduction

The most peculiarity of Charka samhita Sutrasthana is fifty Mahakashayas for different ailments. In this mahakashayas each dashemani is assembly of ten drugs. One of them is Kandughna dashemani. Kandu is the indication of vitiated kapha in the body. In this group almost all drugs are tikta rasa, so all the drug have property to conceal the vitiated kapha. So it is very important to understand the various phytochemical component of each drug. The current study reports the pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigations.Materials and Methods

Raw Drug collection and Authentication

Raw materials Raktachandana, Jatamansi, Aragvadha, Karanja, Nimba, Kutaja, Sarshapa, Yashtimadhu, Daruharidra, Musta collected from GMP Certified Ayurved KLE Pharmacy, Khasbag Belagavi. Authentication was done

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Kandughna DashemaniRAHUL RANJAN, HIREMATH R.S.

Dr. Rahul Ranjan, Final year, PG Scholar,Dr. R. S. Hiremath, HOD & Professor, Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, KLEU’s Shri BMK Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi-03, Karnataka, India.

Specially Contributed to "The Antiseptic" Vol. 113 No. 10 & P : 35 - 38

ABSTRACT

Panchavidha kashaya kalpana are the five important dosage forms in ayurveda. Kashaya is one among these kalpana. Kandughna Dashemani of Charaka samhita is exclusive one and has great importance in skin disorder. Kadughna Dashemani is described by Acharya Charaka for the management of Kandu (skin disorder). Acharya Charaka had explained certain groups of drugs based on their prime therapeutic activity and named them as a Mahakashaya. The present article provides all necessary information regarding its phytochemical investigations.“Kandughna Mahakashaya’’ which is the combination of 10 drugs i.e. Raktachandana, Jatamansi, Aragvadha, Karanja, Nimba, Kutaja, Sarshapa, Yasthimadhu, Daruharidra, Musta. These drugs are incorporated in equal quantity and kashaya is prepared which is required in treating the ailment Kandu when administered internally1

Key Words: Kandughna Dhasemani dravya, Kandughna Kwatha, Phytochemical analysis.

by experts of Ayush Approved CRF Shri B.M.K.Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Belagavi , Karnataka.Pharmacognostical study

Macroscopic study included the determination of various organoleptic characters i.e color, odor, taste and form of raw drugs shown in table no. 1Physicochemical parameter2-3

Foreign organic matter

The drug sample to be examined was weighed and spread on a white tile uniformly without overlapping. The foreign matter was separated manually and examined in daylight with unaided eye. The suspected particles were transferred into a Petri dish. After complete separation, the weight of the foreign matter was taken, and the percentage (%) (w/w) was determined shown in table no. 2Total ash

About 2.0 g of the crude drug was accurately weighed and incinerated in a silica crucible at a temperature not exceeding 450°C until free from carbon. The resulting ash was then cooled and weighed. The procedure was repeated to obtain a constant

weight. The percentage of total ash with reference to the air‑dried drug was finally calculated shown in table no. 2Acid insoluble ash

To the crucible containing total ash, 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid was added. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter paper. It was then washed with hot water until it became neutral and ignited to a constant weight. The residue was allowed to cool in a suitable desiccator for 30 min, and it was immediately weighed. The procedure was repeated to obtain a constant weight. The percentage of acid‑insoluble ash with reference to the air‑dried drug was finally calculated shown in table no. 2Alcohol soluble extractive

About 5 g of air‑dried drug was first coarsely powdered and macerated with 100 ml of alcohol of specified strength in a closed flask for 24 h. The flask was shaken frequently for 6 h and allowed to stand for 18 h. The extract was filtered rapidly and was evaporated up to 25 ml rapidly to dryness in a china dish. Further, it was dried to obtain a constant weight. The percentage yield of

October 201636 THE ANTISEPTIC

Table 2 : Physico Chemical Analysis of Raw drugs

Drugs Foreign Total Ash Acid Insoluble Aqueous Alcohol matter ash extractive extractive

Raktachandan 1% 0.98% 0.2% 2.38% 4.76%Jatamansi 2% 6.00% 4.00% 6.37% 3.19%Aragvadha 1.2% 2.42% 0.97% 50.99% 18.29%Karanja 0.8% 4.43% 0.98% 20.8% 4.79%Nimba 1% 6.37% 1.47% 5.6% 6.37%Kutaja 1% 2.91% 0.97% 20.00% 27.88%Sarshapa 1% 2.98% 0.4% 18.4% 9.6%Yashtimadhu 1.2% 3.86% 1.44% 22.31% 13.51%Daruharidra 1.5% 1.97% 0.49% 9.58% 7.15%Musta 1.4% 3.98% 0.49% 12.8% 7.17%

alcohol‑soluble extractive with reference to air‑dried drug was finally calculated shown in table no. 2 Water soluble extractive

About 5 g of air‑dried drug was first coarsely powdered and macerated with 100 ml of water of specified strength in a closed flask for 24 h. The flask was shaken frequently for 6 h and allowed to stand for 18 h. The extract was filtered rapidly and was evaporated up to 25 ml rapidly to dryness in a china dish.

Further, it was dried to obtain a constant weight. The percentage yield of water‑soluble extractive with reference to air‑dried drug was finally calculated shown in table no. 2Preliminary phytochemical study

Preliminary phytochemical study was done in Ayush approved CRF Shri B.M.K.Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Belagavi.Determination of organic phytoconstituent2

Preliminary phytochemical

analysis to identify the various organic phytoconstituents such as

Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids etc. shown in table no. 3Determination of inorganic constituents2

Ash of drug material was treated with 50% v/v HCl, kept for 1 h, and filtered. The filtrate was used for qualitative determination of various inorganic constituents such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, etc shown in table no. 4

Results

Table 1 : Organoleptic character of Raw Drugs

Raw Drugs Color Odor Taste Form Raktachandan Deep Blood Red Odorless Astringent HardJatamansi Dark Brown Aromatic Bitter Hard, fibresAragvadha Chocolate Brown Faint Sweet Hard Karanja Greyish Brown Unpleasant Bitter Hard Nimba Grey Characteristic Bitter Hard Kutaja Brownish Characteristic Bitter HardSharshapa Reddish Brown Characteristic Bitter HardYashtimadhu Yellowish Brown Faint Sweet Hard Daruharidra Pale Yellowish Characteristic Bitter HardMusta Black Pleasant Pungent Hard

37 THE ANTISEPTIC October 2016

Table 3 : Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Raw Drug

Tests/Drugs Raktachandan Jatamansi Aragvadha Karanja Nimba Aq Al Aq Al Aq Al Aq Al Aq AlTest for Carbohydrates – – + + – + – – – –Test for Reducing sugar + – + + – – – – + +Test for Pentose sugar – – – – – – – – – –Test for Hexose sugar – – – – – – – – – –Test for Proteins – – – – + – – – + +Test for Amino acids – – – – – – – – – –Test for Fat & Oils – – – – – – – – – –Test for Tannin & Phenolic compounds + – + + – – + – + –Test for Alkaloids + – – + + + + – – –Test for Saponin glycosides + – + – + – + – + –Test for Steroids – – – – – – – – + –Test for Flavanoids _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _+ = Present, – = AbsentTests/Drugs Kutaja Sarshapa Yasthimadhu Daruharidra Musta Aq Al Aq Al Aq Al Aq Al Aq AlTest for Carbohydrates – – + – + + – – – –Test for Reducing sugar + + + + + + + – + –Test for Pentose sugar – – – – – – – – – –Test for Hexose sugar – – – – – – – – – –Test for Proteins – – – – + – – – – –Test for Amino acids – – + – – – – – – –Test for Fat & Oils – – + + – – – – – –Test for Tannin & Phenolic compounds + + + + – – – – + +Test for Alkaloids + + + – + – + + + –Test for Saponin glycosides + – + – + – + – + –Test for Steroids – – – – – – – – – –Test for Flavanoids – – – – + + – – – –

+ = Present, ‑ = Absent

Table 4 : Inorganic Phytochemical Analysis of Raw Drugs

Drugs/ Elements Raktachandan Jatamansi Aragvadha Karanja NimbaIron Absent Present Absent Absent Present Sodium Present Present Absent Present Present Calcium Absent Absent Absent Absent PresentPotassium Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Magnesium Absent Absent Absent Absent PresentChlorides Present Present Present Present Present

October 201638 THE ANTISEPTIC

Discussion

In the present study, various pharmacognostical and physicochemical parameters such as organoleptic character, foreign matter, ash values, extractive values were established.

These parameters are important tools for determination of the identity, quality, and purity of the drug. Foreign matter is material consisting of, Parts of the medicinal plant material, Any organism, part or product of an organism, Mineral admixtures not adhering to the medicinal plant materials, such as soil, stones, sand and dust reported values are well within normal limits.

Total ash indicates the presence of inorganic salts such as phosphates, carbonates, and silicates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, etc.

Acid insoluble ash is the residue obtained after boiling the ash with hydrochloric acid and igniting the insoluble portion. It gives a measure of sand and other siliceous matter.

Water soluble extractive value shows the presence of water soluble inorganic salts.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of glycosides, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids.Conclusion

Different quality control parameters including pharma‑ cognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical have been established for Kandughna Dashemani. These parameters have been determined to be of future use in identifying authentic drug and setting the pharmacopoeial standards for further studies.

Acknowledgement

Author wish to thank CRF, Shri BMK Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, for providing laboratory facility to carry out phytochemical study.REFERENCES

1. Charaka Samhita, Purvardh translated by Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi. Reprinted 2008: Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Sutrasthan Ch-4, p.82

2. Khande lwa l KR. Prac t ica l pharmacognosy techniques and experiments. New Delhi: Nirali Prakashan; 2002. p. 15-163.

3. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part-I e-Book Appendix Volume – I p. 213-214.

Sulphates Present Present Present Present PresentPhosphates Absent Absent Absent Absent AbsentCarbonates Absent Absent Absent Absent AbsentNitrates Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

Drugs/ Elements Kutaja Sarshapa Yasthimadhu Daruharidra MustaIron Present Absent Absent Absent PresentSodium Present Present Present Present PresentCalcium Present Absent Absent Present PresentPotassium Absent Absent Absent Absent AbsentMagnesium Present Absent Absent Present PresentChlorides Absent Present Present Present PresentSulphates Absent Present Present Present PresentPhosphates Absent Absent Absent Absent AbsentCarbonates Absent Absent Absent Absent AbsentNitrates Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome is found in patients with reduced physiologic reserve and increased risk for complications and poor outcomes in case of acute illness or other expositions to stress like surgery or invasive diagnostic measures. Clinical assessment tools can help define frailty by symptoms like slow walking speed, rapid exhaustion, weakness and inactivity.

Reach Out-Cardiology-Issue-1, 2016