PREJUDICE DISCRIMINATION RACISM & XENOPHOBIA A FEAR OF STRANGERS XENOPHOBIA FEAR OF OR DSLKE (Aversion) TO: PERSONS FROM OTHER COUNTRES, OTHER CULTURES, SUBCULTURES AND SUBSETS OF BELEF SYSTEMS XENOPHOBA CONSSTS OF TWO PARTS: XENO : "GUEST, STRANGER, PERSON THAT LOOKS DFFERENT, FOREGNER" PHOBA "FEAR, HORROR OR AVERSON". THE TERM IS TYPICALLY USED TO DESCRIBE FEAR OR DISLIKE OF FOREIGNERS OR IN GENERAL OF PEOPLE DIFFERENT FROM ONE'S SELF. TARGET" GROUP S A SET OF PERSONS, NOT ACCEPTED BY THE SOCETY ONLY THE PHOBC PEOPLE HOLD THE BELEF THAT THE TARGET GROUP S NOT (OR SHOULD NOT BE) ACCEPTED BY SOCETY PHOBC PERSON IS AWARE OF THE AVERSON / DISLIKE (EVEN HATRED) OF THE TARGET GROUP THEY MAY NOT DENTFY T OR ACCEPT T AS A FEAR Anders Behring Breivik On 22 July 2011, he bombed government buildings in Oslo,Norway, killing 8 people. He then killed 69 more people, mostly teenagers, in a mass shooting at a Workers' Youth League (AUF) camp on the island of Utya. Anders Behring Breivik On the day of the attacks, Breivik electronically distributed a text entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence, describing his far-right militant ideology. In them, he lays out a worldview encircling Islamophobia, support for "far-right Zionism" ] ] and opposition to feminism. The texts call Islam and Cultural Marxism "the enemy", argue for the violent distraction of "Eurabia" and multiculturalism and advocate deportation of all Muslims and immigrants from Europe. Anders Behring Breivik Norway mass killer Anders Behring Breivik defends massacre: "I would have done it again" XENOPHOBIA IS SIMILAR TO: PREJUDICE DISCRIMINATION RACISM PREJUDCES AN OPINION FORMED BEFOREHAND WITHOUT INFORMED KNOWLEDGE AN OPINION WHICH IS LIKELY TO BE UPHOLDED EVEN IN THE FACE OF EVIDENCE TO THE CONTRARY INTOLERANCE OF OR DISLIKE FOR PEOPLE OF A SPECIFIC ETHNICITY, RELIGION OR GROUP PREJUDCES PREJUDCES ARE ABSTRACT-GENERAL IDEAS OR ABSTRACT-GENERAL ATTTUDES TOWARDS ANY TYPE OF STUATON, OBJECT OR PERSON. PREJUDICE PREJUDICE ARE REFER TO THE IRRATIONAL DISLIKE, OR HATRED OF A PARTICULAR GROUP, RACE, RELIGION, OR SEXUAL ORIENTATION. PREJUDICE IS LEARNED FROM OTHERS IT IS A FUNCTION OF LEARNED BELIEFS AND VALUES IT LEADS AN INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS TO BE BIASED FOR OR AGAINST MEMBERS OF PARTICULAR GROUPS. RELATIONS BETWEEN PREJUDICE & STEREOTYPE BOTH ARE OBSTACLES IN FRONT OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION BOTH REFER TO MAKING JUDGEMENTS ABOUT INDIVIDUALS BASED ON GROUP MEMBERSHIP. PREJUDICE USUALLY REFERS TO THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS WHEN A GROUP INHERITS OR GENERATES HOSTILE VIEWS ABOUT A DISTINGUISHABLE GROUP BASED ON GENERALIZATIONS. SEXISM : PREJUDICE BASED ON A PERSONS BIOLOGICAL GENDER RACISM: PREJUDICE BASED ON A PERSONS ETHNICITY HOMOPHOBIA : PREJUDICE BASED ON A PERSONS SEXUAL ORIENTATION XENOPHOBA : FEAR OR DSLKE OF FOREGNERS DISABILITY PREJUDICE: PREJUDICE BASED ON A PERSONS PHYSICAL OR MENTAL ABILITIES AGEISM: PREJUDICE BASED ON A PERSONS AGE EXAMPLES SOMEONE MAY BELEVE THAT A PARTCULAR GROUP POSSESSES LOW LEVELS OF NTELLGENCE,.. BUT HAS NO LL FEELNG TOWARDS THAT GROUP. A GROUP MAY BE DSLKED BECAUSE OF NTENSE COMPETTON FOR JOBS,.. BUT STLL RECOGNSE NO DFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS. INTERGROUP APPROACH SOCAL PSYCHOLOGSTS EXPLAN PREJUDCE AS THE EFFECT OF GROUP NTERACTON. WHEN WE ARE DENTFED WTH A GROUP, WE SHOW SOME GENERAL CHARACTERSTCS NCLUDNG: ETHNOCENTRSM, & NGROUP FAVORTSM, & NTERGROUP DFFERENTATON LEARNNG THEORSTS SUGGEST THAT PREJUDCE S LEARNED FROM OTHERS AND THEREFORE ARE UNABLE TO EXPLAN HOW PREJUDCE EMERGES FROM THE VERY BEGNNNG. PREJUDICE IS MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR WHERE: GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT OR CONFLICTING KEY VALUES OTHERS ARE SEEN AS DIFFERENT PEOPLE SEE THEIR IDENTITY IN TERMS OF BELONGING TO PARTICULAR GROUPS THEIR GROUPS DISCRIMINATE AGAINST EACH OTHER FEAR THAT OTHER GROUPS POSE A THREAT PREJUDICE IS OFTEN LINKED TO POWER KNOWN AS INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION. IN SOME COUNTRIES LAWS SEGREGATED PUBLIC PLACES INTO WHITE AND NON-WHITE AREAS. THERE HAS ALSO BEEN RELIGIOUS SEGREGATION, OR GHETTOISATION For many years black Americans fought for an end to racial segregation, it officially ended in the USA in 1965 Known as Apartheid, racial segregation only ended in South Africa in 1994! UN Photo/A Tannenbaum Also, woman have been sexually discriminated against for many years: Denied entry to higher education until 1876 Denied the right to vote until 1928 Denied equal pay for equal work until 1970 Denied positions of power and authority in the religious organisations which still goes on today Emily Pankhurst campaigned for womens rights in the UK. She was named as one of the most important people of the 20 th century by Time Magazine in 1999. WORKING INDIVIDUALLY, WRITE DOWN THE FIRST WORD(S) THAT COME INTO YOUR HEAD FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: GAYS LESBIANS OLD PEOPLE WOMEN DRIVERS BLACK PEOPLE SPORTSWOMEN ROMA SPORTSMEN POLITICIANS FOREIGN NATIONALS TRAVELLERS BLIND PERSON MOROCCANS TURKISH CYPRIOTS NIGERIANS TURKISH CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: WHERE HAVE YOUR STEREOTYPES COME FROM AND HOW HAVE THEY DEVELOPED? HOW ACCURATE ARE THEY IN DESCRIBING THE GROUP THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH? DO YOU FEEL YOU WANT TO CHANGE ANY OF YOUR STEREOTYPES? HOW DIFFICULT WOULD THIS BE FOR YOU? DISCRIMINATION IS THE UNFAIR TREATMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL BECAUSE OF HIS/HER MEMBERSHIP OF A PARTICULAR GROUP DISCRIMINATION IS PREJUDICE IN ACTION What is Discrimination? DSCRMNATON THE UN EXPLANS: "DSCRMNATORY BEHAVOURS TAKE MANY FORMS, BUT THEY ALL NVOLVE SOME FORM OF EXCLUSON OR REJECTON." DISCRIMINATION CAN BE BASED ON SUCH THINGS AS: SEXUAL ORIENTATION ETHNICITY RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, OR NON-BELIEF AGE DISABILITY GENDER Basis of Discrimination DIRECT DISCRIMINATION OCCURS WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL IS TREATED LESSER THAN THOSE BELONGING TO OTHER GROUPS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE USE OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND/OR TERMS IN A JOB ADVERTS IS DIRECT DISCRIMINATION: GENDER SPECIFIC JOB TITLES EG MALE TEACHER, FEMALE CLEANER AGE SPECIFIC WORDS EG MATURE, YOUNG AND ENERGETIC SPECIFYING PREFERENCE FOR ABLE-BODIED APPLICANTS EG MUST BE PHYSICALLY FIT INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION CAN BE WHEN CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS OR CONDITIONS CAN ONLY BE MET BY A CERTAIN GROUP BECAUSE OF AGE, GENDER, ETHNICITY, RELIGION OR SEXUAL ORIENTATION: FOR EXAMPLE, IF A SUPERMARKET CHAIN HAD A POLICY THAT STATES THAT ALL FEMALE OPERATORS HAVE TO WEAR DRESSES, THIS WOULD EXCLUDE CERTAIN GROUPS OF FEMALES, SUCH AS MUSLIM WOMEN WHOSE DRESS CODE INCLUDES WEARING A SHALWAR (TROUSERS) AND KAMEEZ (TOP), FROM COMPETING FOR EMPLOYMENT. WORK IN GROUPS AND DISCUSS AT LEAST ONE REAL LIFE EXAMPLE OF INDIRECT AND DIRECT DISCRIMINATION. WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXAMPLE OF DISCRIMINATION? Attitudes and Emotions Stereotypes, Ideas, and Beliefs DiscriminationDiscrimination PrejudicePrejudice ???????? WHY ARE THE PEOPLE IN THE PICTURES ARE DIFFERENT THAN YOU AND EACH OTHER? CAN YOU GROUP THEM ? DO YOU AGREE THAT THESE PEOPLE ARE FROM DIFFERENT RACES? HOW MANY RACES EXISTS IN THE WORLD? BLACK WHITE YELLOW INDIAN MONGOLIAN RACISM IT IS ANY POLICY, PRACTICE, BELIEFS OR ATTITUDE THAT ATTRIBUTES CHARACTERISTICS OR STATUS TO INDIVIDUALS BASED ON THEIR RACES. IT CAN EITHER BE CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS, INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL. RACAL DSCRMNATON RACAL DSCRMNATON DFFERENTATES BETWEEN NDVDUALS ON THE BASS OF REAL AND PERCEVED RACAL DFFERENCES. IT HAS BEEN OFFCAL GOVERNMENT POLCY N SEVERAL COUNTRES, SUCH AS SOUTH AFRCA N THE APARTHED ERA, AND THE USA. SOCOLOGCAL DEFNTON OF RACSM RACSM S A SYSTEM OF GROUP PRVLEGE. CULTURALLY APPROVED BELEFS, WHCH, DEFEND THE ADVANTAGES WHTES HAVE BECAUSE OF THE LESS IMPORTANT POSTON OF RACAL MNORTES RACISM 1 IS THE BELIEF THAT RACE IS THE PRIMARY DETERMINANT OF HUMAN TRAITS AND CAPACITIES (PERSONAL QUALITY) AND THAT RACIAL DIFFERENCES PRODUCE AN INHERENT (STRONG) SUPERIORITY OF A PARTICULAR RACE. IN THE CASE OF INSTITUTIONAL RACISM CERTAIN RACIAL GROUPS MAY BE DENIED RIGHTS OR BENEFITS, OR GET PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT WHILE REVERSE RACISM FAVORS MEMBERS OF A HISTORICALLY DISADVANTAGED GROUP AT THE EXPENSE OF THOSE OF A HISTORICALLY ADVANTAGED GROUP. RACISM 2 RACIAL DISCRIMINATION TYPICALLY POINTS OUT SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE, EVEN THOUGH ANYBODY CAN BE RACIALISED, INDEPENDENTLY OF THEIR PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES. Nowadays racism is caused by social and economic reasons. The word racecould be used only conventionally to indicate skin colours but all men belong to the same human kind and as a matter of fact they have the same DNA. So we think that: there are no differences between races caused by particolar attitudes. all differences are only caused by historical, geographic and social events For this reason: interculturalism must be practice to favour the progress and the dialogue between all countries. ACCORDING TO THE UN CONVENTIONS: THERE IS NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE TERM RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION. XENOPHOBA THERE ARE TWO MAN OBJECTS OF THE PHOBA THE FRST OBJECT IS A POPULATON GROUP PRESENT WTHN A SOCETY THAT S NOT CONSDERED PART OF THAT SOCETY. OFTEN THEY ARE RECENT MMGRANTS BUT: XENOPHOBA MAY BE DRECTED AGANST A GROUP WHCH HAS BEEN PRESENT FOR CENTURES OR BECAME PART OF THS SOCETY THROUGH CONQUEST AND TERRTORAL EXPANSON. THS FORM OF XENOPHOBA CAN ELCT OR FACLTATE HOSTLE AND VOLENT REACTONS, SUCH AS MASS EXPULSON (SENDING AWAY) OF MMGRANTS, OR N THE WORST CASE, GENOCDE. THE SECOND FORM OF XENOPHOBA S PRMARLY CULTURAL THE OBJECTS OF THE PHOBA ARE CULTURAL ELEMENTS WHCH ARE CONSDERED ALEN. CULTURAL XENOPHOBA IS OFTEN NARROWLY DRECTED AT FOREGN LOAN WORDS N A NATONAL LANGUAGE. IT RARELY LEADS TO AGGRESSON AGANST NDVDUAL PERSONS. CAN RESULT IN POLTCAL CAMPAGNS FOR CULTURAL OR LNGUSTC PURFCATON. ISOLATONSM S A GENERAL AVERSON (NEGATVE FEELNG) OF FOREGN AFFARS, S NOT ACCURATELY DESCRBED AS XENOPHOBA. CULTURAL XENOPHOBIA IT CAN BE USED TO CHARACTERIZE BELIEFS ABOUT OTHER THINGS AS WELL, INCLUDING "ANY UNREASONABLE ATTITUDE THAT IS UNUSUALLY RESISTANT TO RATIONAL INFLUENCE XENOPHLY OR XENOPHLA MEANS AN AFFECTON FOR UNKNOWN OBJECTS OR HUMAN BENGS. IT S THE OPPOSTE OF XENOPHOBA OR XENOPHOBY. XENOPHLA GREEK "XENOS" (STRANGER, UNKNOWN, FOREGN) AND "PHLOS" (LOVE, ATTRACTON). IN COMMON USAGE T MEANS AN ATTRACTON TO FOREGN PEOPLES, CULTURES, OR CUSTOMS. FOR EXAMPLE, A PERSON MAY DATE SOMEONE OF ANOTHER RACE NOT BECAUSE THEY LKE THEM AS PEOPLE BUT SPECFCALLY BECAUSE THEY ARE DFFERENT. XENOPHLA XENOPHLA S A THEME FOUND N SCENCE FCTON IN WHCH ONE EXPLORES THE CONSEQUENCES OF LOVE BETWEEN HUMANS AND NON-HUMANS, NCLUDNG EXTRATERRESTRALS. IN THE BOOK HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HALLOWS, A CHARACTER NAMED XENOPHLUS LOVEGOOD (THE FATHER OF ONE OF HARRY POTTER'S MORE ECCENTRC FRENDS, LUNA LOVEGOOD) IS CHARACTERZED BY HS NTEREST N UNUSUAL OR UNKNOWN OBJECTS, ANMALS, AND CONCEPTS. SO WHAT? NOWADAYS RACISM IS CAUSED BY SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REASONS. THE WORD RACECOULD BE USED ONLY CONVENTIONALLY TO INDICATE SKIN COLOURS BUT ALL MEN BELONG TO THE SAME HUMAN KIND AND AS A MATTER OF FACT THEY HAVE THE SAME DNA. SO WE THINK THAT NO ONE CAN SAY THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RACES CAUSED BY PARTICOLAR ATTITUDES. WHEREAS ALL DIFFERENCES ARE ONLY CAUSED BY HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL EVENTS: TIME CANT BE USED AS A STANDARD FOR THE CIVILIZATION DEVELOPMENT. FOR THIS REASON INTERCULTURALISM MUST BE PRACTICED TO FAVOUR THE PROGRESS AND THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN ALL COUNTRIES & CULTURES. THREE THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND 1. ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE IN SOME RESPECTS, LIKE ALL OTHER INDIVIDUALS. WE ARE ALL MEMBERS OF THE HUMAN RACE AND IN THE SAME SPECIES, HOMO SAPIENS. 2. ALL INDIVIDUALS BELONG TO A CULTURAL GROUP. THE CULTURAL GROUP SERVES AS THE BASIS FOR INDIVIDUALS TO BECOME HUMANIZED. 3. ALL INDIVIDUALS HAVE SOME UNIQUENESS. INDIVIDUALS DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER BOTH BIOLOGICALLY AND SOCIALLY. NO TWO INDIVIDUALS SHARE THE SAME EXPERIENCE IN THEIR SOCIETY. A MODEL OF MULTICULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AWARENESS OF SELF IS THE FIRST STEP TO UNDERSTANDING OTHERS: TO KNOW ONESELF KNOW YOUR WORLDVIEW (WHAT IS YOUR VIEW OF LIFE?) GLOBAL THINKING: WE MUST BECOME AWARE OF WORLD EVENTS OURSELVES THE DOMINANT VIEW DOES NOT ALWAYS TRANSLATE CORRECTLY SUCH AS PRESS, POLITICAL ANALYSIS CONCLUSION STEREOTYPING AND PREJUDICE HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECT ON COMMUNICATION STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE AND RACISM CAN BE LEARNED FROM OTHER PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS CONTINUE TO HAVE A STRONG PRESENCE IN THE PUBLIC MEDIA RANGING FROM CHILDRENS BOOKS TO COLLEGES BROCHURES AND IN ELECTRONIC MEDIA DISCUSSION PREJUDICES AND RACISM ARE COMMONLY ROOTED IN THE CHILDS EARLY LIFE IN COMMUNICATION WITH OTHER PEOPLE WHO ARE PREJUDICED OR RACIST. Do you agree?