precursors to the modern gis
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Precursors to the modern GIS. Thematic maps in the days before desktop computing. Ancient maps. This ancient tablet from the 7 th century BC depicts the world at the time of Sargon (2300 BC) as a circle surrounded by water, with Babylon at its center. (British Museum). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 1
Precursors to the modern GIS
Thematic maps in the days before desktop computing
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 2
Ancient maps
This ancient tablet from the 7th century BC
depicts the world at the time of Sargon (2300 BC) as a
circle surrounded by water, with Babylon at its center.
(British Museum)
http://www.bible-history.com/babylonia/BabyloniaMaps.htm
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 3
Early modern physical maps
Gerard Mercator, 1595
Includes 14th c. geographical errors (polar islands, Rumes Nigra)
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 4
Early thematic maps
Das Reich der Liebe.
Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf. Leipzig, 1777
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 5
Early epidemiological maps
Incidence of an epidemic in Glasgow, Scotland (Perry 1844)
Used color to emphasize the geographical distribution of cases
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 6
An early geo-database
MAP OF THE CONTOURS OF LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS,SHOWING THE DISTRICTS AND AREAS
SUPPLIED BY THE NINE METROPOLITAN WATER WORKS' COMPANIES.
By ROBERT W. MYLNE, C.E.,F.G.S., F.S.A.,
FELLOW INST. BRIT. ARCHITECTS.Area 176 Square Miles. Scale 1/17032 of nature.
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 7
MAP OF LONDON WATER DISTRICTS (1856)
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 8
The database is in the map legend!
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 9
Snow’s “Grand Experiment”
Water company Number of houses
Deaths from cholera
Death in 10,000 houses
Southwark & Vauxhall
40,046 1,263 315
Lambeth 26,107 98 37
Rest of London 256,423 1,422 59
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 10
Mapping as an analysis tool
John Snow’s map of cholera cases in a neighborhood in London helped pin-point the source:
a cesspool 3’ from the Broad Street public well
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 11
U. S. Atlas of Cancer Mortality
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 12
Jacquiline Tyrwhitt The mother of modern GIS???
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 13
Design with Nature
by Ian McHarg. 1969
An early form of
thematic layering for environmental impact assessment & planning
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 14
Richmond Parkway Study
Finding the best route for a highway on Staten Island:
“the one that provides the maximum social benefit at the lowest social cost.”
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 15
Physiographic features - 1
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 16
Physiographic features - 2
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 17
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 18
Land values - 1
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 19
Land values - 2
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 20
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 21
Final solution:
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 1b 22
McHarg’s Legacy to GIS
Multi-thematic maps
Use of a simple (3 level) scale to compare values
Overlay technique