NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCESPRESENTED BY :-ANKIT SAXENA & ANAND PRAKASHMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.

WELCOME TO FUTURE

IntroductionEnergy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure.

Non renewable vs. Renewable Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be replaced are termed nonrenewable.Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry. Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).

How much longer can we depend on Fossil fuels?Because they are fossil fuels they do have a life expectancy.Burning fossil fuels has increased atmospheric pollution.The carbon stored in fossil fuels is released as carbon dioxide when they are burnt this leads to the green house effect and global warming.

Sector wise Consumption of Electricity (Utilities), Natural Gas, Petroleum products during 2011-12Reference: Energy Statistics 2013

Source wise and state wise estimated potential of renewable power in INDIA as on 31.03.2012

Solar Energy

The Sun is 93 million miles away.

A tiny fraction of the Suns energy hits the Earth (~a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our whole demands for a year.

We call the energy from the sun, solar energy.

Just the tiny fraction of the Suns energy that hits the Earth.

Solar energy is transmitted to the earth in the form of radiant energy.

It is vital to us because it provides the worlddirectly or indirectly with almost all of its energy.

In addition to providing the energy that sustains the world, solar energy is stored in fossil fuels and biomass, and is responsible for powering the water cycle and producing wind.*

Radiant Energy

Solar energy is radiation produced by nuclear fusion inside the suns core.

It takes millions of years for the energy in the suns core to make its way to the solar surface.

It takes 8 minutes to travel 93 million miles to earth. (186,000 miles per second)

The Greenhouse effect traps some of the heat making life on earth possible.*

Heating WaterSpace HeatingGenerating Electrical EnergyMajor uses of Solar Energy

Solar Technologies Day lighting Passive Solar

HeatingConcentrating

Solar ThermalPhotovoltaic's

(PV)

The four technologies employed to make use of solar energy are:

Daylighting- the use of natural sunlight to brighten the buildings interior.

Passive Solar Heating- takes advantage of Suns warmth and materials that absorb that warmth during the day/release it at night when heat is needed.

Active Solar Heating- solar collectors concentrate the suns power on dark color plates that absorb heat. Air or liquid flows through tubes and warmed by the plates.

Concentrating Solar Thermal- mirrors direct sunlight on one point. Water is turned into steam with this heat. The steam turns a turbine to create electricity.

Photovoltaic(PV)- converts sunlight directly to electricity.*

Passive SolarThese homes in Montana and California with a passive solar design heats the home in the winter.

This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity.

Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.*

How a Solar Power Plant Works

This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity.

Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.*

Power Tower

This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity.

Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.*

Photovoltaic Components

PV CellsModulesArrays

One PV cell only produces 1 or 2 watts of electricity, which isn't enough power for most applications.

To Increase power groups of solar cells are electrically connected and packaged into packaged weather-tight modules and arrays to provide useful output voltages and currents to provide a specific power output.

A PV System typically consists of 3 basic components.

PV cells - Electricity is generated by PV cells, the smallest unit of a PV system,

Modules - PV cells are wired together to form modules which are usually a sealed, or encapsulated, unit of convenient size for handling.

Arrays Groups of panels make up an array.

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CleanSustainable (can be used for longer duration)Free of costProvide Electricity to Remote PlacesAdvantages of Solar Energy

Disadvantages of Solar EnergyInefficient maximum efficiency up to 30%.Costly equipment.Part Time.High maintenance cost.

Photovoltaic Array Fields

In order to generate large amounts of electricity which can be fed into the electric grid, large number of arrays can be wired together to form an Array Field.*

*Photovoltaic system is ideal for remote applications whether other power sources are impractical or unavailable, such as in the Swiss Alps or on navigational buoys. It is not practical to connect these applications to an electric grid.

Sandia National Laboratories, US

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The Tides Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels due to combined effect

of the Moon , the Sun and rotation of the Earth.

HIGH TIDE LOW TIDE

Tidal Energy

Tidal EnergyMillions of gallons of water flow onto shore during tidal flows and away from shore during ebb (move away from the land) tide periods.

The larger the tidal influence, the greater the displacement of water and therefore the more potential energy that can be harvested during power generation.

Tidal energy is one of many forms of hydropower generation.Tidal power has many advantages as compared to other forms of renewable energy.

It is predictableGlobal Climate Change should only increase its generating capacity due to higher ocean levels.It is completely carbon neutral like wind or hydro energy.

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Tidal Stream Generators

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Tidal Stream Generators The worlds only operational commercial-scale tidal turbine, SeaGen, was installed in Strangford Narrows in Northern Ireland in 2008.

The prototype SeaGen turbine produces 1.2MW with currents of 2.4m/s or more. The capacity factor exceeds 60%.

The facility is an accredited UK power station, and can contribute up to 6,000MWh annually to the UK grid, the equivalent of approximately 1500 homes.

http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/web_sites/01-02/RE_info/tidal1.htm.

The commercial system under development by MCT is known as SeaGen . The prototype is operational in Strangford Narrows, Northern Ireland, and uses twin 16m diameter rotors to develop a rated power of 1.2MW at a current velocity of 2.4m/s. The system is accredited to OFGEM as an official UK generating station and regularly runs at full rated power. It has the capability to deliver about 10MWh per tide, which adds up to 6,000MWh per year. This is approximately the rate of energy capture that a wind turbine of about 2.4MW rated capacity can typically produce. So SeaGen shows that the tides are not only more prodictable than wind but twice as productive.

Photo: http://interestingenergyfacts.blogspot.com/2008/04/tidal-power-tidal-energy-facts.html*

Tidal Stream Generator Specifics

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Advantages of using Tidal PowerPredictable source of green" energy during lifetime of barrageIt produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; it needs no fuel.Not expensive to maintain.Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting the potential energy of the water into electricityVertical-axis tidal generators may be joined together in series to create a tidal fence capable of generating electricity on a scale comparable to the largest existing fossil fuel based, hydroelectric and nuclear energy generation facilities

http://www.marineturbines.com*

Disadvantages of using Tidal PowerA barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and affects a very wide area the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstreamIt provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out, which is not very muchExisting ecosystems would be heavily altered, with new species moving in and perhaps dominating old speciesTidal power schemes have a high capital cost

http://www.marineturbines.com*

Environmental Impacts of Tidal Stream Generation

Image: http://www.treehugger.com/verdant-power-turbine-j003.jpg

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file31334.pdfhttp://www.marineturbines.com/21/technology/29/environmental_impact/*

Environmental EffectsA tidal power scheme is a long-term source of electricity. A proposal for the Severn Barrage, if built, has been projected to save 18 million tones of coal per year of operation. This decreases the output of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.If fossil fuel resource is likely to decline during the 21st century, as predicted by Hubbert peak theory, tidal power is one of the alternative source of energy that will need to be developed to satisfy the human demand for energy.

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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energy is heat inside the earth.

What is Geo thermal?Geothermal comes from the Greek words Ge (earth) and thermos (hot).

Thus, geothermal energy means heat inside the earth.

At the center is a core of molten iron.

Around that is an outer core of iron and rock so hot that rock is in molted state. The liquid rock is called magma.

The next layer is a mixture of rock and magma called the mantle.

The shell of the earth with the oceans and mountains - is called the crust.The Earth Is Made of Layers

Heat Inside the EarthThe inside of the earth is very hot.

We can use this heat to warm our houses and produce electricity.

Today, power plants use steam from geothermal wells to make electricity.

The steam is used to spin turbines.

The turbines spin magnets in coils of copper wire to make electricity.

How Do We Use Geo thermal Energy?

The most active geothermal resources are usually found where earthquakes occur volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, volcanoes are concentrated.

Where Can We Find Geo thermal Energy?

Geo thermal Energy is Clean & Cheap.No fuel is burned, so there is no air pollution.The steam is turned into water and put back into the earth.Geothermal energy is cheap new power plants can make electricity for about the same as coal power plants.

Geo thermal power plant in USA

Photo of Geo thermal power plant

Hydroelectric Energy

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Layout Of Hydel power plant

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Location Of hydro power plantsGenerally located near riversDamsStreamsHigh pressure water sources

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Chief Joseph Dam in WashingtonProduces 2069 MW; Grand Coulee is 6465 MW!The other kind of dam is the storage dam with a high reservoir

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Chief Joseph Dam Fish LadderFish ladder to allow fish to bypass the dam and turbinesFederal fish counters identify and tally them

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Electrical Switch Yard at a DamBonneville Dam upstream from PortlandEnergy from the turbines is collected on bus bars for transmission

After a transformer raises the voltage (and decreases the current), the high lines connect to the red-and-white towers insulators to be connected into the grid

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Utah Dam Electrical Transformers High power has three phases, thus three single-phase transformers are used for each generators output

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Working Of Water WheelsThe water strikes the wheel about mid-way up so the inertia and the weight of the water push the wheel around

Water Flow

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Micro Hydropower Plant

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Hydroelectric Power Plants in India

Koyana dam, MaharashtraUjjani dam, Maharashtra

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Continued Gaj Nathpa Jakri

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Continued Rangit Sardar Sarovar

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Wind Energy

Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity

Common Wind Turbine ConstructionBlades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaftRotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed (40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed range)Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator

Contd.

Sizes and Applications

Small (10 kW)HomesFarmsRemote Application

Intermediate (10-250 kW)Village PowerHybrid SystemsDistributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)Central Station Wind FarmsDistributed PowerCommunity Wind

Location of wind farmsMountains or hilly areasIt can be build even on sea sides or oceans

3D View of 1.5 mw turbine

ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWERNo by-product is producedAlthough wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land.Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and businesses can use them.

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:Not uniformWind turbines are noisy. (About 70 mph).Capacity of wind turbines is less.Less efficiency (About 30%)

Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister.The range of its activities cover

1. Promotion of renewable energy technologies, 2. Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy technologies, 3.Create an environment conducive for their commercialization, 4.Renewable energy resource assessment, 5.Research and development,6.Demonstration, 7.Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar photovoltaics, cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower units.

Renewable energy scenario in India

Questions?

THANK YOU

The Sun is 93 million miles away.

A tiny fraction of the Suns energy hits the Earth (~a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our whole demands for a year.

We call the energy from the sun, solar energy.

Just the tiny fraction of the Suns energy that hits the Earth.

Solar energy is transmitted to the earth in the form of radiant energy.

It is vital to us because it provides the worlddirectly or indirectly with almost all of its energy.

In addition to providing the energy that sustains the world, solar energy is stored in fossil fuels and biomass, and is responsible for powering the water cycle and producing wind.*Solar energy is radiation produced by nuclear fusion inside the suns core.

It takes millions of years for the energy in the suns core to make its way to the solar surface.

It takes 8 minutes to travel 93 million miles to earth. (186,000 miles per second)

The Greenhouse effect traps some of the heat making life on earth possible.*The four technologies employed to make use of solar energy are:

Daylighting- the use of natural sunlight to brighten the buildings interior.

Passive Solar Heating- takes advantage of Suns warmth and materials that absorb that warmth during the day/release it at night when heat is needed.

Active Solar Heating- solar collectors concentrate the suns power on dark color plates that absorb heat. Air or liquid flows through tubes and warmed by the plates.

Concentrating Solar Thermal- mirrors direct sunlight on one point. Water is turned into steam with this heat. The steam turns a turbine to create electricity.

Photovoltaic(PV)- converts sunlight directly to electricity.*This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity.

Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.*This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity.

Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.*This graphic shows how the power tower is used to heat molten salt which is used to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine which produces electricity.

Molten salt is used to transfer the heat because the heat can be stored and used when the sun is behind the clouds or at night.*One PV cell only produces 1 or 2 watts of electricity, which isn't enough power for most applications.

To Increase power groups of solar cells are electrically connected and packaged into packaged weather-tight modules and arrays to provide useful output voltages and currents to provide a specific power output.

A PV System typically consists of 3 basic components.

PV cells - Electricity is generated by PV cells, the smallest unit of a PV system,

Modules - PV cells are wired together to form modules which are usually a sealed, or encapsulated, unit of convenient size for handling.

Arrays Groups of panels make up an array.

*In order to generate large amounts of electricity which can be fed into the electric grid, large number of arrays can be wired together to form an Array Field.**Photovoltaic system is ideal for remote applications whether other power sources are impractical or unavailable, such as in the Swiss Alps or on navigational buoys. It is not practical to connect these applications to an electric grid.

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*http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/web_sites/01-02/RE_info/tidal1.htm.

The commercial system under development by MCT is known as SeaGen . The prototype is operational in Strangford Narrows, Northern Ireland, and uses twin 16m diameter rotors to develop a rated power of 1.2MW at a current velocity of 2.4m/s. The system is accredited to OFGEM as an official UK generating station and regularly runs at full rated power. It has the capability to deliver about 10MWh per tide, which adds up to 6,000MWh per year. This is approximately the rate of energy capture that a wind turbine of about 2.4MW rated capacity can typically produce. So SeaGen shows that the tides are not only more prodictable than wind but twice as productive.

Photo: http://interestingenergyfacts.blogspot.com/2008/04/tidal-power-tidal-energy-facts.html*

*http://www.marineturbines.com*http://www.marineturbines.com*Image: http://www.treehugger.com/verdant-power-turbine-j003.jpg

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file31334.pdfhttp://www.marineturbines.com/21/technology/29/environmental_impact/*

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