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SUBMITTED TO:-Dr. S.K PALAIASSO. PROF(FLORICULTURE)

SUBMITTED BY:-B.ARPITAADM. NO. :- 12C/10B.Sc. Ag (4 th yr)

PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF

CHRYSANTHEMUM

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INTRODUCTION:-

YEAR ROUND PRODUCTION IS POSSIBLE AS THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION CAN BE MET UNDER CONTROLLED PRODUCTION SYSTEM. CULTIVATION IS CARRIED OUT UNDER A POLYHOUSE WITH INSECT PROOF NETTING AND USING UV RESISTANT CLADDING MATERIALS.

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COMMON NAME:-CHRYSANTHEMUM GLORRY OF EAST QUEEN OF EAST AUTUMN QUEEN GULDAUDIPOT MUM

S.N.:Dendranthema grandiflora FAMILY : ASTERACEAEORIGIN : SOUTH EUROPECH.NO. : X=9

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HISTORY :- THE FLORISTS' POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUM IS A COMPLEX HYBRID COMPOSED OF CROSSES AMONG SEVERAL ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL SPECIES NATIVE TO CHINA. THOUGH GROWN BY THE CHINESE FOR OVER 2000 YEARS, CULTIVARS WERE NOT AVAILABLE IN EUROPE UNTIL THE 1800S. IN THE UNITED STATES AROUND 1889, ELMER D. SMITH HYBRIDIZED AND NAMED OVER 500 CULTIVARS. HOWEVER, REAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHRYSANTHEMUM AS A POT CROP HAS OCCURRED SINCE THE 1940'S. THE CHRYSANTHEMUM USED IN POT CULTURE TODAY IS A HARDY OR SEMI-HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL WITH FLOWERS IN A WIDE RANGE OF COLORS.

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1. IRREGULAR INCURVE :- THESE ARE THE GIANT BLOOMS OF THE CHRYSANTHEMUM GENUS. THE FLORETS (PETALS) LOOSELY INCURVE AND MAKE FULLY CLOSED CENTERS. THE LOWER FLORETS PRESENT AN IRREGULAR APPEARANCE AND MAY GIVE A SKIRTED EFFECT. BOLA DE ORO (1992)

FLOWER SIZE: 6-8 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT MODERATELY SHORT.

TYPES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM

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2. REFLEX :- THE FLORETS IN THIS CLASS CURVE DOWNWARD AND OVERLAP, SIMILAR TO BIRD PLUMAGE. THE TOPS OF THESE BLOOMS ARE FULL, BUT SOMEWHAT FLATTENED. DOREEN STATHAM (1995)

FLOWER SIZE: 4-6 INCHES. FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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3 .REGULAR INCURVE :- A TRUE GLOBULAR BLOOM EQUAL IN BREADTH AND DEPTH. THE FLORETS SMOOTHLY INCURVE AND FORM A BALL. HEATHER JAMES (1972)

FLOWER SIZE: 4-6 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT MODERATELY SHORT.

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4 .DECORATIVE :- A FLATTENED BLOOM WITH SHORT PETALS. AS IN CLASSES 1-3 THE CENTER DISK SHOULD NOT BE VISIBLE. THE UPPER FLORETS TEND TO INCURVE, BUT THE LOWER PETALS GENERALLY REFLEX. CHIME (1994)

FLOWER SIZE: 5 INCHES OR GREATER

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A POT MUM OR DISBUD, PLANT HEIGHT SHORT.

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5 . INTERMEDIATE INCURVE :- THIS BLOOM CLASS IS SMALLER THAN THE IRREGULAR INCURVE, WITH SHORTER FLORETS, ONLY PARTIALLY INCURVING WITH FULL CENTERS, BUT GIVING A MORE OPEN APPEARANCE. MANY OF THE POPULAR COMMERCIAL INCURVING TYPES ARE IN THIS INTERMEDIATE CLASS. BOB DEAR (1986)

FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES OR GREATER.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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6 .POMPON :- A SMALL GLOBULAR BLOOM, SOMEWHAT FLAT WHEN YOUNG BUT FULLY ROUND WHEN MATURE. SIZE RANGES FROM SMALL BUTTON TYPES TO LARGE DISBUDDED BLOOMS ALMOST 4 INCHES IN DIAMETER. THE FLORETS INCURVE OR REFLEX IN A REGULAR MANNER AND FULLY CONCEAL THE CENTER. LAKESIDE (1972)

FLOWER SIZE: 1-4 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS : GROWN AS A SPRAY, PLANT HEIGHT TALL.

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7 . SINGLE AND SEMI-DOUBLE :- A DAISY-LIKE FLOWER WITH A CENTER DISK AND ONE OR MORE ROWS OF RAY FLORETS. CRIMSON GLORY (1978)

FLOWER SIZE: GREATER THAN 4 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD OR SPRAY, PLANT MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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8 . ANEMONE :- THESE BLOOMS ARE SIMILAR TO THE SEMI-DOUBLES, BUT HAVE A RAISED CUSHION-LIKE CENTER. DOROTHY MECHEN (1987)

FLOWER SIZE: GREATER THAN 4 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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9 .SPOON :- ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AS THE SEMI-DOUBLE, EXCEPT THE RAY FLORETS ARE LIKE SPOONS AT THE TIPS. THE CENTER DISK IS ROUND AND VISIBLE. KIMIE (1956)

FLOWER SIZE: 4 INCHES OR GREATER. FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD OR SPRAY, PLANT HEIGHT TALL.

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10.QUILL :- THE FLORETS IN THIS CLASS ARE

STRAIGHT AND TUBULAR WITH OPEN TIPS. THE BLOOM IS FULLY DOUBLE WITH NO OPEN CENTER.

SEATONS TOFFEE (1996)

FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES OR GREATER.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:

GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT HEIGHT MEDIUM.

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11.SPIDER :-

SPIDERS HAVE LONG TUBULAR RAY FLORETS WHICH MAY COIL OR HOOK AT THE ENDS. THE FLORETS MAY BE VERY FINE TO COARSE.

CHESAPEAKE (1997)

FLOWER SIZE: SIX INCHES OR GREATER.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:

GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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12 . BRUSH OR THISTLE :- FINE TUBULAR FLORETS WHICH GROW PARALLEL TO THE STEM AND RESEMBLE AN ARTIST’S PAINT BRUSHES OR IN THE THISTLE FORM THE FLORETS ARE FLATTENED, TWISTED AND DROPPING. CINDY(1987)

FLOWER SIZE: LESS THAN 2 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A SPRAY, PLANT MEDIUM HEIGHT.

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13 .UNCLASSIFIED OR EXOTIC :- THOSE BLOOMS WHICH FIT IN NONE OF THE OTHER CLASSES. THEY ARE OFTEN EXOTIC, WITH TWISTED FLORETS. THEY MAY ALSO EXHIBIT CHARACTERISTICS OF MORE THAN ONE BLOOM CLASS. LONE STAR (1986)

FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES ORGREATER.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS A DISBUD

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BASIC REQUIRMENTS

FOR PROTECTED

CULTIVATION

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SOIL :-SOIL SHOULD BE LEVELLED PROPERLY.COCOPEAT SHOULD BE ADDED TO IMPROVE STRUCTURE & WATER HOLDING CAPACITY.IF GROWING 1ST TIME, SOIL SHOULD BE DISINFECTED USING FORMALDEHYDE.

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PLANTING MATERIALS :-USE DISEASE FREE PLANTING MATERIALS FROM A REPUTED SOURCE.COLOUR PREFERANCE SHOULD GIVEN ON WHITE, YELLOW OR RED & PINK.SELECTED PLANTS SHOULD HAVE CAPABILITY OF PRODUCING ATTRACTIVE BLOOMS WITH TOUGH PETALS & UNIFORMITY IN BLOOMING.

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PLANTING METHOD:-CUTTINGS ARE PLANTED ON BEDS OF

ABOUT 12- 15CM WIDE.IRON NETS ARE USED FOR UNIFORM

DISTRIBUTION.

PLANTS SHOULD BE PLANTED WITH THEIR ROOTS FULLY IN THE SOIL & WELL PRESSED TO MAKE GOOD CONTACT WITH SOIL.A DENSITY OF 30-48 PLANTS SHOULD MAINTAINED PER METER SQUARE.

PLANTS ARE ALSO RAISED IN POTS OR BENCHES.

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WATER MANAGEMENT :-A GOOD CONTROL OVER WATER SUPPLY AND IT’S DISTRIBUTION CAN BE MADE BY INSTALLING DRIPS AND OVERHEAD ROTATING SPRINKLER.

IMMIDIEATLY AFTER PLANTING AT THE END OF CROP WHEN FLOWER OPEN OVERHEAD IRRIGATION IS STOPPED & WATERING DONE BY PIPES.

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MIST :- UNIFORM MIST TO KEEP CUTTING TURGID DURING ROOTING IS VITAL.

EXCESSIVE MIST WILL LEACH NUTRIENTS FROM THE MEDIUM AND LEAVES, OVER-SATURATE THE MEDIUM REDUCING AERATION, AND STRETCH THE CUTTINGS. INADEQUATE MIST CAUSES WILTING, NECROTIC LEAF MARGINS, AND HARD CUTTINGS THAT DO NOT ROOT UNIFORMLY. CUTTINGS SHOULD NEVER WILT! THUS, A CONTINUOUS FILM OF MOISTURE SHOULD COVER THE LEAVES UNTIL ROOTS FORM.

THE FREQUENCY (HOW OFTEN THE MIST TURNS ON) AND DURATION (LENGTH OF TIME THE MIST IS ON) OF MIST DEPENDS ON MANY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND VARIES FROM SEASON TO SEASON AND THROUGHOUT THE DAY.

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THIS IS USUALLY CONTROLLED BY PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS SUCH AS AN AUTOMATIC MIST CONTROLLER. MIST NOZZLE CAPACITY AND SPACING SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE UNIFORM COVERAGE OVER THE PROPAGATION AREA. THE MIST DURATION SHOULD BE LONG ENOUGH TO COVER THE FOLIAGE WITH A FILM OF WATER AND DEPENDS ON THE CAPABILITIES OF THE SYSTEM.MIST MAY BE REQUIRED AT NIGHT TO KEEP CUTTINGS TURGID DURING THE FIRST 3-4 DAYS. AFTERWARD, MIST IS APPLIED FROM 1 HOUR BEFORE SUNRISE TO 1 HOUR AFTER SUNSET. TESTS OF THE QUALITY OF THE WATER SUPPLIED TO THE MIST SYSTEM SHOULD BE DONE TO DETERMINE ALKALINITY. HIGH ALKALINITY CAN INCREASE THE PH OF THE PROPAGATION MEDIUM AND CAUSE CHLOROSIS OF THE FOLIAGE DURING PROPAGATION.

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LIGHT - LIGHT INTENSITIES SHOULD BE 3200-3800 FT.CA. SHADING IN THE SUMMER IS USUALLY NEEDED NOT ONLY TO REDUCE THE LIGHT INTENSITY BUT TO ALSO CONTROL HEAT. NIGHT-BREAK INCANDESCENT LIGHTING TO SIMULATE LONG DAYS IS MANDATORY. HID SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHT IS USEFUL DURING LOW-LIGHT PERIODS.

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TEMPERATURE - FACILITIES SHOULD BE AVAILABLE TO KEEP THE AIR TEMPERATURE 70-85F. HEATING IN WINTER SHOULD NOT DROP BELOW 68F. BOTTOM HEAT TO KEEP THE PROPAGATION MEDIUM 70-74F DRAMATICALLY SPEEDS ROOTING. IMMPROPER TEMPERATURE CAUSES UNEVEN BUD SET. BUD SET LIGHT PERIOD IS 14½ HOURS OR LESS AND FLOWER DEVELOPMENT TAKES PLACE WHEN DAYLIGHT IS 13½ HOURS OR LESS. VEGETATIVE GROWTH LIGHT PERIOD IS LESS THAN 12½ HOURS

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MEDIA - ALMOST ANY WELL-DRAINED, COURSE MEDIUM CAN BE USED TO ROOT CHRYSANTHEMUMS. THIS MAY BE CELLS, FLATS, STRIPS, OR POTS CONTAINING PEAT-LITE MEDIA, ROCKWOOL, FOAMS, OR OTHER ARTIFICIAL MEDIA. CUTTING ARE USUALLY STUCK 1" APART IN ROWS AND 1-2" BETWEEN ROWS.

ROOTING HORMONE - ROOTING HORMONES CONTAINING IBA OR NAA MAY NOT SPEED ROOTING BUT INCREASE ROOTING UNIFORMITY. LIQUIDS OR TALKS CONTAINING 1500 PPM IBA SHOULD BE APPLIED TO THE LOWER - " OF THE CUTTING.�

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PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT :-THE PROPAGATION AREA SHOULD BE ISOLATED SO THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY CAN BE MAINTAINED CLOSE TO 100% AND BE LARGE ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE ABOUT 3 WEEKS OF PRODUCTION. LARGER, UNUSED AREAS MAKE THE ENVIRONMENT MORE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL.

SANITATION -THE PROPAGATION SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED AND EQUIPPED TO KEEP EVERYTHING THAT MAY COME IN CONTACT WITH THE CUTTINGS DISINFECTED. BENCH SURFACES AND FLOORS SHOULD BE EASY TO CLEAN AND FREE OF WEEDS.

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GROWTH RETARDANTS - THIS IS USED ON CERTAIN VIGOROUS CULTIVARS DURING WARM TIMES OF THE YEARS TO PREVENT STRETCH AND PRODUCE A COMPACT PLANT. CUTTING ARE DIPPED INTO B-NINE AT 1000 PPM AND PLACED IN PLASTIC BAGS IN A COOLER OVERNIGHT, THEN STUCK THE NEXT MORNING.

NUTRITION - MANY GROWERS BEGIN FERTILIZING CHRYSANTHEMUM CUTTING AS SOON AS CALLUS FORMS (4-7 DAYS) USING A BALANCED FERTILIZER AT 200-250 PPM N. SOME GROWERS APPLY A DILUTE SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM NITRATE THROUGH THE MIST SYSTEM FOR THE FIRST SEVERAL DAYS.

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SPECIAL INTERCULURE :-PINCHING OR STOPPING:- TO ARREST UPWARD GROWTH PINCHING IS DONE BY REMOVING THE TERMINALS.IT INCREASES NO.OF FLOWERING STEMSTIME OF FLOWERING & BLOOM QUALITY.

DISBUDDING :-STANDARD TYPE ARE DISBUDDED BY RETAINING THE LARGEST TERMINAL BUD & REMOVING LATERAL BUDS.SPRAY TYPES ARE DISBUDDED BY REMOVING THE LARGE APICAL BUD.

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PINCHING DISBUDDING

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LIFTING IN :- PLANTS ARE GENERALLY LIFTED INTO THE GREENHOUSE IN SEPTEMBER OR EARLY OCTOBER BEFORE ANY HEAVY FROSTS OCCUR.

THE GREEN-HOUSE IS KEPT FULLY VENTILATED FOR A FEW WEEKS NO HEAT BEING NECESSARY AT THIS STAGE AND THEREAFTER HEAT IS GIVEN AT THE 45-50°F. LEVEL.

WATERING AND FEEDING IS CONTINUED.

PARTICULAR ATTENTION ALSO BEING PAID TO PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL, ESPECIALLY MILDEW WHICH CAN BE LARGELY PREVENTED BY ADEQUATE VENTILATION.

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HARVESTING INDICES:-STANDARD TYPE: FOR DISTANT MARKET : HARVESTED WHEN FEW OUTER ROW OF FLORETS START UNFURLING. FOR LOCAL MARKET : HARVESTED WHEN HEAD HAS OPENED 50% OF IT’S RAY.SPRAY TYPE : FOR DISTANT MARKET :WHEN RAY FLORETS SHOW 50% COLOUR. FOR LOCAL MARKET : WHEN 2 ROWS OF FLOWER HAVE OPENED & OTHER ARE SHOWING COLOURS.

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YIELD:-UNDER OPEN:- STANDARD : 2.5 TO 4.5 LAKH/HA SPRAY : 1.5 – 1.75 LAKH/HAUNDER GREEN HOUSE CONDITION : 150-250 FLOWER STEMS PER METER SQUARE PER YEAR.

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DISEASE AND

MANAGEMEN:-

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DISEASES OF THE FOLIAGE :-LEAF SPOTS :- CHRYSANTHEMUMS ARE SUBJECT TO SEVERAL LEAF SPOT FUNGI INCLUDING SEPTORIA CHRYSANTHEMI, S. CHRYSANTHEMELLA, ALTERNARIA SPECIES, AND CERCOSPORA CHRYSANTHEMI . SYMPTOMS :- 1. FIRST APPEAR AS YELLOW SPOTS WHICH TURN BROWN TO BLACK.

SPOTS OFTEN OCCUR ON LOWER LEAVES FIRST AND CAN COALESCE INTO LARGE NECROTIC AREAS AND FINALLY DEATH OF THE ENTIRE LEAF.

MANAGEMENT :-1. REGULARLY CLEAN UP AND DESTROY INFECTED PLANT DEBRIS AND

HAND PICK SYMPTOMATIC LEAVES FROM LIGHTLY INFESTED PLANTS.

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2. AVOID SPLASHING WATER ONTO PLANT FOLIAGE AND WATER EARLY IN THE DAY TO ALLOW FOLIAGE TO DRY QUICKLY.

3. IN SEVERE CASES, APPLICATIONS OF FUNGICIDES WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLOROTHALONIL, FLUDIOXONIL, IPRODIONE, MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL, PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL MAY BE APPLIED ACCORDING TO LABEL INSTRUCTIONS.

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POWDERY MILDEW :-SYMPTOMES :-1. ( ERYSIPHE CICHORACEARM ) AS IT NAME IMPLIES IS CHARACTERIZED

BY A WHITE TO ASH-GRAY POWDERY GROWTH ON LEAVES AND OCCASIONALLY STEMS.

2. FOLIAGE MAY BECOME PUCKERED OR DISTORTED.3. SEVERELY INFECTED LEAVES WILL SHRIVEL AND DIE. 4. THE DISEASE IS MOST SERIOUS DURING HOT, HUMID WEATHER. 5. UNLIKE MOST FUNGAL DISEASES, FREE WATER IS NOT REQUIRED FOR

POWDERY MILDEW INFECTION.6. HIGH HUMIDITY ENCOURAGES DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.

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MANAGEMENT :-1. POWDERY MILDEW CAN BE AVOIDED BY PROPER PLANT

SPACING, GOOD AIR CIRCULATION, LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND ADEQUATE LIGHT LEVELS.

2. APPLY PREVENTIVE FUNGICIDES AT THE FIRST SIGN OF DISEASE WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS COPPER, AZOXYSTROBIN, PYRACLOSTROBIN, FLUDIOXONIL, TRIFLUMIZOLE, MYCLOBUTANIL, TRIADIMEFON, PROPICONAZOLE, SULFUR, POTASSIUM BICARBONATE, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL ACCORDING TO LABEL INSTRUCTIONS.

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GRAY MOLD :-SYMPTOMS:-1. ( BOTRYTIS CINEREA ) MAY OCCUR ON PETALS, LEAVES, OR

STEM CANKERS AS BROWN, WATER-SOAKED SPOTS. 2. INFECTED PLANT PARTS MAY BE COVERED WITH GRAY TO BROWN,

POWDERY MASSES OF SPORES. 3. SENESCING TISSUES ARE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE. 4. GRAY MOLD IS FAVORED BY EXTENDED PERIODS OF CLOUDY, HUMID,

AND WET WEATHERMANAGEMENT:-5. PRACTICE GOOD SANITATION INCLUDING REMOVING SENESCING

FLOWERS AND LEAVES.6. AVOID WETTING FLOWERS WHEN WATERING AND DON'T

OVERCROWD THE PLANTS.7. PROVIDE GOOD AIR CIRCULATION AND KEEP HUMIDITY LOW BY A

COMBINATION OF HEATING AND VENTING (SEE FACT SHEET ON REDUCING HUMIDITY IN THE GREENHOUSE).

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4. APPLY PREVENTIVE FUNGICIDES AS SOON AS DISEASE IS DETECTED.

5. FUNGICIDES WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS CHLOROTHALONIL, DICHLORAN, FLUDIOXONIL, TRIFLOXYSTROBIN, IPRODIONE, MANCOZEB, COPPER SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, FENHEXAMID, AZOXYSTROBIN, AND THIOPHANATE METHYL ARE REGISTERED FOR BOTRYTIS CONTROL.

6. BE SURE TO ROTATE APPLICATIONS AMONG CHEMICAL CLASSES AS FUNGICIDE RESISTANT STRAINS OF BOTRYTIS HAVE BEEN REPORTED.

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RUSTS:-

CAUSAL ORGANISM :-P . CHRYSANTHEMI AND P. HORIANA .

SYMPTOMS :-1. P. CHRYSANTHEMI IS MOST COMMON IN LATE SUMMER AND IS

CHARACTERIZED BY DIRTY-BROWN PUSTULES AND YELLOWISH-GREEN SPOTS ON UPPER SURFACES OF LEAVES.

2. P. CHRYSANTHEMI CAUSES MINOR DAMAGE IN THE FIELD AND IS UNCOMMON ON GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

3. SEVERE INFESTATION MAY DAMAGE LARGE AREAS OF LEAVES AND LEAD TO DEFOLIATION AND REDUCED FLOWER PRODUCTION.

4. CHRYSANTHEMUM VARIETIES RESISTANT TO RUST INCLUDE 'ACHIEVEMENT', 'COPPER BOWL', 'ESCAPADE', 'HELEN CASTLE', ' MANDALAY ', 'MATADOR', 'MISS ATLANTA', 'ORANGE BOWL', AND 'POWDER PUFF'.

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5. P. HORIANA CAUSES CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE RUST AND AS A RECENT INTRODUCTION TO THE UNITED STATES IS SUBJECT TO QUARANTINE AND AN ERADICATION PROGRAM.

6. SYMPTOMS ARE WHITE, PINKISH OR BROWNISH PUSTULES PRODUCED ON LEAF UNDERSIDES WITH WHITE, YELLOW, TO PALE-GREEN LESIONS ON UPPER LEAF SURFACES.

7. CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE RUST RESULTS IN LEAF DISTORTION, DISCOLORATION, DEFOLIATION, AND PLANT DEATH.

8. WHITE RUST IS PRIMARILY A DISEASE OF GREENHOUSE CROPS; WHEN IT OCCURS OUTSIDE DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND LOW HUMIDITY KILL THE SPORES.

MANAGEMENT :-9. CONTACT STATE AND FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL OFFICIALS IF ANY

SUSPECT WHITE RUST INFECTIONS OCCUR AND DESTROY ALL PLANTS.

10. REGULATIONS REQUIRE THAT INFECT PLANTS BE DESTROYED TO PREVENT DISEASE ESTABLISHMENT IN THIS COUNTRY.).

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3. PROTECT HEALTHY PLANTS WITH FUNGICIDES WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLOROTHALONIL, FLUDIOXONIL, IPRODIONE, MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL, PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL MAY BE APPLIED ACCORDING TO LABEL INSTRUCTIONS.

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BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT :-

CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Pseudomonas cichorii

SYMPTOMS :-1. BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT ARE TAN TO DARK BROWN SPOTS OR

BLOTCHES THAT ARE OFTEN BORDERED OR RINGED BY YELLOWING TISSUE.

2. DISCOLORATION MAY BE PROMINENT ALONG LEAF VEINS OR LESIONS MAY BECOME ANGULAR AS BACTERIA GROWTH IS LIMITED BY MAJOR VEINS.

3. LEAF WILTING AND DEATH OFTEN FOLLOW. BACTERIA PERSIST IN OR ON INFECTED PLANTS, CROP DEBRIS, INFECTED SEED, CONTAMINATED SOIL, AND INFESTED POTS AND TOOLS.

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1.MANAGEMENT :-1. PRACTICES INCLUDE PLANTING PATHOGEN-FREE SEED AND

CULTIVARS, RESISTANT VARIETIES, GOOD SANITATION.2. AVOIDING OVERHEAD IRRIGATION OR HANDLING PLANTS WHEN

THEY ARE WET.3. ONCE PLANTS BECOME INFECTED WITH BACTERIA, IT IS BEST TO

ROGUE INFECTED PLANTS AND THOSE NEAR THEM BEFORE THE DISEASE SPREADS.

4. BACTERICIDES SUCH AS COPPER AND ANTIBIOTICS ARE OF LIMITED EFFECTIVENESS AND PLANTS CANNOT BE CURED.

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BACTERIAL BLIGHT CAUSAL ORGANISM :-Erwinia carotovora

SYMPTOMS :-1. BACTERIAL BLIGHT EXTEND BEYOND PLANT LEAVES TO INCLUDE

WATER-SOAKED LESIONS ON STEMS, DARKENING AND DEATH OF BUDS AND STEMS, BLACKENING OF TERMINALS, AND WILT AND COLLAPSE OF UPPER PORTIONS OF THE PLANTS.

2. INFECTED CUTTINGS MAY HAVE BROWN TO BLACK DECAY AT THEIR BASE.

3. BACTERIAL BLIGHT SURVIVES IN CROP DEBRIS AND IS FAVORED BY SURFACE MOISTURE, HIGH TEMPERATURES, AND HIGH HUMIDITY.

4. IT IS EASILY SPREAD ON INFESTED TOOLS, HANDS, OR PLANTS. MANAGEMENT :-5. START WITH PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA, USE PATHOGEN-FREE

CUTTINGS, REDUCE HUMIDITY AND INCREASE AIR CIRCULATION, AVOID WETTING FOLIAGE, PRACTICE GOOD SANITATION, AND REGULARLY INSPECT CROPS AND DISPOSE OF INFECTED PLANTS.

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FOLIAR NEMATODES CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi

SYMPTOMS:-1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF YELLOW TO BROWN, ANGULAR SPOTS ON

LOWER LEAVES WHICH ADVANCE UP THE PLANT IS A GOOD INDICATION OF NEMATODE INFECTION.

2. NEMATODES ARE MICROSCOPIC ROUNDWORMS THAT LIVE IN THE SOIL OR IN INFESTED PLANT MATERIAL.

3. NEMATODES SWIM IN A FILM OF WATER ON PLANTS TO SPREAD TO UNINFECTED LEAVES.

4. LESIONS ON THE LEAVES EVENTUALLY COALESCE TO COVER THE ENTIRE LEAF WHICH DIES, WITHERS, AND FALLS.

5. CAREFULLY INSPECT CUTTINGS AND PLANTS RECEIVED FROM PROPAGATORS. REMOVE INFESTED PLANTS AND CROP DEBRIS.

6. AVOID WETTING THE FOLIAGE AND OVERHEAD IRRIGATION.

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CAUSAL ORGANISM :-VIRUSES AND OTHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS: -CHRYSANTHEMUMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO A LARGE NUMBER OF VIRUS DISEASES INCLUDING CHRYSANTHEMUM MOSAIC VIRUS, IMPATIENS NECROTIC SPOT VIRUS, TOMATO ASPERMY VIRUS AND TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS. VIROID:- VIROID DISEASES INCLUDE CHRYSANTHEMUM CHLOROTIC MOTTLE AND CHRYSANTHEMUM STUNT VIROID.

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SYMPTOMS OF VIRUS &VIROID :-INFECTED PLANTS INCLUDE STUNTING, SPINDLY GROWTH, AND

FORMATION OF DENSE ROSETTES. FLOWERS MAY BE SMALL, DISTORTED OR EXHIBIT STREAKING AND

COLOR BREAK. LEAF SYMPTOMS ARE DIVERSE AND MAY APPEAR AS LEAF YELLOWING, RING SPOTS, LINES, MOTTLING, MOSAICS, VEIN CLEARING, DISTORTION, CRINKLING, WILT AND LEAF DROP.

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PHYTOPLASMAS:- A SERIOUS DISEASE CAUSED BY ORGANISMS ASTER YELLOWS SYMPTOMS:-ASTER YELLOWS RESULTS IN CHLOROTIC FOLIAGE, PLANT STUNTING, SPINDLY, UPRIGHT YELLOW SHOOTS, FEW OR NO FLOWERS,

FLOWER DISTORTION AND FAILURE TO COLOR. MANY OF THESE DISEASES ARE SPREAD BY SUCKING INSECTS SUCH AS

APHIDS AND LEAFHOPPERS. MANAGEMENT FOR VIRUS,VIROIDS, PHYTOPLASMA:-START WITH PATHOGEN-FREE PLANTS FROM A CULTURE INDEXING

PROGRAM. REMOVE AND DESTROY INFECTED PLANTS. REMOVE WEEDS THAT MAY BE HOSTS. CONTROL THE INSECTS THAT TRANSMIT THESE DISEASES. WASH TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED NEAR INFESTED PLANTS WITH

AN APPROPRIATE GREENHOUSE DISINFECTANT.

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VASCULAR WILTS :-CAUSAL ORGANISM:-

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. chrysanthemi AND Verticillium dahliae. FUSARIUM WILT SYMTOMS:- THE FIRST SIGNS OF THIS DISEASE ARE YELLOWING OF FOLIAGE,

STUNTING, AND WILTING OFTEN ALONG ONE SIDE OF PLANT. PLANTS MAY APPEAR WATER STRESSED AND FOLIAGE MAY BROWN

AND DIE. STEMS SHOW A REDDISH BROWN DISCOLORATION OF THE VASCULAR

SYSTEM. FUSARIUM IS SPREAD IN CONTAMINATED SOIL AND INFECTED CUTTINGS AND IS FAVORED BY WARM TEMPERATURES, HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITY, OVERWATERING, AND POOR DRAINAGE.

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MANAGEMENT :-1. START WITH PATHOGEN FREE CUTTINGS OR PLANTS AND

PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA. ADJUST PH TO 6.5 TO 7.0 AND USE NITRATE NITROGEN FERTILIZATION.

2. AVOID HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVARS SUCH AS BRAVO CIRBRONZE ILLINI TROPHY ORANGE BOWL ROYAL TROPHY YELLOW DELAWARE

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VERTICILLIUM WILT SYMPTOMS:-VERTICILLIUM WILT OFTEN APPEAR ONLY AFTER BLOSSOM BUDS

HAVE FORMED; YOUNG VIGOROUS PLANTS MAY BE SYMPTOMLESS. FOLIAGE BECOMES YELLOW AND WILTED, SOMETIMES ONLY ALONG

LEAF MARGINS AND ON ONE SIDE OF THE PLANT. LEAVES BEGIN TO DIE FROM THE BASE OF THE PLANT UPWARD AND

OFTEN REMAIN ATTACHED. STEMS MAY EXHIBIT DARK STREAKS IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM. THIS DISEASE IS FAVORED WHEN COOL WEATHER IS FOLLOWED BY

HOT TEMPERATUES. .

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MANAGEMENT:- START WITH PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA AND PATHOGEN-FREE

CUTTINGS. MOST CULTIVARS ARE RESISTANT. AVOID SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVARS INCLUDING BRIGHT GOLDEN ANN ECHO GLOWING MANDALAY MOUNTAIN PEAK PARAGON PERT PURITAN WEDGEWOOD

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DISEASES OF THE FLOWERS :-RAY BLIGHT:-CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Didymella ligulicola 1. THIS DISEASE AFFECTS THE RAY FLORETS AND MAY EXTEND INTO FLORAL

STALKS.2. LOWER LEAVES AND STEMS CAN ALSO BE AFFECTED. 3. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A BLACKISH ROT OF RAY FLORETS AND FLOWERS

MAY BE DEFORMED AND ONE-SIDED.4. BUD BLAST CAN OCCUR IN SEVERE CASES. 5. LOWER LEAVES AND STEMS CAN ROT, AND FOLIAGE MAY DISTORT OR DIE ON ONE SIDE OF STEM. 6. D. ligulicola PERSISTS IN PLANT DEBRIS AND SPORES ARE SPREAD BY WIND AND WATER. 7. THE DISEASE IS FAVORED BY OVERHEAD IRRIGATION OR RAIN.

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MANAGEMENT :-1. START WITH PATHOGEN-FREE CUTTINGS. 2. AVOID WETTING FOLIAGE AND FLOWERS AND KEEP

HUMIDITY LOW. 3. PROTECT FOLIAGE WITH FUNGICIDES WITH ACTIVE

INGREDIENTS INCLUDING AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLOROTHALONIL, FLUDIOXONIL, IPRODIONE, MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL, PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL ACCORDING TO LABEL INSRUCTIONS

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RAY SPECK: -CAUSAL ORGANISM:- Stemphylium lycopersici 1. CAUSES SMALL, NECROTIC, LIGHT BROWN TO DARK BROWN LESIONS

WHICH MAY COALESCE AND CAUSE BLOSSOM DEATH.

2. THE PATHOGEN IS FAVORED BY WET CONDITIONS AND TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 60° TO 85° F.

MANAGEMENT:- 3. ROGUE AND DISPOSE OF INFECTED PLANTS.4. 5. PROVIDE GOOD AIR CIRCULATION AND DON'T OVERCROWD PLANTS.

6. AVOID OVERHEAD IRRIGATION AND KEEP PLANTS dry.

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DISEASES OF ROOTS AND CROWNS :-1. ROOT ROT BY Pythium & Phytopthora2. CROWN ROT BY Rhizoctonia

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BLINDNESS :- IT OCCURS WHEN THE NIGHT TEMPERATURE IS TOO LOW AND THE DAYS ARE SHORT AT THE TIME WHEN FLOWER BUDS ARE FORMING. A ROSETTE TYPE OF GROWTH IS INDICATIVE OF THIS DIFFICULTY. CENTER PETALS FAIL TO DEVELOP & FLOWERS MAY FAIL TO OPEN.THIS CAN BE REDUCED BY PROPERLY REGULATING THE LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE.

CROWN BUD :- BUD DEVELOPMENT IS SEVERELY RETARDED AND INVLOUCRAL BRACTS BECOME GROSSLY ENLARGED. THIS IS OBSERVED IN PLANTS GROWN IN LONG DAYS AFTER RECEIVING A FEW SHORT DAYS

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS :-

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CHLOROSIS :- OR YELLOWING OF THE UPPER FOLIAGE, IS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH OVER WATERING, NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY OR EXCESSIVE FERTILIZER IN THE SOIL, OR INSECTS OR DISEASES ATTACKING THE ROOT SYSTEM. PROPER NUTRIENT AND PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES OVER COME THIS PROBLEM.

BLEACHING OF PETALS :– HIGH TEMPERATURE DURING FLORAL DEVELOPMENT RESULTS IN BRONZE AND PINK COLOURED CULTIVARS

SUNSCALD :- IS PREVALENT ON STANDARDS IN FLOWER IN VERY WARM WEATHER. THE PETALS TURN BROWN AND DRY UP.

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IMPORTANT CULTIVARS :-WHITE :-

INNOCENCE BEAUTY BIRBAL SAHANI

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YELLOW :- CHANDRAMA

PURPLE:- PINK CLOUD

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RED :- BRAVO,

ALFRED WILSON

THANK YOU