powerpoint summary of chapter 4 (consciousness) bb.docx

8/18/2019 Powerpoint Summary of Chapter 4 (Consciousness) BB.docx

1/16

Chapter 4 – ConsciousnessFROM THE INTERNET: “Sleep learning is a way to harness the power of your subconscious while

you sleep enabling you to learn foreign languages pass e!a"s un#erta$e professional stu#iesan# i"ple"ent self%growth by using techni&ues base# on research con#ucte# all o'er the worl#with great success() The "a$ers of subli"inal tapes assert that their tapes contain e"be##e#infor"ation that is too faint or *eeting to reach conscious awareness

In order for a patient to maintain consciousness, two important neurological components must

function perfectly. The rst is the cerebral cortex and the other is, the reticular activating

system (RAS), a more primitive structure in the brainstem that is needed for arousal

and sleep-a!e cycles" The brainstem is the lower extension of the brain where it connects t

the spinal cord. The brain stem contains the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons.

Sarah Burke died at the age of 2 after tearing the artery that supplies blood to the brainstemduring a training run in the superpipe. !s the result of a fall after completing a "ump, she su#era ruptured vertebral artery, one of the four ma$or arteries supplying blood to the brai

causing what#s called a massi$e intercranial hemorrhage. %he artery that ruptured is one ofthe most critical blood vessels in the body, feeding o&ygen-rich blood to the brainstem" 'ts the brain stem, located at the bottom of the brain and tuc!ed inside the baof the s!ull that controls breathing and heart function" This caused her to go into cardiacarrest. %mergency personnel responded and &'( was administered on the scene during whichtime she remained without a pulse or spontaneous breathing. Burke was rushed to hospital, wheshe was put on life support and therapeutic hypothermia was initiated to protect her brain. )n *a++, she had surgery to repair the torn artery, and had been in a medically induced coma until shdied a few days later.

any characteristics of what we call consciousness are also gradually lost by people su-eringfrom !lheimer/s disease. They become detached from e$erything going on around them and ar

no longer e$en sure of their own identity. !nd there is something e$en more disturbing about

seeing someone in a coma after a traumatic brain in"ury, because there is a body, ob$iously ali$

yet displaying no signs of consciousness.

oc!ed-in syndrome is a condition in which a patient is aware and awake but cannot mo$e orcommunicate $erbally due to complete paralysis of nearly all $oluntary muscles in the bodyexcept for the eyes. 'atients who ha$e locked0in syndrome are conscious and aware with no lossof cogniti$e function. Those with locked0in syndrome may be able to communicate with others

through coded messages by blinking or mo$ing their eyes, which are often not a-ected by theparalysis. The symptoms are similar to those of sleep paralysis"

Caused by damage to speci*c portions of the loer brain and

brainstem ith no damage to the upper brain (+rain in$ury, disease

other causes)" 't is e&tremely rare for any signi*cant motor functio

to return""". of those ith this condition die" 'n persistent

vegetative state damage is to upper portion of brain not loer"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis


2/16

'arisian "ournalist *ean01ominiue Bauby su-ered a stroke in 1ecember +3, and, when he

awoke 24 days later, he found that his body was almost completely paralyed5 he could control

only his left eyelid. By blinking this eye, he slowly dictated one alphabetic character at a time an

in so doing, was able o$er a great deal of time to write his memoir. Three days after it was

published in arch +6, Bauby died of pneumonia.

'!7% 8

&onsciousness is dened as our awareness at any gi$en time9our thoughts, feelings, sensation

and perceptions of the external en$ironment. But this awareness can also $ary in degree or focu

&onsciousness is not an :all or nothing; process< we drift in and out of consciousness rapidly as

the degree of focus we place on one e$ent or thought comes and goes as uickly as we shift our

attention to other issues. &learly, there are times during which we place all our attention on a

specic issue. This is what happens when we are fully absorbed and our thoughts are xed on th

details of what we are concentrating on, whether it is our studies or a basketball game on T=.

)ther forms of attention are less e-ortful< for example, when we are daydreaming. !nd, of coursattention is e$en less e-ortful when we sleep.

&I(&!1I!> (?@T?S5 )A( ?)A( ?I7?S !>1 )CS

+ody temperature and the brains sleep-a!e cycle are closely

lin!ed" /eople sleep best hen body temperature is loest"""0ost

alert hen body temperature is at its daily high" %o fall asleep e

must cool o#" %hats hy hot summer nights can cause a restless

sleep"

+s we wa$e up an# beco"e "ore an# "ore alert both bloo# pressure an# bo#y te"peratureincrease( Fro" sunset onwar#s our bo#ies are #esigne# to win# #own an# our bo#ies will increathe pro#uction of growth an# repair hor"ones( This is a 'ery i"portant phase especially for thosthat ha'e been #oing any $in# of physical e!ercise throughout the #ay( The physical repair cycleis fro" about ,-%.a"( /our "uscles nee# this ti"e to get the best results for repair an# growth(So if you are so"eone that goes to be# at ,. then you will only get . hours of physical repair(

'!7%

%he suprachiasmatic nucleus responds to the amount of light,

particularly sunlight reaching the eye and then transferred via the

optic nerve" %he SC1 then signals pineal gland to release

*%T !75 C?%(% ! I !>1 C?!T TI% IS ITD

Suppose you Ey from Toronto to 'aris, and the plane lands at midnight Toronto time, about the

time you usually go to sleep. Chen it is midnight in Toronto, it is F544 a.m. in 'aris, almost time t

get up. %$erything in 'aris, including the clocks and the sun, tells you it is early morning, but you

still feel as though it is midnight. @ou are experiencing "et lag. %xposure to bright sunlight during

the early morning and a$oidance of bright lights during the e$ening Galong with melatonin

supplementsH may be an e-ecti$e strategy to restore regular circadian rhythms.


3/16

S?IT C)(J5 C)(JI>7 1!@ !>1 >I7?T

Shift workers are more likely to cut back on sleep, to spend less time with their spouse, and to

worry about not spending enough time with family, compared with regular day workers. )ther

studies indicate that shift workers a$erage two to four hours less sleep per night than non0shift

workers of the same age and also report more gastrointestinal and cardio$ascular problems, use

more prescription drugs, ha$e more emotional exhaustion and mood problems, and ha$e higher

di$orce rates than non0shift workers.

'!7% +44

Chat about performance on the "obD !lertness and performance deteriorate if people work durin

sub"ecti$e night, when their biological clock is telling them to go to sleep. 1uring sub"ecti$e nigh

energy and eKciency reach their lowest

point, reaction time is slowest, producti$ity is diminished and, in the long run, "ob stress increase

!side from the psychological and performance0related e-ects of shift work, much recent researc

has shown that shift work signicantly increases the risk of physical in"ury. any air, rail, marine

and highway accidents ha$e occurred when the shift workers in charge su-ered sleep loss and

fatigue because of the disruption of their circadian rhythms. Ani$ersity of British &olumbia

psychologist Stanley &oren has demonstrated that e$en the one0hour sleep loss we experience

when we put our clocks forward in the spring for daylight sa$ing time is associated with asignicant increase in traKc accidents and deaths.

S%%'5 T?!T @ST%(I)AS )>% T?I(1 ) )A( I=%S

)$er a lifetime, a person spends about 23 years sleeping. or decades, sleep researchers argued

about the function of sleep. Some belie$ed sleep simply ser$ed a restorati$e function< others

argued that sleep e$ol$ed to keep animals out of harm/s way. But neither of these theories alone

accounts for many of the research ndings about sleep.

0any people ith the total blindness have sleeping problems

because their retinas are unable to detect light" %hese people havea !ind of permanent $et lag and insomnia"

Seasonal a#ective disorder"""Short days of mid-inder can disrupt

circadian rhythms"""seasonal form of depression" +right light

therapy (e2ual to 3 uorescent bulbs)""" in front of the bo& ith eye

open but not staring at the light soure for 5-6 minutes" /roduces

melatonin suppression"

0ritish Ministry of 1efence researchers ha'e been able to reset sol#iers2 bo#y cloc$s so they cango without sleep for up to 34 hrs( Tiny optical 5bres e"be##e# in special spectacles pro6ect a rinof bright white light 7with a spectru" i#entical to a sunrise8 aroun# the e#ge of sol#iers2 retinasfooling the" into thin$ing they ha'e 6ust wo$en up( The syste" was 5rst use# on 9S pilots #urinthe bo"bing of oso'o(

The brain #oes not shut #own #uring sleep( ;e are not totally unresponsi'e while asleept e!pect to learn "ath a foreign language or other co"ple! s$ills while asleep


4/16

'!7% +4+

>(% !>1 (% S%%'5 C!T&?I>7 T?% %@%S

In the +34s, se$eral uni$ersities set up sleep laboratories where people/s brainwa$es, eye

mo$ements, chin0muscle tension, heart rate, and respiration rate were monitored through a nigh

of sleep. rom the data they gathered, researchers disco$ered that there are two ma"or categori

of sleep5 >(% Gnon0rapid eye mo$ementH sleep and (% Grapid eye mo$ementH sleep.

>(% sleepLthere is no rapid eye mo$ement. It is often called uiet sleep because heart rate a

respiration are slow and regular, there is little body mo$ement, and blood pressure and brain

acti$ity are at their lowest points of the 2M0hour period. There are four stages of >(% sleep, w

Stage + being the lightest sleep and Stage M being the deepest. Ce pass gradually rather than

abruptly from one stage to the next. %ach stage can be identied by its brainwa$e pattern.

ost of us en$ision sleep as a time of deep relaxation and calm. But (% sleep, sometimes calle

acti$e sleep, is anything but calm, and it constitutes 24 to 23 percent of a normal night/s sleep i

adults. 1uring the (% state, there is intense brain acti$ity, and our body reacts as if to a

daytime emergency. %pinephrine GadrenalinH shoots into the system, blood pressure rises, heart

rate and respiration become faster and irregular, and temperature increases. In contrast to this storm of internal acti$ity, there is an external calm during (% sleep.

R70 atonia"""the large muscles of the body-arms, legs, trun!-becomeparaly8ed---the motor paralysis of R70 sleep protect

'rocess of waking up might seem uite simple but actually a complex process in$ol$ing manyphysiological changesLone is re$ersal of paralysis. Sometimes paralysis doesn/t wear o- fastenough as we wake upLremain paralyed though conscious. %pisode is often terminated by asound or a touch on the body. =ictim in this state feels awake, but he cannot mo$e or speak Lmhear footsteps, see a ghost0like creature, feeling choked or su-ocatedLcause people anxiety anterror, but there is no physical harm.

!nd if you awaken during (% sleep, you may not go back into this kind of sleep for at least N4

minutes. If you obser$e a sleeper during the (% state, you can see the eyes darting around

under the eyelids. %ugene !erinsky disco$ered these bursts of rapid eye mo$ement in +32. i$

years later, Cilliam 1ement and >athaniel Jleitman made the connection between rapid eye

mo$ement and dreaming. It is during (% periods that most of our $i$id dreams occur. Chen

awakened from (% sleep, 84 percent of people report dreaming.

'!7% +42

S%%' &@&%S5 T?% >I7?T@ '!TT%(> ) S%%' The brain generates tiny electrical signals that can be amplied and recorded using an

electroencephalograph G%%7H. Sleep follows a fairly predictable pattern each night. Ce sleep in

cycles. The rst sleep cycle begins with a few minutes in Stage + sleep, sometimes called light

sleep. Stage + is actually a transition stage between waking and sleeping. Then sleepers descen

into Stage 2 sleep, in which they are somewhat more deeply asleep and harder to awaken. !bou

34 percent of the total night/s sleep is spent in Stage 2 sleep. >ext, sleepers enter Stage N sleep

the beginning of slow0wa$e sleep Gor deep sleepH. !s sleep gradually becomes deeper, brain

acti$ity slows and more delta wa$es Gslow wa$esH appear in the %%7. Chen there are more than

34 percent delta wa$es on the %%7, people are said to be in Stage M sleep, the deepest sleep,

when people are hardest to awaken.


5/16

9hen you are aa!e and alert pattern of small, fast aves (alpha and beta)" :eepest

level of normal sleep brain aves are almost pure delta"""large and slo" +rainaves

during R70 sleep is similar to that of the sub$ect hen aa!e"

'!7% +4N

!fter about M4 minutes in Stage M sleep, brain acti$ity increases and the delta wa$es begin to

disappear from the

%%7. Sleepers make an ascent back through Stage N and Stage 2 sleep, then enter the rst (%

period of the night, which lasts +4 or +3 minutes. !t the end of this (% period, the rst sleep

cycle is complete, and the second sleep cycle begins.

!fter the rst two sleep cycles of about 4 minutes each, the sleep pattern changes and sleeper

usually get no more Stage M sleep. rom this point on, during each 40minute sleep cycle, people

alternate mainly between Stage 2 and (% sleep for the remainder of the night. Cith each sleep

cycle, the (% periods Gthe :dreaming times;H get progressi$ely longer. By the end of the night,

(% periods may be N4 to M4 minutes long. In a night, most people sleep about $e sleep cycles

G6.3 to 8 hoursH and get about +.3 hours of slow0wa$e sleep and +.3 hours of (% sleep.

Se$eral (% cycles per nightLwhile we are asleep, our brains are on a bit of a Oroller0coasterO

through di-erent stages of sleep.

?owe$er, a period of at least N4 minutes of non0(% sleep between periods of (% sleep still seems tobe necessary e$en toward the end of the night. )$erthe night as a whole, (% sleep accounts for about 24 to23P of our sleep time.

ost people dream four or $e times a night but not allpeople remember their dreams. 1reams usually spaced about 4 minutes apart. irstdream lasts only +4 minutes. ast dream a$erages N4 minutes and may last as long as 34.

I>1I=I1A! 1I%(%>&%S I> S%%' '!TT%(>S5 ?)C C% 1I%( There are great indi$idual $ariations in sleep patterns. The ma"or factor contributing to these

$ariations is ageLthe older we get, the less we sleep. !s people age, they usually experience a

decrease in uality and uantity of sleep. )lder people ha$e more diKculty falling asleep, and

they typically ha$e lighter sleep and more and longer awakenings than younger people. They

spend more time awake in bed but less time asleep, a$eraging about F.3 hours of sleep. Their

percentage of (% sleep, howe$er, stays about the same.

arks and )wls5 %arly to (ise and ate to Bed

Some people awaken early e$ery morning and leap out of bed with enthusiasm, eager to start th

day. )thers fumble for the alarm clock and push in the snooe button to get a few more preciousminutes of sleep. Sleep researchers ha$e names for these two types9larks and owls9and there

a physical explanation for the di-erences in how they feel. !bout 23 percent of people are larks9

people whose body temperature rises rapidly after they awaken and stays high until about

65N4 p.m. arks turn in early and ha$e the fewest sleep problems. Then there are the 23 percent

who are owls and the 34 percent who are somewhere in between. The body temperature of an o

rises gradually throughout the day, peaking in the afternoon and not dropping until later in the

e$ening. It is not surprising that larks ha$e more diKculty than owls in adapting to night shifts.

(% S%%'5 ! '!(T ) S%%' T?!T C% S?)A1 >)T 1) CIT?)AT Sleep 1epri$ation5 ?ow 1oes


6/16

!-ect AsD

Chat is the longest you ha$e e$er stayed awake9one day, two days, three days, or four daysD

!ccording to the 7uinness Book of Corld (ecords, &alifornian (obert c1onald stayed awake M3

hours and M4 minutes Galmost + daysH in a +8F rocking0chair marathon. Anlike c1onald, mos

of us ha$e missed no more than a few consecuti$e nights of sleep, perhaps while studying for n

exams. If you ha$e e$er missed two or three nights of sleep, you may remember ha$ing

experienced diKculty concentrating, lapses in attention, and general irritability.

'!7% +4M

ost people who try to stay awake for long periods of time will ha$e microsleeps, two0 to three0

second lapses from wakefulness into sleep. @ou may ha$e experienced a microsleep if you ha$e

e$er caught yourself nodding o- for a few seconds in class or on a long automobile trip.

The unction of (% Sleep5 >ecessary, but ChyD

The fact that newborns ha$e such a high percentage of (% sleep has led to the conclusion that(% sleep is necessary for maturation of the brain in infants. (ecent research has shown that (%sleep aids in information processing, helping people sift through daily experiences in order toorganie and store in memory information that is rele$ant to them.?a$e you e$er pulled an :all nighter; to study for a nal examD

1(%!I>75 @ST%(I)AS %>T! !&TI=IT@ C?I% C% S%%'

Chether or not you remember them when you wake up, all of us ha$e dreams during a regular

night/s sleep. >ot surprisingly, people ha$e always been fascinated by dreams. The $i$id dreams

we remember and talk about are (% dreams9the type that occur almost continuously during

each (% period. But people also ha$e >(% dreams, which occur during >(% sleep. (%

dreams ha$e a story0like or surreal uality and are more $isual, $i$id, emotional,

and likely to include aggressi$e beha$ior. ?a$e you e$er heard that an entire dream takes place

an instantD 1o you nd that hard to belie$eD In fact, it is not true. Sleep researchers ha$edisco$ered that it takes about as long to dream a dream as it would to experience the same thin

in real life.

=ery few dreams are memorable enough to be retained $ery long9roughly +4 minutes9and wha

tends to stand out are those parts that are biarre or emotional. Sleep researchers ha$e learned

that sleepers ha$e the best recall of a dream

if they are awakened during the dream< the more time that passes after the dream ends, the

poorer the recall

'!7% +4F

Some people are troubled by unpleasant recurring dreams. The two most common themes in$ol

falling or being chased, threatened, or attacked. School related dreams common among young

peopleLstudying or failing an exam. Is there anything that can be done to pre$ent frightening

recurring dreamsD Some people ha$e been taught to deliberately control dream content in order

to stop unwanted, recurrent dreams. Some researchers argue that dreaming while exerting cont

o$er one/s dreams, called lucid dreams, is a learnable skill that can be perfected with regular

practice. (esearch suggests that indi$iduals who are good at controlling their thoughts when

awake are also successful at lucid dreaming.


7/16

Researchers foun# that 'i'i# bi?arre an# e"otionally intense #rea"s 7the #rea"s that people

usually re"e"ber8 are lin$e# to parts of the a"yg#ala an# hippoca"pus( ;hile the a"yg#ala

plays a pri"ary role in the processing an# "e"ory of e"otional reactions(

Interpreting 1reams5 !re There ?idden eanings in )ur 1reamsD

Sigmund reud belie$ed that dreams function to satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressi$e

wishes. Because such wishes are unacceptable to the dreamer, they ha$e to be disguised and

therefore appear in dreams in symbolic form. reud asserted that ob"ects like sticks, umbrellas,

tree trunks, and guns symbolie the male sex organ< ob"ects like chests, cupboards, and boxes

represent the female sex organ. reud di-erentiated between the manifest content of the dream

the dream as recalled by the dreamer9and the underlying meaning of the dream, called the

latent content, which he considered more signicant. In recent years there has been a ma"or shi

away from the reudian interpretation of dreams. The greater focus now is on the manifest

content9the actual dream itself9rather than on the search for symbols that can be decoded to

re$eal some inner conEict.

?obson and c&arley G+66H ad$anced the acti$ation0synthesis hypothesis of dreaming. This

hypothesis suggests that dreams are simply the brain/s attempt to make sense of the random

ring of brain cells during (% sleep. ?owe$er, contemporary research on dreams now contradic

the $iew that the content of dreams emerges from random signals. Brain0imaging studies sugge

that se$eral brain structures such as the hippocampus and the amygdala play important roles in

dream acti$ity.

'!7% +46

=!(I!TI)>S I> S%%'

Chen it comes to sleep, the expression :one sie ts all; does not apply. !lthough adults a$erag

about 6.3 hours of sleep daily, with an extra hour on weekends, this is too much for some people

and too little for others. Short sleepers are the 24 percent who reuire fewer than six hours< long

sleepers are the +4 percent who reuire more than nine. There seems to be a limit below which

most of us cannot go. In one study, not a single participant could get by with less than M.3 hours

of sleep. It seems that F.3 hours is the minimum for most people.

'!(!S)>I!S5 A>ASA! B%?!=I)A(S1A(I>7 S%%'

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are two parasomnias that occur during Stage M sleep and in whic

the sleeper does not come to full consciousness. Typically, there is no memory of the episode th

following day. ost cases begin in childhood and are attributed primarily to a delayed

de$elopment of the ner$ous system. The disturbances are usually outgrown by adolescence, antreatment is generally not ad$ised.

Sleepwalkers ha$e their eyes open with a blank stare, and rather than walking normally, they

shufEe about. Their coordination is poor, and if they talk, their speech is usually unintelligible. If

%%7 recording were made during a sleepwalking episode, it would show a combination of delta

wa$es, indicating deep sleep, and alpha and beta wa$es, signalling the waking state.

'!7% +48

Sleepwalkers are awake enough to carry out acti$ities that do not reuire their full attention, but


8/16

asleep enough not to remember ha$ing done so the following day. Sleepwalkers may get up and

roam through the house or simply stand for a short time and then go back to bed. )ccasionally

they get dressed, eat a snack, or go to the bathroom. The most important concern in sleepwalki

is safety. Because of their reduced alertness and coordination, sleepwalkers are at risk of hurting

themsel$es. They ha$e been known to walk out of windows, accidentally run into ob"ects, or fall

down.

S%%' T%(()(S5 S&(%!S I> T?% >I7?T

Sleep terrors usually begin with a piercing scream. The sleeper springs up in a state of panic9

eyes open, perspiring, breathing rapidly, with the heart pounding at two to four times the norma

rate. %pisodes usually last from $e to

+3 minutes, and then the person falls back to sleep.

If awakened, howe$er, they may recall a single frightening image. Ap to 3 percent of children ha

sleep terrors, but only about + percent of adults experience them. 'arents should not be unduly

alarmed by sleep terrors in young children, but episodes that continue through adolescence into

adulthood are more serious. Sleep terrors in adults often indicate extreme anxiety or other

psychological problems.

>ightmares5 The Corst of 1reams

?ow do nightmares di-er from sleep terrorsD

The most common themes are being chased, threatened, or attacked. >ightmares can be a

reaction to traumatic life experiences.

Sleeptalking GSomnilouyH5 ight Ce (e$eal SecretsD

1o you sometimes talk in your sleepD !re you afraid that you might confess to something

embarrassing, or re$eal some deep, dark secretD (elax. Sleeptalkers rarely reply to uestions, a

they usually mumble words or phrases that make no sense to the listener. Sleeptalking can occduring any sleep stage and is more freuent in children than in adults. There is no e$idence at a

that sleeptalking is related to a physical or psychological disturbance9not e$en to a guilty

conscience.

!*)( S%%' 1IS)(1%(S

Some sleep disorders can be so debilitating that they a-ect a person/s entire life. These disorde

are narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and insomnia.

>arcolepsy is an incurable sleep disorder characteried by excessi$e daytime sleepiness and

uncontrollable attacks of (% sleep, usually lasting +4 to 24 minutes. 'eople with narcolepsy are

often unfairly stigmatied as lay, depressed, and uninterested in their work. !nything that caus

an ordinary person to be tired can trigger a sleep attack in a narcoleptic9a hea$y meal,

sunbathing at the beach, or a college lecture.

'!7% +4

>arcolepsy is a physiological disorder caused by an abnormality in the part of the brain that

regulates sleep, and it appears to ha$e a strong genetic component.

Sleep apnea consists of periods during sleep when breathing stops and the indi$idual must


9/16

awaken brieEy to breathe.

(ecent research suggests that N.M percent of &anadian adults9mostly obese men9ha$e been

professionally diagnosed with sleep apnea, while an additional 2N.M percent are at high risk for

this sleep disorder. The ma"or symptoms of sleep apnea are excessi$e daytime sleepiness and

extremely loud snoring Gas loud as a "ackhammerH, often accompanied by snorts, gasps, and

choking noises. In $ery se$ere cases, apnea may last throughout the night, with as many as 844

partial awakenings to gasp for air. !lcohol and sedati$e drugs aggra$ate the condition. Se$ere

sleep apnea can lead to chronic high blood pressure, heart problems, and e$en death. 'hysician

sometimes treat sleep apnea by surgically modifying the upper airway. Chen this surgery is

e-ecti$e, patients not only sleep better, but also exhibit higher le$els of performance on tests of

$erbal learning and memory.

Insomnia5 Chen @ou &an/t all !sleep Chat is insomniaD

'eople with insomnia su-er distress and impairment in daytime functioning owing to diKculty

falling or staying asleep or to experiencing sleep that is light, restless, or of poor uality. The rat

of insomnia in &anada are uite alarming, with more than N.N million &anadians G+N.M percent of

the population aged +3 or olderH dealing with the disorder. Temporary insomnia, lasting three

weeks or less, can result from "et lag, emotional highs or lows, or a brief illness or in"ury that

interferes with sleep. uch more serious is chronic insomnia, which lasts for months or e$enyears. &hronic insomnia may begin as a reaction to a psychological or medical problem but pers

long after the problem has been resol$ed.

'!7% ++4

?@'>)SIS5 ))J I>T) @ %@%S

?a$e you e$er been hypnotiedD any people are fascinated by this unusual, somewhat

mysterious phenomenon. )ther people doubt that it e$en exists.

?ypnosis is a trancelike state of concentrated and focused attention, heightened suggestibility,

and diminished response to external stimuli. In the hypnotic state, people suspend their usual

rational and logical ways of thinking and percei$ing and allow themsel$es to experience

distortions in perceptions, memories, and thinking. !bout 84 to 3 percent of people are

hypnotiable to some degree, but only 3 percent can reach the deepest le$els of trance. The

ability to become completely absorbed in imaginati$e acti$ities is characteristic of highly

hypnotiable people. There are many misconceptions about hypnosis.

'!7% +++

?ypnosis has come a long way from the days when it was used mainly by entertainers. It is now

recognied as a $iable techniue to be used in medicine, dentistry, and psychotherapy and hasbeen particularly helpful in the management of pain and other side e-ects associated with canc

care. ?owe$er, hypnosis has been less e-ecti$e in weight control and $irtually useless in

o$ercoming drug and alcohol abuse or nicotine addiction.

'!7% ++2

! psychoacti$e drug is any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought. Some of these

drugs are legal, but most are not. Chen these drugs are appro$ed for medical use only, they are

called controlled substances. In &anada, there is considerable concern about the sale and use of

illicit drugs. But in terms of damage to users, harm to society, and numbers of addicts, alcohol a

tobacco are the most serious problem drugs by far. !ccording to a report from the &anadian


10/16

&entre on Substance !buse, tobacco and alcohol combined account for 6.N percent of the QN.

billion lost annually to the &anadian economy as a result of substance abuse. Chy do so many

&anadians use psychoacti$e drugsD

There are many reasons for taking drugs, and users often do not recognie their real moti$es.

Some people take drugs to cope with or relie$e anxiety, depression, or boredom.

'eer inEuence is the factor most highly correlated with adolescents/ use of illicit drugs, cigarette

and alcohol. The earlier that adolescents start using drugs, the more likely they are to progress t

more serious drug addictions. oreo$er, adolescents who use drugs seek out peers who also use

and, in turn, are inEuenced by those peers. (esearch also suggests that parental drug attitudes

and sibling drug use also ha$e a signicant impact on the likelihood of illicit drug use as well as o

use of cigarettes and alcohol.

1(A7 1%'%>1%>&%5 S!=% T) ! SABST!>&%

Chat is the di-erence between physical and psychological drug dependenceD

The e-ects of drugs are not always predictable. Some drugs create a physical or chemical

dependence< others create a psychological dependence. 'hysical drug dependence comes abou

as a result of the body/s natural ability to protect itself against harmful substances by de$elopin

a drug tolerance. This means that the user becomes progressi$ely less a-ected by the drug andmust take larger doses to get the same e-ect or same high. Tolerance grows because the brain

adapts to the presence of the drug by responding less intensely to it. The $arious bodily process

ad"ust in order to continue to function with the drug in the system. )nce drug tolerance is

established, a person cannot function normally without the drug. If the drug is taken away, the

user begins to su-er withdrawal symptoms. The withdrawal symptoms, both physical and

psychological, are usually the exact opposite of the e-ects produced by the drug. or example,

withdrawal from stimulants lea$es a person exhausted and depressed< withdrawal from

tranuiliers lea$es a person ner$ous and agitated.

'!7% ++N

If physical dependence alone explained drug addiction, there would be no problem with drugs lo

thought to be physically non0addicti$e. )nce the period of physical withdrawal was o$er, the

desire for the drug would end along with the withdrawal symptoms. But this is not the case9the

is more to drug addiction than physical dependence.

'sychological drug dependence is a cra$ing or irresistible urge for the drug/s pleasurable e-ects

and it is more diKcult to combat than physical dependence. Cith the most addicti$e drugs, the

pleasurable e-ects are felt almost immediately but are short0li$ed. or example, the intensely

pleasurable e-ects of crack cocaine are felt in se$en seconds but last only about $e minutes.

Because the discomfort is intense after the pleasurable e-ects wear o-, the user is highly

moti$ated to continue taking the drug. Cith any drug, the abuse potential is higher if the drug isin"ected rather than taken orally, and higher still if it is smoked rather than in"ected.

STIA!>TS5 S'%%1I>7 A' T?% >%(=)AS S@ST%

Stimulants, often called uppers, speed up the central ner$ous system, suppress appetite, and ca

make a person feel more awake, alert, and energetic. Stimulants increase pulse, blood pressure,

and respiration rate< they also reduce cerebral blood Eow. In higher doses, they make people fee

ner$ous, "ittery, and restless, and they can cause shaking or trembling and can interfere with

sleep. >o stimulant actually deli$ers energy to the body. Instead, a stimulant forces the body to

use some of its stored0up energy sooner and in greater amounts than it would naturally. Chen th

stimulant/s e-ect wears o-, the body/s natural energy is depleted. This lea$es the person feeling


11/16

exhausted and depressed.

'!7% ++M

&a-eine5 The ost Cidely Ased 1rug

&a-eine is the world/s most widely used drug. If you cannot start your day without a cup of co-e

Gor two, or moreH, you may be addicted to it. &o-ee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and more than

+44 prescription and o$er0the0counter drugs contain ca-eine. They pro$ide a mild "olt to the

ner$ous system, at least temporarily. &a-eine makes us more mentally alert and can help us sta

awake. any people use ca-eine to lift mood, but studies re$eal that one hour after consuming

medium or high doses of ca-eine, sub"ects show higher le$els of anxiety, depression, and hostilit

>icotine5 ! 1eadly 'oison

>icotine is a poison so strong that the body must de$elop a tolerance for it almost immediately9

in only hours, in contrast to days or weeks for heroin and usually months for alcohol. It is

estimated that +F.6 percent of &anadians smoke and that nearly half of them ha$e tried to uit

the past year. 1espite the fact that the number of &anadian smokers has decreased steadily in t

past M4 years and is at an all0time low, N6 444 &anadians die each year from cigarette smoking

roughly $e times the number of deaths caused by car accidents, suicides, drug abuse, murder,

and !I1S combined. The many health problems associated with smoking are discussed in &hapt+2.

!mphetamines5 %nergy to Burn9at a 'rice

!mphetamines form a class of stimulants that increase arousal, relie$e fatigue, suppress the

appetite, and gi$e a rush of energy. In low to moderate doses, these stimulants may temporarily

impro$e athletic and intellectual performance.

! person who takes amphetamines becomes more alert and energetic, experiences mild euphor

and usually becomes more talkati$e, animated, and restless. In high doses9+44 milligrams or

more9amphetamines can cause confused and disorganied beha$iour, extreme fear and

suspiciousness, delusions and hallucinations, aggressi$eness and antisocial beha$iour, and e$en

manic beha$iour and paranoia. )ne powerful amphetamine, known as methamphetamine

G:crank; or :speed;H, now comes in a smokable form, :ice,; which is highly addicti$e and can be

fatal. Cithdrawal from amphetamines lea$es a person physically exhausted, sleeping for +4 to +

hours or more. The user awakens in a stupor, extremely depressed and intensely hungry. =ictim

of fatal o$erdoses of stimulants usually ha$e multiple hemorrhages in the brain

&ocaine5 Snorting Chite 'owder, Smoking &rack

&ocaine, a stimulant deri$ed from coca lea$es, can be sni-ed GsnortedH as a white powder,

in"ected intra$enously, or smoked in the form of crack. The rush of well0being is dramatically

intense and powerful, but it is "ust as dramatically short0li$ed. In the case of cocaine, the euphor

lasts no more than N4 to M3 minutes< with crack, the e-ect lasts no more than $e to +4 minuteIn both cases, the euphoria is followed by an eually intense crash that is marked by depression

anxiety, agitation, and a powerful cra$ing for more of the drug. &hronic cocaine use can also

result in holes in the nasal septum Gthe ridge of cartilage running down the middle of the noseH

and in the palate Gthe roof of the mouthH.

!nimal researchers ha$e shown that animals addicted to multiple substances prefer cocaine whe

o-ered a choice of drugs and will lose interest in e$erything else9food, water, sex9in order to

continually self0administer cocaine. The main withdrawal symptoms are psychological9the

inability to feel pleasure and the cra$ing for more cocaine. &ocaine constricts the blood $essels,


12/16

raises blood pressure, speeds up the heart, uickens respiration, and can e$en cause epileptic

seiures in people who ha$e no history of epilepsy. )$er time, or e$en uickly in high doses,

cocaine can cause heart palpitations, an irregular heartbeat, and heart attacks. The cheapest an

perhaps the most dangerous form of cocaine, crack, can produce a powerful dependency in

se$eral weeks.

?!A&I>)7%>S5 S%%I>7, ?%!(I>7, !>1 %%I>7 C?!T IS >)T T?%(%

The hallucinogens, or psychedelics, are drugs that can alter and distort perceptions of time and

space, alter mood, and produce feelings of unreality. ?allucinogens ha$e been used for recreatio

and in religious rituals and ceremonies in di$erse cultures since ancient times. !s the name

implies, hallucinogens also cause hallucinations, sensations that ha$e no basis in external reality

'!7% ++3

(ather than producing a relati$ely predictable e-ect like most other drugs, hallucinogens usually

magnify the mood or the frame of mind of the user at the time the drug is taken. !nd contrary to

the belief of some, hallucinogens may actually reduce rather than enhance creati$e thinking. Th

hallucinogens we will discuss are S1, ecstasy, and mari"uana.

S15 ind !ltering, >ot ind %xpandingS1, sometimes referred to simply as acid, is the acronym for lysergic acid diethylamide. The

a$erage S1 :trip; lasts +4 to +2 hours and usually produces extreme perceptual changes9$isu

hallucinations and distortions. %motions can become $ery intense and unstable, ranging from

euphoria to anxiety, panic, and depression. S1 sometimes causes :bad trips,; which can lea$e

the user in a state of terror. Some bad S1 trips ha$e ended in accidents, death, or suicide.

Sometimes a person who has taken S1 in the past experiences a Eashback9a brief, sudden

recurrence of a trip. lashbacks can occur as many as $e years after S1 use.

%cstasy5 The >ewest in 1esigner 1rugs

%cstasy G1!H is a designer drug9a laboratory creation9that is a cross between a hallucinoge

and an amphetamine. The drug/s main appeal is its psychological e-ect9users of 1! describ

a wonderfully pleasant state of consciousness, in which e$en the most backward, bashful, self0

conscious people shed their inhibitions. ?owe$er, research suggests that there is a price to be

paid for entering this :"oyous; state. 1! is known to impair a $ariety of cogniti$e functions,

including memory, sustained attention, analytical thinking, and self0control. !nimal experiments

with 1! ha$e re$ealed some disturbing ndings9irre$ersible destruction of serotonin0releasi

neurons. %cstasy can also impair cogniti$e functions such as attention, analytical thinking, and

self0control.

ari"uana5 ore ?armful Than Ce )nce Belie$ed

In &anada, mari"uana is probably the most widely used illicit drug. Statistics &anada G244MHreported that +4 million

&anadians ha$e used mari"uana at least once in their lifetime, which represents "ust o$er M+

percent of the population aged +3 or older. ari"uana tends to produce a feeling of well0being,

promote relaxation, and lower inhibitions and anxiety. The user may experience giddiness< an

increased sensiti$ity to sights, sounds, and touch< and perceptual distortions and hallucinations

such as a :slowing; of time. T?& GtetrahydrocannabinolH, the ingredient in mari"uana Gand in

hashishH that produces the high, remains in the body for days or e$en weeks. ari"uana impairs

attention and coordination and slows reaction time< these e-ects make operating complex

machinery such as an automobile dangerous, e$en after the feeling of intoxication has passed.


13/16

'!7% ++F

ari"uana can interfere with concentration, logical thinking, and the ability to form new memorie

It can produce fragmentation in thought as well as confusion in remembering recent occurrence

any of the receptor sites for mari"uana are in the hippocampus, which explains why memory is

a-ected. &hronic use of mari"uana has been associated with loss of moti$ation, general apathy,

and decline in school performance9referred to as amoti$ational syndrome.

Surprisingly, recent studies ha$e shown that mari"uana does not increase rates of lung cancer.

?owe$er, mari"uana abuse may a-ect the reproducti$e system Gimpotence R reduced sperm

countH.

ari"uana shows some promise as a treatment for certain medical conditions. or instance,

mari"uana is being prescribed

by doctors to treat the eye disease glaucoma and to control nausea and stimulate appetite in

patients recei$ing chemotherapy for cancer or !I1S. But there is a continuing contro$ersy o$er

whether mari"uana should be legalied, either for medical purposes or for recreational

consumption.

1%'(%SS!>TS5 S)CI>7 1)C> T?% >%(=)AS S@ST%

1epressants Gsometimes called downersH decrease acti$ity in the central ner$ous system, slowdown bodily functions, and reduce sensiti$ity to outside stimulation. Cithin this category of dru

are the sedati$ehypnotics Galcohol, barbiturates, and minor tranuiliersH and the narcotics, or

opiates.

!lcohol5 The >ation/s >umber0)ne 1rug 'roblem

%$en though alcohol is a depressant, the rst few drinks seem to relax and enli$en at the same

time. But the more alcohol a person consumes, the more the central ner$ous system is depresse

!s drinking increases, the symptoms of drunkenness mount9slurred speech, poor coordination,

staggering. en tend to become more aggressi$e and more sexually aroused but less able to

perform sexually. !lcohol also decreases the ability to form new memories. Too much alcohol cancause a person to lose consciousness, and extremely large amounts can kill. 1eaths due to

extreme consumption of alcohol, usually o$er a short period of time, are uite common both in

&anada and the Anited States

'!7% ++6

Barbiturates5 Sedati$es That &an Jill in )$erdose

Barbiturates Gsometimes called downersH depress the central ner$ous system and, depending on

the dose, can act as a sedati$e or a sleeping pill. 'henobarbital is an example. 'eople who abus

barbiturates become drowsy and confused. Their thinking and "udgment su-er, and their

coordination and reEexes are a-ected. Barbiturates can kill if taken in o$erdose, and a lethal dos

can be as little as only three times the prescribed dose. The popular minor tranuiliers, thebenodiaepines, came on the scene in the early +F4s and are sold under the brand names

=alium, ibrium, 1almane, and, more recently, Uanax Galso used as an antidepressantH.

%xcessi$e use of tranuiliers is associated with both temporary and permanent impairment of

memory. !lcohol and benodiaepines, when taken together, are a potentially fatal combination

>arcotics5 1rugs from the )pium 'oppy

The word narcotic comes from a 7reek word meaning :stupor.; >arcotics produce both a pain0

relie$ing and a calming e-ect. !ll narcotics originate from opium, a dark, gummy substance

deri$ed from the opium poppy. )pium a-ects mainly the brain and the bowel. It paralyes the

intestinal muscles, which is why it is used medically to treat diarrhea. Because opium suppresse


14/16

the cough centre, it is used in some cough medicines. Both morphine and codeine, two drugs

prescribed for pain, are natural constituents of opium. )xy&ontin and =icodin are two highly

prescribed forms of these drugs that are also highly addicti$e. 1ue to its highly addicti$e

potential, the &anadian manufacturers of )xy&ontin pulled it o- the market in ebruary 24+2

and replaced it with a less addicti$e $ersion of the drug called )xy>%).

'erhaps the most highly addicti$e narcotic deri$ed from morphine is heroin. ?eroin addicts

describe a sudden

:rush,; or euphoria, followed by drowsiness, inacti$ity, and impaired concentration. Cithdrawal

symptoms begin about F

to 2M hours after use, and the addict becomes physically sick. >ausea, diarrhea, depression,

stomach cramps, insomnia, and pain grow worse and worse until they become intolerable9unle

the person gets another x. ?eroin use has doubled since the mid0+84s.

Anfortunately, most addicts experience a $irtually irresistible compulsion to use drugs and are

apparently unable to consider the likely conseuences of their acts9the loss of the lo$e and

respect of family and friends, of money, of "obs, of health, and e$en of their li$es.

Coma

The patient in a co"a cannot be arouse# an# has no awareness of self or his surroun#ings(

@o"a "ay be the result of a wi#e 'ariety of con#itions 7stro$es hea# trau"a acci#ents #rug

abuse or o'er#ose neurologic #isease etc8( It "ay also be #eliberately in#uce# for "e#ical

reasons


15/16

an# woul# be assu"e# to lea'e the woo#pec$er #ea# or unconscious at least that is what wouloccur in hu"ans( + woo#pec$er is able to pec$ the tree so 'igorously because the woo#pec$er>sbrain is attache# so well to the s$ull( Since it is attache# so well to the s$ull there is little"o'e"ent of the brain( There is also less roo" in a woo#pec$er>s hea# for the brain to "o'e(0ighorn sheep sla" their horns together #uring "ating season an# they #o not #rop to thegroun#( These ani"als ha'e uni&ue a#aptations that allow the" to sla" their bea$ against a treor bang their horns together an# not #rop #ea#(

Trau"atic brain in6ury 7T0I8 "ay occur in a "otor 'ehicle acci#ent a fall or su##en blow or 6olt to

the hea#( The se'erity can range fro" "il# 7a concussion8 to se'ere 7co"a8( No loss of

consciousness


16/16

things that happene# right before an# after the in6ury

powerpoint summary of chapter 4 (consciousness) bb.docx

Documents