power point presentation in com. sci

8/14/2019 Power Point Presentation in Com. Sci.

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TOPICS:

III. DATAPROCESSING

IV.

COMPONENTS


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iii. DATAPROCESSING Data processing is any computerprocess that converts

data into information or knowledge. The processing is usually assumed to be automated and

running on a computer.

Because data are most useful when well-presented andactually informative, data-processing systems are oftenreferred to as information systems to emphasize theirpracticality. Nevertheless, both terms are roughlysynonymous, performing similar conversions; data-processing systems typically manipulate raw data into

information, and likewise information systems typicallytake raw data as input to produce information as output.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer


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DEFINITION Data processing, data are defined as

numbers or characters that representmeasurements from observablephenomena. A single datum is a singlemeasurement from observablephenomena. Information is defined as

either a meaningful answer to a query ora meaningful stimulus that can cascadeinto further queries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data


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B. EMBEDDED SYSTEM Conversely, that simple example for pedagogical purposes here is

usually described as an embedded system (for the softwareresident in the keyboard itself) or as (operating-)systems programming, because the information is derived from ahardware interface and may involve overt control of the hardwarethrough that interface by an operating system. Typically controlof hardware by a device driver manipulating ASIC or FPGAregisters is not viewed as part of data processing proper orinformation systems proper, but rather as the domain ofembedded systems or (operating-)systems programming. Instead,perhaps a more conventional example of the established practiceof using the term data processing is that a business has collectednumerous data concerning an aspect of its operations and that

this multitude of data must be presented in meaningful, easy-to-access presentations for the managers who must then use thatinformation to increase revenue or to decrease cost. Thatconversion and presentation of data as information is typicallyperformed by a data-processing application.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system


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C. DATA ANALYSIS When the domain from which the data are harvested is a

science or an engineering, data processing and informationsystems are considered too broad of terms and the morespecialized term data analysis is typically used, focusing onthe highly-specialized and highly-accurate algorithmic

derivations and statistical calculations that are less oftenobserved in the typical general business environment. Inthese contexts data analysis packages like DAP, gretl orPSPP are often used. This divergence of culture is exhibitedin the typical numerical representations used in dataprocessing versus numerical; data processing'smeasurements are typically represented by integers or byfixed-point or binary-coded decimal representations ofnumbers whereas the majority of data analysis'smeasurements are often represented by floating-pointrepresentation of rational numbers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAP_%28software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAP_%28software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis


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Elements of DataProcessing In order to be processed by a computer, the data needs first to be converted into a machine

readable format. Once data is in digital format, various procedures can be applied on the data toget useful information. Data Processing includes all the processes from Data Entry up toData Mining:

Data Entry Data Cleaning act of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set,

table, or database. DATA CODING DATA TRANSLATION DATA SUMMARIZATION DATA AGGREGATION DATA VALIDATION Data Tabulation Statistical Analysis Computer graphics Data Warehousing

data warehouse is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data. Data warehouses aredesigned to facilitate reporting and analysis. This classic definition of the data warehouse focuses on datastorage.

Data Mining the process ofsorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information.

the statistical and logical analysis of large sets of transaction data, looking for patterns that can aiddecision making.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Entryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28database%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Warehousinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Warehousinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28database%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Entry


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DATA PROCESSINGCYCLE

I. COLLECTING ANDPROCESSING DATA

II. DATA INPUT

III. DATA PROCESSING AND

STORAGE IV. DATA OUTPUT


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I. COLLECTION ANDPREPAIRING DATA

A computer cannot function without a listof instructions for it to follow. Theseinstructions must be inputted in acomputer in order for it to function. Datamust be collected before it can be input.


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II. DATA INPUT

INDIRECT order forms are sent in by post and lots of operators type in the orders, not

directly to the mainframe computer, but to a disk system which will eventually beprocessed in a batch on the mainframe computer.

Direct means the device which captures the data also inputs it to the computer, E.g. bar

code reader in a supermarket. Because the computer knows the goods have beensold, it can keep track of the stock.

Tools/machines for inputting data:1.) keyboard

2.) graphics pads (tablets)

3.) scanners


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III.DATAPROCESSING ANDSTORAGE

When a computer receives data, itautomatically processes the data andexecutes the instructions or commands

that the data entail.The computer converts the inputted data

into a language that it actuallyunderstands.

This data is then stored or saved in thecomputers memory for future use.


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IV. DATA OUTPUT

Output is an information produced by thecomputer program and perceived by theuser.


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PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

SYSTEMOF COMPUTER SYSTEM

1.) INPUT

send data and instructions to the central processing unit.

2.) OUTPUT make processed data available to the user. 3.) PROCESSING

Output devices make processed data available to the user.

4.) SECONDARY STORAGE

store data and programs permanently.
http://www.friendster.com/viewphotos.php?a=244051907http://www.friendster.com/viewphotos.php?a=244051907http://www.friendster.com/viewphotos.php?a=244051907http://www.friendster.com/viewphotos.php?a=244051907


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.OF A COMPUTER

SYSTEMA. HARDWARE

B. SOFTWAREC. PEOPLE WARE


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EXAMPLES OF COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM


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A. HARDWARE The hardware components of a computer system are the

electronic and mechanical parts. The equipment associated with a computer system is the

hardware. Computer hardware is responsible for

performing four basic functions: input, processing, output,and storage. hardware is the physical aspect of computers,

telecommunications, and other devices. The term arose asa way to distinguish the "box" and the electronic circuitryand components of a computer from the program you put

in it to make it do things. The program came to be knownas the software.

Hardware implies permanence and invariability.


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1. INPUT DEVICES

Input devices accept data in a form that the

computer can utilize. Also, the input devices send the

data or instructions to the processing unit to be

processed into useful information. The input device feeds data, raw unprocessed facts,

to the processing unit. The role of the processing unit

or central processing unit is to use a stored program

to manipulate the input data into the informationrequired


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Bar code reader Graphics pad

ke board

INPUT

DEVI

CE


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Touch screen Web cam

o stick scanner

INPUTD

EVICE


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2. OUTPUT DEVICES

An output device displays the processedinformation to the user. The two most popularforms of output devices are the printer and the

monitor. The monitor produces output that istemporarythe output is lost when it is rewrittenor erased or when power is lost. Monitor output iscalled softcopy. The printer displays output in apermanent manner; it is called hardcopy. Othertypes of output devices include voice output andmusic output devices.


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speakersprinter

headset Computer monitor

O

UTPUTD

EVICE


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3. STORAGE DEVICES

A storage device is a hardware device designed to storeinformation. There are two types of storage devices usedin computers

primary storage device

A storage location that holds memory for short periods of times.For example, computerRAM is an example of a primary storagedevice.

secondary storage device

A storage medium that holds information until it is deleted oroverwritten. For example, a floppy disk drive or a hard disk drive isan example of a secondary storage device.
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hardware.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/primstor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/ram.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/secostor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fdd.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/harddisk.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/harddisk.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fdd.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/secostor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/ram.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/primstor.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hardware.htm


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Bluray USB/flash drive

External drive diskette

T

E

E

I

E


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B. SOFTWARE As important as hardware devices may be, they are

useless without the instructions that control them. Theseinstructions used to control hardware and accomplish tasksare called software. Software falls into two broadcategories applications and systems software.

Software or programming can easily be varied. You can putan entirely new program in the hardware and make itcreate an entirely new experience for the user. You can,however, change the modular configurations that mostcomputers come with by adding new adapters or cardsthat extend the computer's capabilities.

Like software, hardware is a collective term.


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MOST IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS

SOFTWARE

Provides access to the Internet through a service

provider by using a graphical interface.Internet Browser

Provides the tools for connecting one computer with

another to enable sending and receiving information and

sharing files and resources.

Communication Software

Provides the tools for creating graphics that represent

data in a visual, easily understood format.Presentation Graphics

Provides the tools for management of a collection of

interrelated facts. Data can be stored, updated,

manipulated, retrieved, and reported in a variety of ways.Database Management

Provides the tools for working with numbers and allowsyou to create and edit electronic spreadsheets in

managing and analyzing information.

Spreadsheets

Provides the tools for entering and revising text, adding

graphical elements, formatting and printing documents.Word Processor

FunctionSoftware Category


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2. SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

As important as applications software may

be, it is not able to directly communicate

with hardware devices. Another type ofsoftware is required operating systems

software. Operating Systems software is

the set of programs that lies between

applications software and the hardwaredevices.


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Think of the cross section of an onion. The inner core of the onionrepresents the hardware devices, and the applications softwarerepresents the outside layer. The middle layer is the operatingsystems software. The instructions must be passed from the outerlayer through the middle layer before the reaching the inner layer.


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C. PEOPLEWARE

Peopleware are the "users"

pertaining to computers


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PE

OPLE

A

RE-STU

DENTS

Miguel and Ian Diamond2012 but some are missing

Diamond2012 but some are

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