power point presentation about lecture 7 - axial skeleton

7/27/2019 Power Point Presentation about Lecture 7 - Axial Skeleton

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The Axial Skeleton


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I highly recommend Professor Wissmans sites

For bones:http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbon

estutorial.html

Check out all his links:http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/

Also check out:

Site for xrays & other diagnostic procedures:http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diag
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html


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http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html

This is an example of

Prof Wissmans bone

site; this doesnt showthe roll-over answers
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html


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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The Axial Skeleton

The skeleton consists of

Bones (206)Cartilages

Jointsalso called articulations, are the

junctions between skeletal elements

Ligamentsconnect bones

Divided into axial and appendicular


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Axial skeleton - forms long axis of body

SkullVertebral column

Thoracic cage

Appendicular skeletonappendages andwhat they attach to

Upper limbs (arms)

Pectoral girdle (shoulder)

Lower limbs (legs)

Pelvic girdle


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Axial skeletonSkull

Vertebral column

Thoracic cage

Axial skeleton is shown in green


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The Skull

Cranial bones (or cranium) Enclose the cranial cavity, which supports and protects

the brain

Attachment sites for some head and neck muscles

Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull)

Form framework of face

Form cavities for sense organs of sight, taste and smell

Provides openings for passage of air and foodHold the teeth

Anchor the muscles of the face


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Cranium

Vaultcalvaria = skullcap

Forms superior, lateral and

posterior aspects of skull,

and forehead

Base or floor: inferior part

Prominent bony ridges divide

cranial base into 3 fossae

(steps)anterior, middle and

posterior

Anterior cranial

fossa

Middle cranial

fossa

Posterior cranial

fossa

(looking down on the floor of the skull)


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Cranial bones

Frontal bone

Parietal bones (paired)

Occipital bone

Temporal bones (paired)

Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone


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Cranial bones

parietal parietal

frontal

temporal

parietal

occipital

_______sphenoid_____ethmoid

occipital


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Temporal bones

this is the right temporal bone

looking at it from the right side


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Sphenoid

EthmoidSmall cranial bones


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Sutures

Immovable, interlocking joints of flat bones ofskull

Irregular, saw-toothed appearance Largest 4 skull sutures: where bones articulate

with parietal bones Coronal

Sagittal Squamous

Lambdoid (FIND THEM)


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Find: coronal, squamous and lamboid sutures


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Find: sagittal and lambdoid sutures


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Cranial cavity houses brain Smaller cavities

Housing middle and inner ear

Nasal cavity

Orbits

Sinuses

Openings (foramina, canals, fissures) for:

Spinal cordBlood vessels

Twelve cranial nerves: I-XII


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Remember, the skull is composed of:

1. Cranial bones (or cranium)

[these were just reviewed]

and

2. Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull)

Form framework of face

Form cavities for sense organs of sight, tasteand smell

Provides openings for passage of air and food

Hold the teeth

Anchor the muscles of the face


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Facial bones

Mandible

Vomer

Maxillae (paired) Zygomatics (paired)

Nasal (paired)

Lacrimal (paired)

Palatines (paired)

Inferior nasal conchae (paired)

i l b


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Mandible

Vomer

Maxillae (paired)

Zygomatics (paired)

Nasal (paired)

Lacrimal (paired)

Palatines (paired)Inferior nasal conchae

(paired)

Facial bones:


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Mandible (lower jaw)

Maxilla (there are 2 which

fuse, forming the upper jaw)


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Nasal cavity

Of bone and cartilage

Roof is ethmoidscribriform plate

Floor formed by palatineprocesses of the 2maxillae and horizontalplates of palatine bones

These nasal-floorstructures form roof of themouth, called the hardpalate

nasal bone

ethmoid

vomer

inf nasal concha

(part of slide 18)

maxilla___________


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Nasal cavity

To left, bones forming the left

lateral wall of the nasal cavity

(nasal septum removed)

To right, nasal cavity with nasal septum

in place, showing how the ethmoid

bone, septal cartilage, and vomer make

up the septum


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OrbitCone-shaped bony cavities holding the eyes,

muscles that move the eyes, some fat and tear-

producing glands; you dont need to know all thesebones that form it, just realize how complex it is and

recognize the optic canal (optic nerve passes out

through it)

(right orbit shown)


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Paranasal sinuses

Air-filled sacs in the bones

Paranasal because they cluster around

and connect to the nasal cavity


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Hyoid bone

Only bone which does not

articulate with any other

bone

Moveable base for the

tongue

Points of attachment for

neck muscles that raiseand lower the larynx

during swallowing


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Remember that the

Axial skeleton includes:Skull

Vertebral column

Thoracic cage



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The Vertebral Column

Fetus and infant: 33 separate

bones, or vertebrae

Adult: 24 vertebrae

Inferior 9 have fused forming The sacrum (5) and

The coccyx (4)


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Vertebrae

Cervical7

Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5

Sacrum (5 fused)

Coccyx (4 fused)


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Spinal curvatures

Cervical and lumbar are

concave posteriorly* (lordosis)

Thoracic and sacral are

convex posteriorly* (kyphosis)

Abnormal (see lab book p120):

Too much of either

Scoliosis (more than 10 degreesof lateral curvature)

*when viewed from the side


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Abnormal curvatures


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Non-bony parts

Intervertebraldiscs anulus fibrosis

and nucleuspulposus)

Anteriorlongitudinalligament

Posterior

longitudinalligament

Ligamentumflavum

Anterior longitudinal ligament: wide strong and attaches to vertebrae as


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Anterior longitudinal ligament: wide, strong and attaches to vertebrae as

well as discs (prevents hyperextension)

Posterior longitudinal ligament: narrow and relatively weak, attaching only

to discs

Note intervertebral foramen vs vertebral foramen on next slides

*


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Structure of a typical vertebra


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Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)C1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)


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Smallest

Lightest

Most flexible

Triangular vertebralforamen

Transverseprocesses haveforamina

(transverseforamen)

Spinous processbifid (forked) exceptfor C7

Cervical Vertebrae


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Heart shapedbody

Additional small

costal facets

(costal=ribs)

Round or oval

vertebral

foramen Form posterior

part of rib cage

Thoracic Vertebrae T1-T12


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Massiveblocklike

bodies Short, thick

hatchet-shapedspinous

processes Limited mobility

Lumbar Vertebrae L1-L5


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The SacrumShapes posterior wall of pelvis

Composite bone of 5 fused vertebrae

Sacral foramina allow passage of vessels & nerves

Coccyx(the tailbone)


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Remember that the

Axial skeleton includes:Skull

Vertebral column

Thoracic cage



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The Thoracic Cage


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Sternum Ribs

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

True ribs 1-7

False ribs 8-12

Floating ribs 11,12


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Vertebral and Sternal Articulations


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Typical rib


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Disorders of the axial skeleton

Scoliosis (over 10% curvature)

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Vertebral compression fractures

Spinal stenosis


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Fontanels

Unossified remnants of

membranes

Present at birth

Anterior fontanel largest

Called soft spots

Ossify by 1 - 2 years

Continue to ossify into

adulthood; the sutures can

become fused in old age

Some abnormalities (early fusion) of


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Some abnormalities (early fusion) of

sutures: craniosynostosis

Metopic Synostosis and trigonocephaly

A:Preop

B:2 years after

frontal orbital

advancement

Sagittal synostosis and scaphocephalyThe most common suture to fuse is the middle or sagittal suture. Often the

back or front of the skull will be worse but the overall shape is a long skull

with a shortened distance from ear to ear.

power point presentation about lecture 7 - axial skeleton

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