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Church History Church History John Oakes, PhD John Oakes, PhD Apologetics Research Society Apologetics Research Society

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Page 1: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Church HistoryChurch History

John Oakes, PhDJohn Oakes, PhDApologetics Research SocietyApologetics Research Society

Page 2: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Why Study Church Why Study Church History?History?

Learn the Mistakes of History → Avoid Learn the Mistakes of History → Avoid them? them? Those who cannot learn from history are Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it.doomed to repeat it.

Discover our own roots (Restoration Discover our own roots (Restoration Movement, Campus Ministry, ICOC)Movement, Campus Ministry, ICOC)

Avoid swinging the pendulum Avoid swinging the pendulum Grace ↔ Legalism Grace ↔ Legalism Doctrine ↔ Zeal, Emotion, Heart Doctrine ↔ Zeal, Emotion, Heart Asceticism ↔ Asceticism ↔ FreedomFreedom

Page 3: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Church History: How Should we “do” Church?Church History: How Should we “do” Church?

Is David Bercot Right? Are Viola and Barna Right?Is David Bercot Right? Are Viola and Barna Right? Will the Real Heretic Please Stand Up!Will the Real Heretic Please Stand Up! Pagan Christianity.Pagan Christianity. Assumption: If they did it, we need to do it.Assumption: If they did it, we need to do it. House Churches, Pacifism, Withdrawal from worldly House Churches, Pacifism, Withdrawal from worldly

entertainment, Musical Instruments, Baptismentertainment, Musical Instruments, Baptism

No! The Make an incorrect assumption.No! The Make an incorrect assumption. Some of these were expedients.Some of these were expedients. Some of these reflect cultural realities.Some of these reflect cultural realities. Bottom line, by faith, we trust the scripturesBottom line, by faith, we trust the scriptures But!!! We can learn a lot from their good examples.But!!! We can learn a lot from their good examples.

Page 4: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Week 1 John 10/10a. Intro to Church History AD 90-325. The big picture. b. Heresy and division.c. Drift toward Western Catholicism.

Week 2 Robert 10/17a. Cultural background to the early church, especially in

the 1st century.Greek, Jewish and Roman culture.b. Evangelism and the spread of Christianity, Church of the East to AD 500.

Week 3 John (and Robert?) 10/24a. Augustine, Catholicism and Church Councils.b. Medieval Christianity. Aquinas et al.

Page 5: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Week 4 John and Robert 10/31a. Pre-Reformation: Albigenses, Waldo, Wycliffe, Huss. b. Cultural background to the Reformation, Counter-

Reformation. c. Reformation: Luther, Erasmus, etc.

Week 5 John and Robert 11/14a. Reformation (cont.) Zwingli, Radical Reformation, Anabaptists, Calvin b. The Enlightenment and its influence on Christianity.c. 18th century. Puritans, Baptists, Methodists, Great Awakening.

Week 6 John and Robert 11/21a. Background to the Restoration Movement. O’Kelly, Stone, Campbell, Scott, Christadelphians, Lipscomb, etc. b. Restoration Movement in 20th century. Christian

Church, Disciples of Christ, Church of Christ, ICOC.

Page 6: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

How is True Christianity How is True Christianity Lost?Lost? Growth of splinter, heretical groups with Growth of splinter, heretical groups with

false teachings.false teachings.

Gradual drift of the “true church” from Gradual drift of the “true church” from biblical practice for good and sincere biblical practice for good and sincere reasons.reasons.

Page 7: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Early Schisms and HeresiesEarly Schisms and Heresies

Judaizers legalism Gal 1:8Judaizers legalism Gal 1:8 Ebionites Denied deity of JesusEbionites Denied deity of Jesus Gnostics Deny humanity of Jesus, deep knowledgeGnostics Deny humanity of Jesus, deep knowledge Docetism Jesus not a physical personDocetism Jesus not a physical person Marcionites Jehovah an evil god. Established canon.Marcionites Jehovah an evil god. Established canon. Montanists Charismatics, modern-day revelationMontanists Charismatics, modern-day revelation Novatianists Division over purity of the churchNovatianists Division over purity of the church Arians Denied deity of JesusArians Denied deity of Jesus

Page 8: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Gnosticism: The Gospel of Judas“But you [ie. Judas] will exceed all of them.  For you will sacrifice the man that clothes me.”

Page 9: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Another way to lose it: The Church DriftsAnother way to lose it: The Church Drifts

Orthodoxy vs OrthopraxyOrthodoxy vs Orthopraxy Heterodoxy vs HeteropraxyHeterodoxy vs Heteropraxy

Theme: Almost all these examples of drift from Theme: Almost all these examples of drift from Orthopraxy started out as a reasonable and seemingly Orthopraxy started out as a reasonable and seemingly wise response to a real problem (heresy) at the time!wise response to a real problem (heresy) at the time!

Irenaeus: Defended against heresy using “Church Irenaeus: Defended against heresy using “Church tradition”, The rule of faith, and the authority of apostolic tradition”, The rule of faith, and the authority of apostolic succession.succession.

Page 10: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Apostolic Church Drifts…The Apostolic Church Drifts…

Leadership/Church OrganizationLeadership/Church Organization Doctrine of BaptismDoctrine of Baptism Asceticism, MonasticismAsceticism, Monasticism CreedsCreeds Sacerdotalism/Priesthood clergy and laitySacerdotalism/Priesthood clergy and laity

Lord’s Supper becomes a sacrificeLord’s Supper becomes a sacrifice Sacramentalism: Liturgy, Church CalendarSacramentalism: Liturgy, Church Calendar

Veneration of “Saints”Veneration of “Saints” HermeneuticsHermeneutics

Allegorizing of Scripture vs Historical/Analytical approachAllegorizing of Scripture vs Historical/Analytical approach

Page 11: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Lessons Learned From the Lessons Learned From the Early ChurchEarly Church Avoid convenient but unscriptural organizational Avoid convenient but unscriptural organizational

structure.structure. Resist the trend toward ritualism in our worship.Resist the trend toward ritualism in our worship. Do not overreact to false doctrines.Do not overreact to false doctrines. Avoid relying on creeds to defend truth.Avoid relying on creeds to defend truth. Do not overemphasize the importance of physical Do not overemphasize the importance of physical

sacrifice, prayer or any other good spiritual activitysacrifice, prayer or any other good spiritual activity Watch for tendency to develop a clergy/laity divisionWatch for tendency to develop a clergy/laity division Stress good methods of Bible exegesisStress good methods of Bible exegesis

Page 12: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Highlights in 3Highlights in 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth Centuries Centuries PersecutionsPersecutions

Decius 249-251 Valerian 253-260Decius 249-251 Valerian 253-260 Diocletian 303-304 Galerain, LiciniusDiocletian 303-304 Galerain, Licinius

Edict of Milan 313 Toleration of ChristianityEdict of Milan 313 Toleration of Christianity

Constantine, Emperor of all Rome 323Constantine, Emperor of all Rome 323 Beginning of “Christendom”Beginning of “Christendom”

Council of NicaeaCouncil of Nicaea ArianismArianism Nicene CreedNicene Creed

Julian the ApostateJulian the Apostate

Page 13: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Augustine (354-430) The Sovereignty of GodAugustine (354-430) The Sovereignty of God

Laid groundwork for Christendom, Medieval Christianity and Laid groundwork for Christendom, Medieval Christianity and Reformation theologyReformation theology

The City of God, Christendom, Church and StateThe City of God, Christendom, Church and State Original Sin: Mankind totally depravedOriginal Sin: Mankind totally depraved PredestinationPredestination Sacramentalism Baptism, Ordination etc Sacramentalism Baptism, Ordination etc ex opere operoex opere opero TransubstantiationTransubstantiation Immaculate ConceptionImmaculate Conception Reacted against DonatistsReacted against Donatists Reacted against Pelagius, PelagianismReacted against Pelagius, Pelagianism

Page 14: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Ecumenical Church CouncilsEcumenical Church Councils Nicaea 325 Arianism Jesus fully divine (consubstantial with Nicaea 325 Arianism Jesus fully divine (consubstantial with

the Father), the Father), homoousios vs homoiousious,homoousios vs homoiousious, Nicene Creed Nicene Creed Constantinople 381 Holy Spirit also consubstantial with Constantinople 381 Holy Spirit also consubstantial with

FatherFather Ephesus 431 Jesus both human and divine, Condemned Ephesus 431 Jesus both human and divine, Condemned

Nestorius (one nature after the hypostatic union), Nestorius (one nature after the hypostatic union), Condemned Pelagius, Mary theotokosCondemned Pelagius, Mary theotokos

Calchedon 451 “Without confusion, without change” against Calchedon 451 “Without confusion, without change” against Monophysites (Alexandria) who said Jesus changed when he Monophysites (Alexandria) who said Jesus changed when he took on human form, Without division, without separation took on human form, Without division, without separation against Nestorians (Antioch) who separated Jesus into two against Nestorians (Antioch) who separated Jesus into two persons. The “hypostatic union.” Protect the mystery.persons. The “hypostatic union.” Protect the mystery.

Constantinople 553 Condemned OrigenConstantinople 553 Condemned Origen Constantinople II 680 Opposed Monothelitism (one divine Constantinople II 680 Opposed Monothelitism (one divine

will)will) Nicaea II 787 Condemned IconoclasmNicaea II 787 Condemned Iconoclasm

Page 15: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Branches of Christianity after 500Branches of Christianity after 500

Western Christendom Rome Legalistic and HierarchicalWestern Christendom Rome Legalistic and Hierarchical

Easter Christendom Byzantium Spiritual Experiential, MysticalEaster Christendom Byzantium Spiritual Experiential, Mystical

Coptic Church (Alexandria, Cairo) Monophysite One nature. Coptic Church (Alexandria, Cairo) Monophysite One nature. Alexandrine School. Focused on divine nature of Jesus and Alexandrine School. Focused on divine nature of Jesus and minimized his humanity. Mary: Theotokosminimized his humanity. Mary: Theotokos

Church of the East Nestorianism Dyophysite. Two Natures. Church of the East Nestorianism Dyophysite. Two Natures. Antiochene School. Focus on human nature of Jesus and his Antiochene School. Focus on human nature of Jesus and his suffering. Mary: Christotokossuffering. Mary: Christotokos

Page 16: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Highlights of Medieval ChristianityHighlights of Medieval Christianity

Final Schism of East and West 1054Final Schism of East and West 1054 Corruption of the PapacyCorruption of the Papacy Celibacy of Priests mandatoryCelibacy of Priests mandatory Baptism by sprinkling adoptedBaptism by sprinkling adopted Purgatory, Cult of Saints, Indulgences, etc.Purgatory, Cult of Saints, Indulgences, etc. CrusadesCrusades

11stst 1096-1099 Capture Jerusalem, Establish Feudal States 1096-1099 Capture Jerusalem, Establish Feudal States 22ndnd 1147-1149 Complete failure 1147-1149 Complete failure 33rdrd 1187-1192 Capture Acre, Mediterranean coast 1187-1192 Capture Acre, Mediterranean coast - 8- 8thth 1270-1271 1270-1271

Cult of Mary Cult of Mary Growth of Monasticism in WestGrowth of Monasticism in West

Dominicans (Dominic, 1170-1221)Dominicans (Dominic, 1170-1221) Franciscans (Francis of Assisi 1182-1226)Franciscans (Francis of Assisi 1182-1226)

Page 17: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

True Christianity in the Middle True Christianity in the Middle Ages?Ages?

Paulicians 650-900’s Asia MinorPaulicians 650-900’s Asia Minor Albigenses, Cathars 1000’s-1200’s Southern FranceAlbigenses, Cathars 1000’s-1200’s Southern France Henry the Monk 1100Henry the Monk 1100 Arnold of Brescia 1155 ItalyArnold of Brescia 1155 Italy Peter of Bruys 1140 Northern ItalyPeter of Bruys 1140 Northern Italy Waldensians 1175-1500’s Peter Waldo, SwitzerlandWaldensians 1175-1500’s Peter Waldo, Switzerland

Page 18: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Late Middle Ages: ScholasticismThe Late Middle Ages: Scholasticism

Emphasis on Reason. No contradition with faith.Emphasis on Reason. No contradition with faith. Reliance on AristotleReliance on Aristotle Universities EstablishedUniversities Established Studied Rhetoric, Dialectic and Expounded on Studied Rhetoric, Dialectic and Expounded on

Scripture, Aristotle and Roman authors.Scripture, Aristotle and Roman authors. Penance emphasized, Mary more personal that JesusPenance emphasized, Mary more personal that Jesus Anselm (1033-1109), Abelard (1079-1142), OckhamAnselm (1033-1109), Abelard (1079-1142), Ockham Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Doctor of Western Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Doctor of Western

ChristendomChristendom

Forerunner to Humanism, Renaissance and Forerunner to Humanism, Renaissance and Reformation and Counterreformation.Reformation and Counterreformation.

Page 19: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The ReformationThe Reformation

John Wyclif England, 1324-1384John Wyclif England, 1324-1384 John Huss Bohemia, 1374-1415John Huss Bohemia, 1374-1415 Martin Luther Germany, 1483-1546Martin Luther Germany, 1483-1546 Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland, 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland, 1484-1531 William Tyndale England, 1494-1536William Tyndale England, 1494-1536 John Calvin France, 1509-1564John Calvin France, 1509-1564 John Knox Scotland, 1505-1572John Knox Scotland, 1505-1572

Page 20: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

John Wyclif 1324-1384

Translated Vulgate into English

Opposed

indulgences, idols, priesthood

The Pope is the antichrist

Followers

known as Lollards

Declared heretics 1401

Page 21: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

John Huss 1374-1415 Bohemia

Influenced by Wyclif

Bible the only authority

Only God can

forgive sin

Burned at the stake

Hussites virtually wiped out by the

Inquisition Brethren and

Moravian Churches

Page 22: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

John Huss Burned at the stake, 1415

Page 23: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Martin Luther 1483-1546

Augustinian Monk

95 Theses in Wittenburg 1517

Studied Romans

Grace Through Faith Only

Scripture Only

Predestination

Book of James a “book of straw.”

Kept much of Catholic worship practices

Page 24: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Swiss Reformer

More radical than Luther

Rejected almost all Catholic forms of worship. “Four bare walls and a sermon.”

Differed on the Lord’s Supper

Lord’s Supper and Baptism are “symbolic ceremonies.”

His influence led to the Anabaptists

Principle influence on John Calvin

Died as a soldier fighting a Catholic Swiss canons.

Page 25: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Anabaptist Movement (1530’s and later)The Radical Reformation

Menno Simmons 1496-1561

Martyrdom of Anabaptists

Page 26: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Anabaptist Movement The Anabaptist Movement (cont.)(cont.)

Baptism by immersion of adults after confession of Baptism by immersion of adults after confession of faith for salvation.faith for salvation.

Bible the only authority.Bible the only authority. Separation of church and state.Separation of church and state. Emphasized both life and doctrineEmphasized both life and doctrine Pacifists (usually)Pacifists (usually) Many martyrsMany martyrs Began evangelistic, but became exclusive and Began evangelistic, but became exclusive and

withdrawn. (Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites)withdrawn. (Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites) Tended to be very schismaticTended to be very schismatic

Page 27: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564

Followed ZwingliFollowed Zwingli Most influential theologian of the ReformationMost influential theologian of the Reformation Emphasized Historical/Covenantal TheologyEmphasized Historical/Covenantal Theology Wrote Wrote Institutes of Christian ReligionInstitutes of Christian Religion Established an autocratic theocracy in GenevaEstablished an autocratic theocracy in Geneva Best known for his strong emphasis on Best known for his strong emphasis on

predestination/monergism.predestination/monergism. God has two wills: his revealed will (1 Tim 2:3-4) God has two wills: his revealed will (1 Tim 2:3-4)

and his secret will: foreordination of soulsand his secret will: foreordination of souls Calvinist denominations: Presbyterian, Dutch Calvinist denominations: Presbyterian, Dutch

Reformed, Puritan, Baptist, Anglican(?)Reformed, Puritan, Baptist, Anglican(?)

Page 28: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

TULIPTULIP

TTotal depravity of mankindotal depravity of mankind

UUnconditional electionnconditional election

LLimited atonementimited atonement

IIrresistible gracerresistible grace

final final PPreservation of the saintsreservation of the saints

John Calvin

Page 29: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

Sought to reform Roman Sought to reform Roman Church acc to humanist Church acc to humanist principles.principles.

““Praise of Folly” attacks Praise of Folly” attacks relics, pilgrimages, relics, pilgrimages, monasticism, Catholic monasticism, Catholic hierarchyhierarchy

““On the Freedom of the Will” On the Freedom of the Will” 15241524

Greek New Testament 1514Greek New Testament 1514

Erasmus 1466-1536

Page 30: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Counter-ReformationThe Counter-Reformation

Council of Trent 1545-1563Council of Trent 1545-1563 Eliminated many Medieval excesses (indulgences, etc.)Eliminated many Medieval excesses (indulgences, etc.) Gave official status to many Catholic teachings.Gave official status to many Catholic teachings. Declared church tradition equal to biblical authority.Declared church tradition equal to biblical authority. Condemned Luther and others as heretics.Condemned Luther and others as heretics. Confirmed works sanctification.Confirmed works sanctification. Confirmed sacraments, especially the priesthood. Confirmed sacraments, especially the priesthood.

(opposing the priesthood of all believers)(opposing the priesthood of all believers)

Page 31: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Other Important Figures in the Other Important Figures in the ReformationReformation

William Tyndale Translated NT from Greek and OT William Tyndale Translated NT from Greek and OT from Hebrew. KJV was a revision of Tyndale. from Hebrew. KJV was a revision of Tyndale. Martyred 1536.Martyred 1536.

John Knox 1505-1572. Brought Calvinism to John Knox 1505-1572. Brought Calvinism to Scotland. Became Presbyterian ChurchScotland. Became Presbyterian Church

Puritans. English dissenters. Congregational Puritans. English dissenters. Congregational autonomy. Became Congregational Churchautonomy. Became Congregational Church

Baptists. Added believer’s baptism to Calvinism.Baptists. Added believer’s baptism to Calvinism. Quakers. Literally quaked. Charismatic, emotional Quakers. Literally quaked. Charismatic, emotional

movement. Pietist/pacifist offshoot of Radical movement. Pietist/pacifist offshoot of Radical Reformation.Reformation.

Page 32: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Jacob Arminius (1569-1609)Jacob Arminius (1569-1609) ““Arminianism”Arminianism”

Semi-Pelagianism?Semi-Pelagianism?

Opposed supralapsarianismOpposed supralapsarianism

Prevenient grace. God Prevenient grace. God foreknows, but does not foreknows, but does not predetermine.predetermine.

Calvinism makes God the Calvinism makes God the author of sin.author of sin.

Methodists, Restoration Methodists, Restoration MovementMovement

Page 33: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Pietist and Revivalist MovementsPietist and Revivalist Movements

John (1703-1791) and Charles (1707-1788) WesleyJohn (1703-1791) and Charles (1707-1788) Wesley Stressed holiness, piety, personal relationship with GodStressed holiness, piety, personal relationship with God Arminian theologyArminian theology Reformer of AnglicanismReformer of Anglicanism Strong organizer: “Methodism”Strong organizer: “Methodism”

George Whitehead Revivalist PreacherGeorge Whitehead Revivalist Preacher Friend of Wesley, but differed on Calvinism.Friend of Wesley, but differed on Calvinism.

Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening (1730s and 40s)Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening (1730s and 40s) ““A sinner in the hands of an angry God.”A sinner in the hands of an angry God.” Sought an outward sign of God’s grace.Sought an outward sign of God’s grace.

Page 34: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Enlightenment and the ChurchThe Enlightenment and the Church

Isaac Newton and the Mechanical Universe 1687 Principia.Isaac Newton and the Mechanical Universe 1687 Principia.

DesCartes and Rationalism.DesCartes and Rationalism.

David Hume, Voltaire and others begin to apply skepticism to David Hume, Voltaire and others begin to apply skepticism to Christian TheologyChristian Theology

Deism: Intellectual/Rational revision of Christianity Deny trinity, Deism: Intellectual/Rational revision of Christianity Deny trinity, virgin birth, resurrection of Jesus, etc. Joseph Priestly establishes virgin birth, resurrection of Jesus, etc. Joseph Priestly establishes the Unitarian Church. Franklin, Washington, Jefferson all deists.the Unitarian Church. Franklin, Washington, Jefferson all deists.

John Locke and logical empiricism.John Locke and logical empiricism.

Page 35: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The The Stone/CampbellStone/Campbell MovementMovementRestoration or Reformation?Restoration or Reformation?

Page 36: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

InfluencesInfluences Francis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientific Francis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientific

approach to the facts of the Bible.approach to the facts of the Bible.

John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher”John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher”

The Scottish school of Common Sense Philosophy The Scottish school of Common Sense Philosophy (Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.)(Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.)

The Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians and The Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians and other radical restorationist sects.other radical restorationist sects.

Page 38: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Rice Haggard 1769-1819Rice Haggard 1769-1819

“One thing I know, that whenever non-essentials are made terms of communion, it will never fail to have a tendency to disunite

and scatter the church of Christ.”

Page 39: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Barton W. Stone 1772-1844Barton W. Stone 1772-1844The heart of the movementThe heart of the movement

The Cane Ridge Revival

The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery

“Let Christian Unity be our Polar Star.”

“I do, so far as I see it consistent with the word of God.”

Page 40: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Presbytery of Springfield, sitting at Cane Ridge, in the county of Bourbon, being, through a gracious Providence, in more than ordinary bodily health, growing in strength and size daily; and in perfect soundness and composure of mind; but knowing what it is appointed for all delegated bodies once to die: and considering that the life of every such body is very uncertain, do take, and ordain this our Last Will and Testament, in manner and following,….

And with that the Springfield Presbytery no longer existed and the Stone movement began.

Page 41: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Thomas Campbell 1763-1851Thomas Campbell 1763-1851

Emigrated to Pennsylvania 1807

Suspended by Presbyterian Church

The Declaration and Address 1809

Principles for unity of Christians.

Page 42: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Alexander Campbell 1788-1866Alexander Campbell 1788-1866The mind of the movementThe mind of the movement

Joined Thomas from Scotland 1809

Believers only baptism 1812

Campbell/Walker Debate 1820

The Millennial Harbinger 1830

Bethany College 1840

Page 43: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Walter Scott (1796-1861)Walter Scott (1796-1861)

First evangelist in the movement

“Restored the gospel” in 1827

The five step “plan” of salvation

Scott’s: faith, repentance, baptism, remission of sins, Holy Spirit

CoC today: hear, believe, repent, confess, be baptized

Page 44: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The crowning event of the early years:The crowning event of the early years:1824 Stone and Campbell met for the first time

1831 Decided to form a unified movement

Problems:

1. Christian (Stonites) or Disciple (Campbellites)

2. Emotional vs intellectual movements (preachers vs teachers)

3. Teaching on baptism

4. Ordination of ministers

5. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit

Page 45: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Hermeneutics of the MovementHermeneutics of the Movement

“Command, Example and Necessary Demonstrations.”

“Where the Bible speaks, we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent”

Sought Bible “facts.” Weak on principles. Tended toward legalism.

Page 46: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Turning Point: The Turning Point:

Were they a unity movement (a reformation) or a restoration movement?

Stone and Campbell favored reformation (example; the Christadelphians)

Walter Scott, Benjamin Franklin, Tolbert Fanning, David Lipscomb and others moved toward restoration. Sought “the perfect pattern.”

Page 47: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The Dominating Influences in the MovementThe Dominating Influences in the Movement

The Colleges (Bethany College, David Lipscomb The Colleges (Bethany College, David Lipscomb College, etc.)College, etc.)

The Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The Millennial The Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The Millennial Harbinger, The American Christian Review, The Harbinger, The American Christian Review, The Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.)Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.)

These were forces for unity and for divisionThese were forces for unity and for division

Page 48: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Points of disunity/divisionPoints of disunity/division

Evangelism and inter-church organization (the Missionary Society)Evangelism and inter-church organization (the Missionary Society)

The Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary Society The Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary Society supported the North)supported the North)

The “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter a church The “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter a church where an organ stands.”where an organ stands.”

Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb.Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb.

1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The Church 1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The Church of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ.of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ.

Page 49: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

David Lipscomb (1831-1917)“Father” of the Church of Christ

Founder of Lipscomb University

Editor of the Gospel Advocate 1866-1917

Daniel Sommer“Watchdog” for the brotherhood.

“Daniel Sommer was a militant who left a legacy of legalistic wrangling and divided congregations.”

Page 50: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Other ControversiesOther Controversies

One cup, Sunday School, “anti” churchesOne cup, Sunday School, “anti” churches

PremillennialismPremillennialism

For the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; The Ecumenical For the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; The Ecumenical Movement. Open Membership.Movement. Open Membership.

UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs. NACC (North UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs. NACC (North American Christian Convention)American Christian Convention)

Two denominations by about 1950Two denominations by about 1950

Page 51: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Lessons to be learnedLessons to be learned Unity is extremely difficult to maintain without strong hierarchical Unity is extremely difficult to maintain without strong hierarchical

structurestructure..

Separating essential matters from the non-essential is harder than Separating essential matters from the non-essential is harder than we think.we think.

A movement without a strong hierarchical structure needs A movement without a strong hierarchical structure needs instruments to maintain unity.instruments to maintain unity.

Careful thinking about theology, church structure and history are Careful thinking about theology, church structure and history are required for long term growth and unity.required for long term growth and unity.

It is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups with whom we It is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups with whom we disagree.disagree.

Page 52: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Book Recommendations:

Reviving the Ancient Faith (Hughes)

The Stone Campbell Movement (Garrett)

Into All Nations (Foster Stanback)

The Search for the Ancient Order (West)

Page 53: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Crossroads/Boston/ICOC MovementCrossroads/Boston/ICOC Movement 1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC 1967 Chuck Lucas 141967 Chuck Lucas 14thth Street CoC (Crossroads CoC) Street CoC (Crossroads CoC)

Soul talksSoul talks Prayer partnersPrayer partners Emphasis on evangelismEmphasis on evangelism

After 1975 “campus ministries”After 1975 “campus ministries” Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc…Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc… Many church splits resultedMany church splits resulted

1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC ““sold out” disciples only in the churchsold out” disciples only in the church Amazing growthAmazing growth Emphasis on world evangelismEmphasis on world evangelism Vertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity of methodologyVertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity of methodology

Page 54: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Boston/LA/ICOC movement (cont.)Boston/LA/ICOC movement (cont.) Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985 Official split with CoC 1986Official split with CoC 1986

Who’s fault was it?Who’s fault was it? Church Reconstructions 1988Church Reconstructions 1988

You are in or you are outYou are in or you are out Evangelization Proclamation 1994Evangelization Proclamation 1994 Kip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of the Kip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of the

movement November, 2001movement November, 2001 Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003 Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”

Page 55: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Hermeneutics of CoC and ICOCHermeneutics of CoC and ICOC Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks, we Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks, we

speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.”speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.”

Kip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we are silent, Kip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we are silent, where the Bible is silent, we speak.”where the Bible is silent, we speak.”

CoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, Bible collegesCoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, Bible colleges

Kip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency and skeptical of Kip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency and skeptical of theological training.theological training.

Page 56: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

Where Should We Go From Here?Where Should We Go From Here? Balance of autonomy and cooperationBalance of autonomy and cooperation

Finding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing one another Finding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing one another passagespassages

Meeting the needs of mature disciples without losing our simple Meeting the needs of mature disciples without losing our simple evangelistic plea—continuing to raise up young leadersevangelistic plea—continuing to raise up young leaders

Appointing and finding the best role for elders and a balance with Appointing and finding the best role for elders and a balance with the role of evangelists (and teachers as well)the role of evangelists (and teachers as well)

Our formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC and other Our formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC and other groups.groups.

Page 57: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

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Page 58: Power Point and Notes for Class on Church History

The crowning event of the early years:The crowning event of the early years:1824 Stone and Campbell met for the first time

1831 Decided to form a unified movement

Problems:

1. Christian (Stonites) or Disciple (Campbellites)

2. Emotional vs intellectual movements (preachers vs teachers)

3. Teaching on baptism

4. Ordination of ministers

5. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit