power plant - environmental impacts

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURESA. Physical Environment1. During Construction 83. Project construction has the potential to create a range of environmental impacts common to major construction sites. These impacts include air pollution, noise, runoff water quality decline, traffic, and waste generation. The majority of these impacts are short-term and restricted to the construction site. Construction environmental impacts will be minimized by implementing good management practices.84. Air Pollution. Potential sources of air pollution during project construction are (i) dust emissions from soil disturbance and vehicle movement on unpaved roads, and (ii) exhaust emissions from diesel generators, heavy construction equipment, and vehicles. The construction’s impact on air quality will be minimized through (i) dust suppression by regularly spraying water on roads and work sites, wetting or covering stockpiles, the proper location of material stockpiles away from habitation, and covering loaded trucks during the transportation ofmaterial; (ii) use of low- emission vehicles and, wherever feasible, construction equipment powered by electricity; and (iii) maintenance of engines and use of vehicles with Pollution Under Control Certificates 10 . Contractors will be required to strictly implement these measures.85. Noise. Construction activities will generate noise from vehicle movement and the operation of heavy equipment and machinery for site preparation and facility erection. Typical noise levels produced by different sources during construction are earthmoving equipment (70– 100 dB[A]), material handling (75–98 dB[A]), and impact-based equipment81–105 (dB[A]). Noise levels will be reduced by installing acoustic enclosures and noise barriers, and not permitting high noise activities and the movement of vehicles at night. Construction workers will be required to wear ear muffs

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Environmental Impact Assessment

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Page 1: Power Plant - Environmental Impacts

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURESA. Physical Environment1. During Construction

83. Project construction has the potential to create a range of environmental impacts common to major construction sites. These impacts include air pollution, noise, runoff water quality decline, traffic, and waste generation. The majority of these impacts are short-term and restricted to the construction site. Construction environmental impacts will be minimized by implementing good management practices.84.

Air Pollution.Potential sources of air pollution during project construction are (i) dust emissions from soil disturbance and vehicle movement on unpaved roads, and (ii) exhaust emissions from diesel generators, heavy construction equipment, and vehicles. The construction’s impact on air quality will be minimized through (i) dust suppression by regularly spraying water on roads and work sites, wetting or covering stockpiles, the proper location of material stockpiles away from habitation, and covering loaded trucks during the transportation ofmaterial; (ii) use of low-emission vehicles and, wherever feasible, construction equipment powered by electricity; and (iii) maintenance of engines and use of vehicles with Pollution Under Control Certificates10. Contractors will be required to strictly implement these measures.85.

Noise.

Construction activities will generate noise from vehicle movement and the operation of heavy equipment and machinery for site preparation and facility erection. Typical noise levels produced by different sources during construction are earthmoving equipment (70– 100 dB[A]), material handling (75–98 dB[A]), and impact-based equipment81–105 (dB[A]). Noise levels will be reduced by installing acoustic enclosures and noise barriers, and not permitting high noise activities and the movement of vehicles at night. Construction workers will be required to wear ear muffs in areas exposed to excessive noise levels. Local villages are unlikely to be disturbed by plant construction noise as they are located at least 1 km from the plant site. Some villages are located within 500 m of the water supply pipeline and railway line corridors. These communities will experience raised noise levels during pipeline laying and rail line construction, but this disturbance will be restricted to the short term and today light hours.86.

Traffic.The main access route to the project site is a sealed two-lane district road. Mostplant equipment and construction materials will be transported to the Project along this road, withthe number of loads estimated to peak at 500

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per day during the 3.5 year construction period.Traffic volume on this road is currently low (about 300 vehicle movements per day). Project-related traffic will substantially increase the volume of road traffic, but the total volume will not beexcessive.87.

Oil and Chemical Spills.The contamination of soil and groundwater from accidentalspills of oil, fuels, and hazardous chemicals will be prevented by storing these materials in sealed10Pollution Under Control Certificates are normally issued to vehicles that satisfy the emission norms set out in theCentral Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 and amendments.

 20areas with a holding capacity of at least 150% of the capacity of all liquids being stored.Measures will also be provided for fire suppression and the neutralization and collection of anyspilled material.88.

Runoff.Earthmoving and other ground disturbance activities will raise the risk of erosionat the project site, primarily during the monsoon season when the majority of rainfall is received.Soil at the project site is sandy and silty, and erodes easily. Off-site sedimentation will result fromsoil disturbance unless appropriate measures are implemented. Erosion control measures will beimplemented during construction, including the installation of temporary banks or drains tocontrol overland runoff and the early installation of drains for rainwater. Most excavation,backfilling, and site grading will be undertaken during the dry season. Sediment will be trappedon-site using sediment fences and traps and basins, and by preventing the off-site movement ofcoarse material.89.

Construction Waste.A range of waste materials will be generated from constructionactivities, including inert materials such as metal and concrete, and hazardous materials. Thesewaste materials will be collected, stored, and disposed of in an appropriate manner. Recyclableor reusable materials will be utilized wherever possible. Inert materials that cannot be recycledwill be disposed of in a suitable landfill. Waste oil will be sold to authorized vendors approved bythe Haryana State Pollution Control Board. Hazardous wastes including used or waste oil will bestored on-site in a designated area for disposal through authorized vendors.90.

Excavated Spoil.Approximately 2 million m3

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of material will be excavated to create theplant’s water storage. This material will be used to fill and level the main plant area, raising thelower areas by up to 4 m, with no material being taken off site.91.

Sanitation and Hygiene.Project construction activities will engage 2,000–4,000 workers.Unskilled and semiskilled workers will primarily be sourced from the local area, while otherworkers will come from outside areas depending upon the skills required and those availablelocally. Outside workers will reside at the project site. Toilets with septic tanks will be provided inthe workforce camp for the disposal of sewage. Solid waste generated by the camp will besegregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. All biodegradable kitchenwaste will be collected and used for secondary purposes such as animal feed or composting foruse as manure. Other biodegradable wastes will be collected and disposed of in on-site pits forsubsequent use as manure. Cleanliness and hygiene will be maintained in the workforce camp,kitchens, and canteens.92.

Historic and Religious Sites.No major historic or religious sites are located within 20km of the main plant site, proposed water supply, or rail easements. Local temples exist in mostvillages in the vicinity of the Project. Jahazgarh Fort, a historically-significant site that is a touristdestination known for an annual cattle fair, is located about 20 km to the north-northeast of theproject site. 93.Other sites.Water reticulation, via the subsurface pipeline from the JLN feeder canal,requires a 20 m wide easement from the pumphouse to the plant. This easement crossesagricultural fields, minor watercourses, and the rail line. No houses exist along the proposedroute. Pipeline construction will involve the removal of vegetation (mainly grasses and crops),trenching, pipe-laying, and backfilling, which will disturb about 24 ha of flat-to-slightly-undulatingland. Construction activities will create a minor erosion hazard that will be controlled byminimizing vegetation clearance and site disturbance, saving and reusing topsoil, andprogressive site rehabilitation to return the land to its prior agricultural land use.2194. The two spur rail lines will meet at the plant boundary and then run parallel to theMatanhel–Jhajjar road within the project site. A 20 m wide easement is required for each lineoutside the main plant site, covering a total of 3.8 ha of land. The rail corridors do not cross anysettlement areas. One of the lines will cross the local road where a level crossing will beconstructed. Construction of the rail lines on this flat terrain will create ground disturbance, butthe net impact of the civil works will be negligible.

2. During Operation

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 95. The main potential environmental impacts of project operation relate to air quality decline,greenhouse gas production, liquid waste effluent quality, thermal pollution from the discharge ofspent cooling water, and ash disposal. The EIA assessed environmental impacts and prescribedappropriate mitigation measures to ensure that the Project’s environmental performance meetsor exceeds national standards and international guidelines for coal-fired power plants.96.Emissions.Coal combustion produces emissions of the following major pollutants: SO2;NOX; particulate matter (PM), including particulates smaller than 10 microns that are referred toas respirable particulate matter (RPM); and CO2, which is a major greenhouse gas.11The Projectwill minimize the emission of these pollutants by using advanced technology and controlmeasures. An FGD plant will be installed to reduce SO2emissions by approximately 90%, whilecoal with a low sulfur content (not exceeding 0.35%) will also help minimize these emissions.Dry-low, NOx-type coal burners will be installed to reduce NOXproduction. SPM emissions willbe reduced to acceptable levels by the installation of ESPs with a minimum efficiency of 99.91%.The FGD unit will also help to reduce SPM emissions.97. The Project’s emission rates will be within the limits prescribed in World Bank guidelines.SO2will be limited to 200 milligram per normal cubic meter (mg/Nm3)and 24.5 tons per day (tpd),which are well within the World Bank guideline limits of 2,000 mg/Nm3and 450 tpd. NOxemissions of 650 mg/ Nm3will also be less than the limit of 750 mg/Nm3. The ESPs will limit PMconcentrations in flue gases to less than 50 mg/Nm3. The expected emission rates of the plantare summarized in Table 6 and the prediction calculations are presented in Appendix 6.Table 6: Expected Emissions of the Power PlantParameter Expected Emission1Indian Limit

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2 World Bank Norm3 SO2 200 mg/Nm3 24.5 TPD(141.9 g/s per unit)700 TPD2,000 mg/Nm3 450 TPDNOX650 mg/Nm3 (461.2 g/s per unit)No standard 750 mg/Nm3PM50 mg/Nm3 (35.5 g/s per unit) 100 mg/Nm350 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3= milligram per normal cubic meter, NOX= nitrogen oxide, PM = particulate matter, SO2= sulfur dioxide, TPD= tons per day.Sources: JPL, unpublished; Ministry of Environment and Forests, 1998.Environmental Standards for Power Plants,MoEF New Delhi Notification G.S.R. 7; World Bank, 1998.Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook .Washington, DC.11The amount of CO2generated by burning 5.9 million metric tons per annum of coal with 41.2% carbon contentwould be about 28,400 tpd.

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  2298.Ambient Air Quality.The Project will discharge gases through a 275 m high stackcontaining two flues, in compliance with the emissions requirements of MoEF. Ambient air qualitywas predicted using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model12. The predictionwas based on the emissions data in Table 6, an assumption of coal with 0.35% sulfur at 100%load and 100% conversion of sulfur into SO2and emissions, and local meteorological conditions.The ambient air quality predictions for individual pollutants that will be emitted by the plant aregiven for the worst case scenario in Table 7 and in more detail in Appendix 7. The predictedincremental increase in ground level concentrations of each major pollutant is within thestipulated maximum amount indicated in the World Bank guidelines. The overall impact of theProject on ambient air quality is expected to be low.Table 7: Overall Worst Case Predicted Ground Level ConcentrationsIn the Study Area from the Project (μg/m3)24 Hour Concentration SO2NOXSPM

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Baseline 98 percentile monitoredconcentration (maximum)8.3 33.9 384.5Predicted maximum incremental GLC 11.0 35.8 2.8Overall GLC during worst casescenario19.3 69.7 387.3NAAQS limit (rural and residential) 80.0 80.0 200.0GLC = ground level concentration, mg/Nm3= milligram per normal cubic meter, NAAQS = National Ambient AirQuality Standards, NOX= nitrogen oxide, SO2= sulfur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter,μg/m3=microgram per cubic meter.Source: ERM, 2008. Calculated using USEPA ISCST3 air dispersion model (2000).99. Ambient air quality in the Project airshed will remain below the prescribed standards forSO2and NOx. SO2concentrations will be low due to the installation of an FGD unit. Baselinelevels of SPM are high during the summer primarily due to the high content of fine sand in thelocal topsoil and agriculture activities that create soil disturbance prior to the onset of themonsoon. As a result of these existing conditions, the ambient air SPM levels will be above theprescribed limit during Project operation for at least part of the year.100.Greenhouse Gas Emissions.The supercritical boilers will generate CO2emissions of8.05 million tons per annum (at a rate of 0.86 kg/KWh net at 87% PLF), while the estimatedbaseline CO2emissions from business-as-usual technology is estimated to be 8.90 million tonsper annum (at a rate 0.95 kg/KWh net). Accordingly, a saving of 0.85 million tons per annum CO2 emissions is estimated. 101.Carbon Capture Readiness.Carbon capture from the plant, based on carbon dioxideseparation and underground storage, has the potential to substantially reduce the carbonemissions of the Project. The technology for post-combustion carbon capture is under activedevelopment and may be available soon. An analysis

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has been carried out to identify the issuesthat need to be considered by the Project for carbon capture readiness (CCR) in the event that12Ambient air ground level concentrations (GLCs) were predicted using the United State Environment ProtectionAgency Industrial Source Complex Short Term Release 3 (ISCST3) model (version 2000). The model is capable ofaccepting multi-point emission sources and hourly meteorological data including mixing height, stabilities and terrainfeatures to define the conditions for plume rise for each source and receptor combination for each hour of input ofmeteorological data sequentially, and calculates short term averages up to 24 hours. 

23reliable technology and suitable storage options become commercially viable. Theseconsiderations include allocating space in the plant layout to install post-combustion carboncapture equipment, producing clean and desulfurized flue gas, and providing a sufficientelectrical and steam supply to operate the capture system.102. The Project has sufficient space for the installation of carbon capture equipment. TheProject has a major advantage over other Indian coal-fired projects because it will have an FGDunit from the outset, which may be a precondition for carbon capture. The necessary electricityand steam supplies for the carbon capture system can be made available. It is envisaged thatongoing research will identify CO2storage areas within reach of the Jhajjar site. Accordingly, it isconcluded that the Project has the necessary features of CCR.103.Noise.

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Significant noise levels can result from the operation of turbines, compressors,transformers, the coal handling plant, coal conveyor movement, blowdown of excess steam, andsteam venting from safety valves. The transformers in the switchyard can also generate noise.The noise levels emitted by operating machinery will be 90–100 dB(A). The steam turbinegenerators will be housed in closed buildings to reduce noise transmission to the outsideenvironment. Acoustic enclosures, hoods, laggings, and screens will be provided at all high-noise generating areas. All measures will be taken to keep noise levels at the plant boundarywithin stipulated limits. Maintenance and operating personnel working in the plant will beprovided with adequate personal protection against noise. The inlet air and exhaust gas streamswill be provided with silencers for noise reduction. All equipment in the plant is designed and willbe operated for noise levels not exceeding 75 dB(A) measured at a distance of 1.5 m from theequipment. In addition, other measures will be implemented as necessary to ensure that noise atthe plant boundary does not exceed stipulated limits. The maximum background and predictednoise levels are summarized in Table 8.Table 8: Maximum Background and Predicted Noise LevelsDay (Leq dB[A]) Night (Leq dB[A])Site Sampling StationBaseline Predicted Baseline Predicted1 Near plant site 52.9 52.9 40.1 40.82 Khanpur Khurd (1.5 km south) 54.4 54.4 43.6 43.63 Jharli (2 km east) 49.8 49.8 42.2 42.34 Sasrauli (5.5 km northeast) 46.9 46.9 40.3 40.35 Railway crossing (2 km northeast) 60.0 60.1 46.1 47.5dB(A) = decibels (acoustic), Leq = equivalent continuous noise level, day = 0600 to 2200 hours; night = 2200 to 0600hours.Source: baseline - EIA/EMP Report for 1,320 MW Thermal Power Plant, Jhajjar, Haryana. January 2008; predicted – JPL.104. The monitored average noise levels at rural and residential areas around the project sitevaried from 46.9 to 54.4 dB(A) during the day and 40.1 to 46.1 dB(A) at night. The minimumdistance between the Project’s major noise sources (power block and cooling towers) and theouter periphery of the Project will be approximately 400 m. Based on computer modeling, themaximum cumulative impact of all noise sources at the Project boundary in the direction of eachnearby village is predicted to be less than 10 dB(A). After adding the predicted values to thebackground values through logarithmic addition, the increase in noise levels are predicted toremain within the prescribed norms at nearby villages, with the nearest village predicted toreceive a net increase of 1.4–1.7 dB(A) above background noise, which is within the WorldBank’s guidelines of a maximum increase of 3 dB(A) over background noise.

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  24105.Coal Dust.Coal will be received in open-type railway wagons and unloaded at site usingtippers. The coal will then transported by conveyor to the crusher house. Crushed coal will besent to either the bunker for storage and onward feeding to mill, or sent to the coal stockyard fortemporary storage. Coal will be stockpiled in the yard and reclaimed on a regular basis. Coaldust emissions will either come from point sources such as crushing equipment and transferpoints, or from fugitive sources such as stockpiles.106. During coal unloading and onward transfer to the crusher, dust will be suppressed byspraying water. A dust extraction system will be installed at the crusher house on the feederfloors. Dust emissions from the coal stockpiles and from coal reclamation to the bunkers will alsobe controlled by spraying water. The coal dust extraction system is designed to suck dust-ladenair from confined areas such as screening and belt feeders and at transfer points. The trappedair will be subjected to washing with the help of water sprays, and the clean air will be ventedback into the atmosphere. Water containing coal dust will be taken to a settling pond for theremoval of dust particles.107. Coal dust suppression in open areas will consist of a fine spray of water to wet the dustparticles, causing the particles to agglomerate and settle. The dust suppression system consistsof swiveling-type, wide-angle, full cone-type nozzles. Drainage from coal yards will flow into asettling pond for the removal of coal particles.108.Water Use.The water allocated to the Project for plant operation is in addition to thewater currently allocated and used for other purposes such as irrigation, industry, and domesticuse. Accordingly, the water supply for existing uses will not be reduced by the Project’s allocationof water. Canal upgrading will increase the existing capacity of the JLN feeder canal from 84.7m3 /s (2,990 cusecs) to greater than 93.2 m3 /s (3,290 cusecs), which will ensure that the 8.5 m3 /s(300 cusecs) of water required to operate the two thermal power plants is provided withoutreducing the capacity of the canal to supply existing water users.109.Effluent Water Quality.

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The plant will generate wastewater from the pre-treatment plant,demineralization plant, cooling tower blowdown, boiler blowdown, wastewater from ultra filtrationand RO unit, decanted water from ash dykes, and service and wash wastewater from differentsections of the plant. On-site wastewater will be treated to achieve maximum reuse and recycling.Leftover wastewater will be used to irrigate on-site vegetation throughout the year except duringthe monsoon. In accordance with World Bank guidelines, wastewater will be treated to the levelsprescribed in Table 9 or better. Treated effluent will also meet irrigation water quality standards(Table 10).Table 9: Thermal Power Plant Standard for Liquid EffluentSource ParameterConcentration not Exceeding(mg/l, except pH)Free available chlorine 0.5Suspended solids 100.0Oil & grease 20.0Copper (Total) 1.01 Boiler BlowdownIron (Total) 1.0Free available chlorine 0.52Cooling TowerBlowdownZinc 1.0

25Source ParameterConcentration not Exceeding(mg/l, except pH)Chromium (Total) 0.2Phosphate 5.0Other corrosion inhibitingmaterialLimit to be established on case– by-case basis by the CentralBoard in union territories andState Boards in statespH 6.5–8.5Suspended solids 100.03 Ash pond effluentOil and grease 20.0Note: mg/l = milligram per litre, pH = potential hydrogen.Source: Environmental (Protection) Act Notification (SO no. 844 E) dated 19 November 1996.Table 10: Applicable Standards for Use of Water or Liquid Effluent for IrrigationS.N.Parameter UnitBureau of IndianStandard*General Standard forDischarge ofEnvironmentalPollutants for Irrigation**1pH -– 6.0–8.0 5.5–9.02Conductivity at 25ºC, µs/cm2.25 – 3Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l1,000 – 4Boron mg/l2 – 5Chlorides mg/l500 – 6Total Dissolved Solids mg/l2,100 – 7Suspended solids mg/l – 2008Oil and Grease mg/l – 109Biochemical OxygenDemand (3 days at 27ºC)mg/l – 10010Arsenic mg/l – 0.211Cyanide mg/l – 0.212 Bioassay test – – 90% survival of fishafter 96 hours in 100%effluentNote: mg/l = milligram per litre, µS/cm = microseimens per centimeter, pH = potential hydrogen.Source: *Bureau of Indian Standards code IS: 11624:1986; **Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and amendment1993.110.Ash Disposal.

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The Project will generate ash at a rate of about 291 tph from coalcombustion, based on coal with an average ash content of 34%. Ash will be utilized off-site forsecondary uses as per the ash utilization plan as detailed in Appendix 12. Ash will be handled indry form, using a closed circuit pneumatic mechanism, and directly loaded into enclosed trucksthrough ash silos.111. Fly ash will be collected in dry form. Fly ash generated from the plant will be commerciallyutilized to the maximum extent possible in industries such as cement and ash brick manufacture,

  26road construction, pavement laying, and fly ash aggregates production. Fly ash will also be usedfor the construction of the ash pond dyke and the reclamation of low-lying areas. Additionaloptions for ash use will also be considered. Full fly ash usage will be achieved at a rate fasterthan prescribed in the provisions for the notification on fly ash utilization issued by MoEF

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inSeptember 1999 (and the subsequent amendment to the notification), which requires usage priorto the ninth year of project operation. Unutilized fly ash will be transferred from the silo in wetform and stored in the ash pond until suitable users are identified. Bottom ash will also becollected in wet form and stored in the ash dyke until suitable users are identified.112. The ash dyke will have a capacity of at least 4 million m3. The sub-strata soil haspermeability in the order of 10-5m/sec. The Project will line the pond in order to prevent leakage.A detailed ash leaching study will be undertaken to determine a suitable lining.B. Biological Environment1. During Construction113. The project site has limited agricultural capability and is low yielding. The area is dry tosemi-arid, with ground cover consisting of a few scattered trees, sparse shrubby vegetation, andgrasses. Clearing the site will result in the loss of habitat for some small animals. This loss ofhabitat cannot be avoided but it will have a limited impact on the fauna and flora of the area.Small mammals and avifauna will experience the most impact. The influx of labor may increasethe demand for fuel wood, which in turn will put pressure on local natural resources. Constructioncontractors will be instructed to avoid tree cutting wherever possible. Contractors will also berequired to supply fuel to the work camp to avoid any impact on local resources.2. During Operation114. The potential impacts on the ecology of the nearby area from thermal power plantoperation include the deposit of fly ash on vegetation, disturbance to wildlife by noise, and loss ofaquatic fauna at the water intake point and in the treated effluent receiving body. The impacts ofthe Project on the biological environment will be limited by the implementation of mitigationmeasures. The installation of ESPs will substantially reduce the SPM levels of flue gases, whichwill prevent ash from settling and damaging vegetation in the vicinity of the plant. Theimplementation of noise control measures will minimize disturbances to fauna and avifauna inthe area. The Project will establish a greenbelt around the plant and at several locations withinthe plant’s premises and the water reservoir, covering a total combined area of 137 ha(approximately 30% of the entire project site). The greenbelt will provide a habitat for somespecies.115. The water supply pipeline intake point from the JLN feeder canal will be provided withsufficient screening to filter out larger aquatic organisms (e.g., fish, frogs, and toads) and foreignmatter, preventing this material from being drawn into the pumps. The Project will not dischargeany treated effluent off site and there will be no thermal impact on nearby bodies of water.C. Socio-cultural Environment1. During Construction116.Loss of Land and Livelihood.

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Private land is being acquired for the Project under theLand Acquisition Act, 1894. Land compensation rates have been agreed to by the Governmentof Haryana and affected households. The agreed rates were higher than the prevailing marketprices at the time of negotiation in 2007. Land compensation consists of a cash payment plus a  27deposit that will yield an annuity for 33 years. The deposit is designed to provide long-termlivelihood support for each affected household. 117. The project site is uninhabited and there will be no displacement of households. However,the Project will have an impact on livelihoods since agricultural activities will be affected by landacquisition and restricted access to public grazing land. The 33-year annuity will help to offsetthis impact. In addition, JPL will work closely with communities to develop alternative livelihoodsfor those requiring new economic activities. Agriculture and ancillary activities form the mainstayof livelihoods in the immediate vicinity of the Project area. Single crops ofbajra andgowar arereported to be the main crops grown on the affected land, while those landowners with a privateirrigation water supply cultivate a second crop of wheat and mustard. Villages like KhanpurKhurd, Khanpur Kalan, and Jharli have agricultural land at scattered locations on both sides ofthe main road. Although agriculture is practiced on the plant site, the productivity and income-generating capacity of this land is low. Associated impacts from this loss of land and productioninclude: (i) loss of opportunities for agricultural laborers; and (ii) decrease in economicparticipation and loss of opportunities for women who work this land, primarily for sourcing fodder.118. Community access to grazing land will be lost with the establishment of the Project. Arange of private assets are located on this land, including tube wells,pucca/kutcha sheds, watersupply pipelines, open wells, trees, and submersible pumps. A total of 98 assets were recordedon the plant site by the District Revenue Office, of which Khanpur Khurd had 53, Khanpur Kalanhad 35, Jharli had 5, and Wazidpur had 5. Each asset has been valued and the owners arebeing provided compensation at above market prices.119.Social and Cultural Conflicts.The influx of workers from outside the area has thepotential to create conflict with local people and increase the risk of communicable diseasessuch as HIV13, tuberculosis, and cholera. The Project’s construction workforce will comprise2,000-4,000 persons over 40 months (Table 11). To minimize conflicts between constructionworkers and local villagers, workers will be recruited from adjacent villages to the greatest extentpossible, and the

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necessary social infrastructure will be provided for the workforce. Workers andprofessional personnel from outside the area will stay in temporary accommodations on theproject site. Increased traffic in the project area during construction will be controlled on and offthe site to minimize safety hazards.Table 11: Number of People to be EmployedPeriod Company EmployeesContractorEmployeesTotalConstruction 50 2,000–4,000 2,050–4,050Operation 275 50 325Source: JPL and EIA/EMP Report for 1,320 (2 X 660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana. MECON,2007.2. During Operation120. The completion of construction activities will see a reduction in job opportunities in theproject area that could create local resentment. During project operation, about 275 people willbe employed. Employees and their families will reside in the plant residential site, where they will13human immunodeficiency virus.

   28contribute to demand for local food and services. Project operation will spur the local economyby providing indirect business opportunities in the area.D. Induced  Development 121. The demand for food and services that will be created by the Project during constructionand operation is likely to induce development in the local area around the project site. With anincrease in employment opportunities, people will be encouraged to take up skills developmentand technical training. The level of literacy is expected to rise over time as a result. Thesechanges will vary in intensity at different locations. The greatest impact is likely to occur in theimmediate project area at Khanpur Khurd and Jharli, with less impact in the surrounding areas ofBahu-Jolhri and regional centers such as Jhajjar and Dadri.

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E. Cumulative Impact 122. Apart from the Project, the only major existing or proposed industrial activity in the Projectairshed is the 1,500 MW coal-fired ATPP that is currently under construction on the eastern sideof the Project. This plant is being developed by Aravali Power Company Private Limited (APCPL),a joint venture company between the Government of Haryana, Government of Delhi, and NTPCLimited, which is the central Government utility company. The plant will consist of three 500 MWunits. The primary environmental impact of the Project and the coal-fired ATPP will be a declinein air quality. The flue gas emissions of both projects are summarized in Table 12, with projectedATPP emissions based on the environmental clearance issued by MoEF.Table 12: Predicted Emissions from the Project and ATPPParameter Project Emissionsper Unit*(660 MW x 2 units)ATPP Emissionsper Unit**(500 MW x 3 units)Indian Limit* World Bank NormSO2 200 mg/Nm3 24.5 TPD(141.6 g/s)1,315 mg/Nm3 188.85 TPD(728.6 g/s)700 TPD2,000 mg/Nm3 450 TPDNOX 650 mg/Nm3 (460.2 g/s)650 mg/Nm3(360.1 g/s)Low NOx burnerprescribed750 mg/Nm3 PM50 mg/Nm3(35.5 g/s)50 mg/Nm3(55.4 g/s)100 mg/Nm350 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm  3= milligram per normal cubic meter, NOX= nitrogen oxide, SO

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2= sulfur dioxide, PM = particulate matter, TPD= tons per day.Source: Jhajjar Power Limited.*Ministry of Environment and Forests. 1998.Environmental Standards for Power Plants, MOEF New Delhi Notification G.S.R. 7. ** The expected emissions for Aravali Thermal Power Plant are based on assumption of 0.5% of Sulfur in Coal, SO2 emissions are without FGD in place, PM emissions with a limit of 100 mg/Nm3and NOx limit of 650 mg/Nm3.123. The combined effect of emissions from the Project and ATPP on air quality was assessedusing the ISCST3 air dispersion model. Table 13 summarizes the predicted worst case ambientair quality resulting from the combined projects, while the cumulative predicted air quality at eachmonitoring location is presented in Appendix 8.

  29Table 13: Overall Worst Case Predicted Ground Level Concentrationsfor the Cumulative Emissions from the Project and the Aravali Thermal Power Plant(μg/m3)24 Hour Concentration SO2NOXSPMBaseline 98 percentile monitored concentration 8.2 33.9 384.5Predicted maximum combined incremental GLC (JTPP and ATPP) 67.4 45.2 5.8Overall

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GLCs during worst case scenario 75.6 79.1 390.3NAAQS limit (rural and residential)80.0 80.0 200.0GLC = ground level concentration, mg/Nm3= milligram per normal cubic meter, NAAQS = National Ambient Air QualityStandards, NOX= nitrogen oxide, SO2= sulfur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter,μg/m3= microgram percubic meter.124. The cumulative impact of the two coal-fired projects on air quality in the local airshed(within a 25 km radius of the project sites) will not be excessive. However, the existing high SPMlevels will further increase as a result. High SPM levels occur in the area largely due to wind-generated dust coming from land that has been disturbed by agriculture and other activities, aswell as the seasonal burning of crop residues, particularly during hot summers. The Project andATPP will emit a maximum PM flue gas concentration of 50 mg/Nm3and 100 mg/Nm3,respectively, producing a cumulative increase in ambient SPM levels of around 5.8μg/m3. Eachproject will also emit maximum SO2and NOx flue gas concentrations below the World Bank’slimits of 2,000 mg/Nm3and 750 mg/Nm3, respectively, resulting in ambient air quality levelsremaining within acceptable limits.125. The cumulative noise impact from the two plants is predicted to be minor as the mainnoise-generating equipment at each plant is separated by over 1 km and both plants areinstalling noise control measures. In addition, the residual impact will be minimal.126. A cumulative increase in road traffic will occur during the overlapping construction phasesof each project (over a 1.5–2 year period) and during plant operation. This impact will bemanaged by widening the main approach road that leads to both plants to accommodate thecombined traffic volume for project

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operation and by controlling traffic entering and leaving eachsite.127. Large volumes of fly ash will be generated by the two projects. Both projects are seekingto utilize as much ash as possible off site. The residual ash will be disposed of in on-site ashdykes. The ash dykes for each project are approximately 2 km apart. Each project has to ensurethat its dyke is suitably sealed to prevent ash effluent leaching. No cumulative impact ongroundwater is expected. The cumulative impact of airborne fly ash from ash handling isexpected to be minimal as dust suppression control measures will be implemented on bothprojects.128. The two projects will have a positive impact on local employment and small-scalebusiness growth. Local facilities and infrastructure are expected to improve, including arterialroads and communications.F. Impacts of Associated Facilities129.Canal Upgrading. The canal upgrading works will involve raising the existing earth bundwalls by 30 cm over a distance of about 70 km to increase canal capacity. The earthworks will

   30disturb this man-made landform, but the erosion hazard created will be in the short term only asthe bund walls will be progressively stabilized and re-vegetated.130.Transmission Lines. The transmission lines required to evacuate power from theProject will be connected to the Sonipat and Mahendergarh substations, requiring a 35 m widecorridor along a cumulative right-of-way length of about 120 km. The route selected for eachcorridor will avoid ecologically-sensitive sites such as forests, national parks, and other protectedareas, as well as settlement areas and historic and cultural sites. The routes will also bedesigned to minimize adverse environmental impacts associated with terrain, land use, andvegetation cover.VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTA. Project Costs131.Financial Cost.The total Project cost is estimated to be approximately $1.3 billion.Annual operating and maintenance costs are estimated at approximately $30 million at 2008prices.132.

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Environmental Cost.The environmental cost of the Project primarily relates to: (i) 521.1ha of land use conversion, (ii) 120,000 m3 /day freshwater supply, and (iii) the discharge of fluegases into the atmosphere. The environmental cost of the Project’s impact on the land is low asthe project site is predominantly used for grazing, with a small amount of opportunity croppingpresent. The environmental costs associated with water supply and air pollution are difficult toquantify.B. Project Socioeconomic Benefits133. The principal economic benefit of the Project will be the generation of 10,059 GWh ofelectricity per annum. Ninety percent of this amount will be used to support economic andlivelihood development in Haryana. Other socio-economic benefits of the Project will include (i)employment, (ii) the payment of corporate income taxes to the central Government over theProject’s life, and (iii) indirect taxes during construction. A separate and detailed economicanalysis will be undertaken for the Project.VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANA. Objectives and Scope of Environmental Management134. Environmental management will be an integral part of project implementation duringconstruction and operation. The objectives of environmental management are to minimize theProject’s adverse environmental impacts and provide full and cost-effective compliance with therelevant environmental laws and regulations as stipulated by national and state authorities, andproject financiers. A project-specific environmental management plan (EMP) will be preparedprior to the commencement of construction that will be aligned with the JPL corporateenvironmental management policy. The Project’s EMP will follow the concept of continualdevelopment, incorporating systematic monitoring, reporting, and corrective action as an integralpart of environmental management. Staff will be adequately trained and the Project will seekaccreditation from a recognized international certification body to constantly improve upon theProject’s safety, health, and environmental performance.135. During the construction and operation phases, contractors will be liable for implementingspecific impact mitigation measures as prescribed in the EMP and the construction contracts.  31Operation contracts will include performance bonds or similar binding conditions. JPL will monitorand audit the environmental performance of contractors as part of its project implementation role.JPL will prescribe effective corrective actions to be implemented by each contractor as requiredto ensure full compliance with relevant environmental standards. During plant operation,environmental management measures will be implemented by JPL.B. Organization for Project Environmental Management

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136. JPL will establish its SHE policy and a SHE Department in line with parent companystandards. The SHE Department will promote and supervise site safety and environmentalmanagement. JPL will recruit an experienced manager to head the SHE Department and reportdirectly to the Project’s head. The manager will be supported by adequate staff at the manageriallevel (e.g., safety officer and environment officer). An occupational health center will beestablished to maintain heath standards and provide medical emergency services. Separateprofessionals will be appointed to manage social responsibilities.137. The SHE Department will incorporate a separate environment division that will workclosely with the plant Operation and Maintenance Department. It will be headed by a seniorqualified technical staff at the managerial level, who possesses practical experience in theenvironmental management of large power projects. This division will have around 10 staff,consisting of environmental engineers, chemists, horticulturists, safety specialists, and pollutioncontrol specialists to ensure that ongoing measures are effectively implemented. JPL will ensurethat all staff are adequately trained prior to commissioning the SHE Department and itsenvironment division.C. Mitigation Measures138. The major environmental impact mitigation measures that will be implemented duringproject construction and operation are summarized in Appendix 9.D. Monitoring and Evaluation Program139. The plant will incorporate online monitoring of flue gases, ambient air quality, andwastewater quality, allowing operations staff to recognize an issue and take immediate correctiveaction. An automatic continuous emissions monitoring system will be installed on the stack aspart of the main plant package, to measure emissions of SO2, NOX, and SPM. An automaticcontinuous ambient air quality monitoring station will be installed within the plant site, whileperiodic air quality monitoring using a high volume sampler will be conducted at other sites. Theinstallation of additional continuous air monitoring stations in the Project’s airshed will also beundertaken, subject to the availability of local infrastructure that includes a power supply. Keywastewater quality parameters will be continuously monitored. Pollution control monitoringequipment will be calibrated as per the manufacturer’s recommendation. Any faulty instrumentswill be repaired on a priority basis and manual sampling and analysis will be conducted until theequipment is repaired and reinstated.140. Periodic monitoring by manual sampling will be undertaken as per the conditions ofconsent to operate, supplementing online monitoring. An environmental laboratory will manuallyanalyze air, water, and wastewater samples from the site. Specialized analysis such as theheavy metal content of wastewater will be conducted by specialist laboratories in Delhi.

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TheProject’s monitoring program is summarized in Appendix 10. The environmental engineer andchemists will advise operations staff on any corrective actions needed to achieve the requiredlevels.   32141. The consent to operate requires the monitoring of environmental activities by an MoEF-approved agency. The assigned agency will undertake monitoring and produce monthly,quarterly, and annual reports for plant construction, operating statistics, and emissions data forsubmission to the Pollution Control Board and MoEF. In addition, the Project will submit anenvironmental monitoring report to the ADB every six months, summarizing EMP implementationduring construction and operation. This report shall present monitoring data and findings,describe any significant events or incidents that occurred, and indicate how these events weremanaged. Each report shall be posted on the ADB website for public disclosure purposes.142. The total investment in pollution control facilities is estimated at $150 million. The annualcost of operating and maintaining these facilities is estimated at $4 million, excluding the cost ofsignificant additional power consumption by the ESP and FGD units, and related staff costs. Theimplementation of other measures contained in the EMP is estimated to cost an additional $0.35million per year to be used to fund environmental management staff, greenbelt establishmentand maintenance, and environmental monitoring and related activities (Table 14).Table 14: Estimated Annual Cost of Environmental Management Plan ImplementationHeads Estimated Cost($)Greenbelt establishment and maintenance 100,000Environmental management team staff 100,000SHE Department monitoring, reporting, and statutory compliance 40,000Accreditation and continual development 30,000External monitoring support 40,000Environmental management training and staff development 10,000Public awareness campaign 10,000Water cess and other statutory environmental charges 20,000Total 350,000SHE = safety, health, and environment.Source: CLP PIPL, 2008.E. Occupational Health and Safety Management143. JPL will implement a SHE program during project construction and operation. Acomprehensive safety health environmental management plan will be developed to address allmajor safety, health, and related environmental issues. Risks associated with projectconstruction and operation will be identified and suitable mitigation measures will be proposed.Well-established corporate occupational health and safety measures will be applied and strictlyimplemented, and all national labor laws and applicable International Labor Organizationconventions on workplace conditions will be followed (Appendix 11). Regulations related tooccupational health and safety management will be issued and strictly enforced, and allpersonnel will receive training in occupational health and safety practices.

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Safety drills will beperiodically carried out. Safety manuals, a disaster management plan, and other handbooks willbe prepared for the Project as required.F. Afforestation Program144. The Project will establish a greenbelt around the plant on the project site. A range of treespecies native to the area will be planted. They will be suitable for the local soil types and climate,and will be able to thrive in the conditions of project operation. A nursery will be established tosupport the afforestation program, with some species sourced from existing local nurseries. Thegreenbelt will cover approximately one-third of the entire project area. Horticultural services will

33be deployed in MoEF’s Environmental Management Department to implement the afforestationprogram.G. Ash Utilization Plan145. The combustion of coal will generate about 2.0 million tons per annum (t/a) of ash,consisting of bottom ash (0.4 million t/a) and fly ash (1.6 million t/a). The management of ash willfocus on the utilization of ash in cement, building materials, and construction industries, asoutlined in the ash utilization plan summary in Appendix 12. In addition, an ash dyke will beconstructed on 109 ha of land, creating adequate storage capacity for about 12 months of ashproduction. As previously described, the plant will be designed to collect fly ash in dry form andbottom ash to facilitate the handing over of the ash to prospective entities at the point of ashgeneration. A number of regional cement manufacturers are planning to install ready mixconcrete production capacities to supply Delhi. JPL will approach these prospective ash usersand seek arrangements to supply ash. The ash dyke will be used as a temporary storage tohandle ash utilization supply–demand gaps, at least in the initial stage of project operation whiledemand is still developing.VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE146. Informal public consultations were initially held during the preparation of the EIA when theProject was introduced to local residents who would potentially be affected by the Project. Theirperceptions of the Project were obtained and the overall view expressed was that the Projectwould have a positive impact on the local area, with the major benefits being increased

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powersupply and employment, and improvements to local infrastructure. Some people expressedapprehension that the Project would lead to increased pollution and crime, and decreasedgroundwater.147. A public hearing for the Project was held on 29 October 2007 in compliance with of theEnvironmental Impact Assessment Notification (14 September 2006). The public hearing wasannounced to the public in a local-vernacular daily newspaper and an English-language dailynewspaper in August 2007. Prior to the public hearing, the EIA was made available locally,covering all main proposed Project works. Concerns in writing from interested stakeholders werereceived at this stage.148. The public hearing was chaired by the additional deputy commissioner of Jhajjar andattended by the sub-divisional magistrate of Jhajjar; officials representing HPGCL, the HaryanaState Pollution Control Board, and District Revenue Office; and 127 people from villagessurrounding the project site. The meeting discussed the Project, its potential environmental andsocial impacts, land acquisition, mitigation measures, and monitoring programs. The main issuesraised by meeting participants were the effects of gas emissions, wastewater treatment anddisposal, ash disposal, the provision of project jobs, and the construction of local facilities (e.g.,hospital, girls school, and sports stadium). HPGCL officials commented that there would be zerodischarge of wastewater from the site and that sewerage would be fully treated. HPGCL officialsalso noted that SO2and NOx emission levels would be lower than the applicable MoEF andCPCB limits, and that SPM emissions would also be at acceptable levels due to the use of highefficiency ESPs. The HPGCL officials indicated that ash would be utilized in off-site industriesand construction as much as possible, with the remaining ash stored in lined dykes on site. Theadditional deputy commissioner of Jhajjar responded that the issues of project jobs and theconstruction of various facilities would be forwarded to the Government of Haryana forconsideration. A summary of this consultation is provided in Appendix 13.

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