potential of jatropha curcas

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Potential of Jatropha curcas L.

Joint Task 40 /ERIA workshop,

Tsukuba, Japan

28 October 2009

Soni Solistia Wirawan Institution for Design Engineering and Technology System

Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology

Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Bldg. 480

Serpong, Tangerang 15314

Indonesia.

Phone: 62-21-7563213/17. Fax.: 62-21-7563273

E-mail address: [email protected]



Outline

1. Introduction of Jatropha Curcas L.

2. Jatropha Curcas L. as a biofuel

3. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.

4. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. In Indonesia

5. Jatropha Curcas L. Development



1. Introduction of

Jatropha Curcas L



Jatropha

Jatropha is a genus of

approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs, and trees (someare deciduous, like Jatrophacurcas L.), from the familyEuphorbiaceae.

The name is derived from (Greek iatros = physician and trophe =nutrition), hence the commonname physic nut.

The mature small trees bear separate male and femaleflowers, and do not grow verytall. As with many members of family Euphorbiaceae,

Jatropha contains compoundsthat are highly toxic.

Species of Jatropha Jatropha cuneata

Jatropha curcas

Jatropha gossypifolia

Jatropha integerrima

Jatropha multifida

Jatropha podagrica

Ricinus communis

Jatropha moluccana

Jatropha glandulifera

Jatropha tonjorensis



Origin of Jatropha

Jatropha is native to CentralAmerica and has becomenaturalized in many tropicaland subtropical areas,including India, Africa, and

North America.

Originating in the Caribbean, Jatropha was spread as avaluable hedge plant to Africaand Asia by Portuguesetraders.



Jatropha Curcas L.

Division : Spermatophyta

Class : DicotyledonaeFamily : Euphorbiaceae

Genus : Jatropha

Botanical name : Jatropha Curcas L.

Other common names:Phyisic nut (English)

Purgiemuss (German)

Pignon d’lnde (French)

Bagbherenda (Hindi)

Jarak Pagar (Indonesian)

Sabuu dam (Thai)

Xiao tong zi (Chinese)

Nanyo aburagiri (Japanese)



Climate Requirement

Long summer: fall of leaves, less growth

Very dry area: plant growth only 2 – 3

m high

On dry climate need

watering/irrigation

Altitude: 0-1700 m in above sea level

Temperature: 11-38 deg. C

Rainfall:

200 - 2000 mm/yr (Heller, 1996)

480 - 2380 mm/yr (Jones and Miller, 1992)

> 250, optimal 900 – 1200 mm/yr (Becker & Makkar, 1999)

> 600 mm/th: normal growth (Henning, 2004)

Rainfall to high: less fertilization

is a drought resistant species which is widelycultivated in the tropics as living fence. Jatropha

Curcas widely adapted to various soil and climatic

condition.

Jatropha curcas L.



Leafs, fruits and dried seeds of Jatropha Curcas

Every seed consists of shell (≈ 42 %-w) and kernel (≈ 58 %-w).

Part that contain oil : the kernel, ≈ 55 %-w (33 % by weight of seed).

State of the art of knowledge :

Harvest yield of Jatropha (2500 tree/ha) is 4 – 5 ton seed/ha/year, from 4th year onward,although the tree is already productive since the 1st year of cultivation (½ ton seed/ha/year).

If all of the oil can be extracted, theoretical oil yield starting from the 4th year : 1,32 – 1,65

ton oil/ha/year.

Literature indication :The productivity per hectare of Jatropha curcas given in the widespreed ranges up to 12 ton

seed/ha/year.

The real productivity will vary depending on the cultivated region, climate, soil quality,

management, and othet conditions.

R & D to realize this potential has still to be carried out.



Value Added Product

Jatropha curcas L.

Water conservation/Erosion control

Hedge/Living fence

Fire wood / Combustibles

Green manure

Fruits

Fertilizer

Leaves

Medicinal uses

Anti-flammatory substance

Fertilizer

Latex

Wound healing protease (curcain)

Medicinal uses

Fruit coats

Medicinal uses

Anti-flammatory substance

Fertilizer

Seeds

Insecticide

Food/Fodder

(low toxic accessions)

Seed oi l

Soap production

Biofuel

Insecticide

Medical uses

Seed shells

Combustibles

Organic Fertilizer

Seed cake

Organic fertilizer

Biogas production

Fodder

(low toxic accessions)

Exploitation of J. curcas components (adapted from Guibitz et all, 1997)



Value Added Product Making soap (from jatropha oil) to supply local need/demand.

utilizing jatropha press cake to generate biogas that could be use locally as

household cooking fuel; the farmers are thus freed from expenses to buy

kerosene or fuelwood. The use biogas is also more comfortable than that of kerosene and fuelwood.

If the farmer cooperative itself owns the oil expelling unit/factory, the press

cake can be utilized to generate biogas (for use as local fuel) and the residue

(that contain soil mineral matters) can be recycled to maintain the ‘fertility’ of the land.

If the jatropha press cake could be detoxified, then this proteinaceous cake

would be an excellent feed for cattle. This (cattle breeding) is another potential

economic chain that may be exploited from Jatropha curcas seed. The cattle

dung would then serve as feedstock for biogas generators/digesters. Researches on detoxification of Jatropha curcas press cake are urgently

needed to further increase the economic viability of Jatropha curcas

cultivation.



2. Jatropha Curcas L.

as a Biofuel



Jatropha to Biodiesel Process

Jatropha Fruit

Dry Jatropha SeedJatropha Oil

Biodiesel Production

Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester

Meet Standard

Seed Pressing



JATROPHA CURCAS SEEDS

REMOVAL of CAPSULES

CLASSIFICATION

DEHULLING

MEATS

PRESSING

CJO(CRUDE JATROPHA OILS)

CAKE

Bio Bricket

Organic Fertil izer

Animal Feed

Biogas

Crude Jatropha Oil (CJO) Production



CRUDE

JATROPHA OILS

CLARIFICATION

PRESSED OIL

DEGUMMING

JATROPHA OIL

(JO)

1. PPO/SVO

2. Feedstock of Biodiesel

Production

Jatropha Oil (JO) Production

Fatty acids content of Jatropha

Curcas oil ________________________________________________

Fatty acids (%m/m) (1) (2)

___________________________________________

Palmitic acids 14-15 14.2

Stearic acids 7 6.9

Oleic acids 34-45 43.2Linoleic acids 31-43 34.3

Others fatty acids 1.2 1.4

________________________________________________

(1) Foidl et al., 1996

(2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical

Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Bandung.

The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia



Physicochemical properties of Jatropha Curcas oil.

Property UnitValue

(1) (2)

Density at 15oC

Kinematic viscosity at 30oC

Flash Point

Cetane Number

Sulphur (S) content

Carbon residu

Fluid point

Water contentAcid value

Iodine value

Saponification value

Unsaponifiable matter

Phosphor (P) content

Calcium (Ca) contentMagnesium (Mg) content

Fe content

g/cm3

mm2/soC

-

ppm

%m/moC

ppmmg KOH/g

-

mg KOH/g

%m/m

ppm

ppm ppm

ppm

0.930

52.0

210-240

40-45

-

0.64

-

-0.9

-

190-198

1

290

56103

2.4

0.9177

49.15

236

-

< 1

0.34

-2.5

9354.75

96.5

-

-

-

--

-

(1) Foidl et al.(1996), Kumar et al. (2001), Pramanik (2003)

(2) (2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical Engineering Department

of Institut Teknologi Bandung. The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa

Island, Indonesia.



Properties Unit Methyl Ester (1) Ethyl Ester (2)

Density at 15oC

Kinematic viscosity at 30oC

Flash Point

Cetane Number

Carbon residuPhosphor (P) content

Calcium (Ca) content

Magnesium (Mg) content

Fe content

g/cm3

mm2/soC

-

%m/mppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

0.879

4.84

191

51

0.0217.5

6.1

1.4

0.9

0.886

5.54

190

59

-17.5

4.4

0.8

0.3

(1)Foidl et al.,(1996), Gubitz et al., (1999)(2)Foidl et al., (1996)

Properties of Biodiesel fuel from Jatropha Curcas oil



3. Potential of

Jatropha Curcas L.



Distribution Jatropha around the world (Jatropha Belt)



Projected area of Jatropha curcas L. cultivation in eachregion in 2017

Source:Chew Chong Siang, IEEJ, 2009

Note:

1. The figure of the worldwide Jatropha

Curcas L cultivation plan announced by

The International Jatropha Organization

2. Will be 32.72 million ha, producing 160

million tons of seed in 2017

3. 31.25 million ha of land in Asia

4. The development potential is especially

high in India, China and Indonesia



Projected production of Jatropha curcas L. in AsianCountries in 2017

Note:

1. Assumming 5 tons of

seeds/hectare

2. China 19.05 millions tons

3. India 16.5 million tons

4. Indonesia 6.75 millions tons

5. Myanmar 4.25 millions tons

Source:Chew Chong Siang, IEEJ, 2009



4. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.

In Indonesia



Oil

54.4%

Gas

26.5%

Others

0.2%

Geothermal

1.4%

Hydro

3.4%

Coal

14.1%

National Energy MIX

Gas

30%

Coal

33%

Oil

20%

o ue

5% Geo

thermal

5%

Others7%

Nuclear

Biomass

HydroSolar WindLiq. Coal

#Presidential Decree No. 5/2006

Energy MIX 2003

Targeted Energy MIX 2025#

Biofuel will have at

least 5% share of

total National Energy

MIX 2025



BIOFUEL FOR FUEL SUBSTITUTION (2010)FUEL

TRANSPORTATION

(31,7 Million kL)

ELECTRICITY

(7,6 Million kL)

KEROSENE

(10 Million kL)

PREMIUM

(18,529Million kL)

ADO

(12,4 Million kL)

BIOETANOLBIODIESEL BIO OIL

3,8 Million kL 1 Million kL

CASSAVA11 Million tons

MOLASSES600 Million tons

PALM OIL30,2 Million tons

JATROPHA OIL3,84 MIllion tons

RAW

MATERIAL

1,24 Million kL4,8 Mill ion kL

1,85 Million kL



Note: S1 (Most appropriate), S2 (Appropriate), S3 (less/marginal appropriate)

Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.

Cultivation area distribution in Indonesia

Source: Allorerung et al., 2006



PROVINCE S1 S2 S3 TOTAL

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam 180,139 160,764 836,001 1,176,904

Sumatera Utara 215,393 - 1,390,475 1,605,868

Sumatera Barat 4,269 - 781,189 785,458

Riau 80,718 - 1,600,844 1,681,562

Jambi 218,284 - 993,134 1,211,418

Sumatera Selatan 530,207 - 3,229,784 3,759,991

Bengkulu - - 602,022 602,022

Lampung 718,823 66,023 706,931 1,491,777

Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 156,319 - 947,881 1,104,200

Jawa Barat 231,011 445,022 306,989 983,022

Jawa Tengah 494,630 74,416 338,824 907,870

Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 35,227 33,999 8,454 77,680

Jawa Timur 960,595 574,121 255,722 1,790,438

Banten 134,484 116,576 36,646 287,706

Bali 19,892 51,423 24,265 95,580


Potential of Jatropha Curcas L

cultivation area distribution in Indonesia




PROVINCE S1 S2 S3 TOTAL

Nusa Tenggara Barat 37,877 428,539 124,466 590,882

Nusa Tenggara Timur 595,421 833,293 322,174 1,750,888

Kalimantan Barat 67,463 984,340 3,897,005 4,948,808

Kalimantan Tengah 171,063 - 3,632,324 3,803,387

Kalimantan Selatan 833,745 48,559 623,326 1,505,630

Kalimantan Timur 3,643,059 680,468 2,878,161 7,201,688

Sulawesi Utara 143,760 - 538,555 682,315

Sulawesi Tengah 506,887 - 373,638 880,525

Sulawesi Selatan 435,483 122,407 613,780 1,171,670

Sulawesi Tenggara 1,015,825 27,248 177,833 1,220,906

Gorontalo 290,146 13,701 - 303,847

Maluku 766,888 162,982 316,223 1,246,093

Maluku Utara 809,470 - 716,909 1,526,379

Papua 980,457 711,030 3,445,699 5,137,186

TOTAL 14,277,535 5,534,911 29,719,254 49,531,700


Potential of Jatropha Curcas L.

Cultivation area distribution in Indonesia




5. Jatropha Curcas L.

Development



Why Jatropha?- Non edible oil (toxic), not conflicting with food

- Able to grow in arid zones

- Inter cropping to increase land productivity

- Optimize use of marginal land, decentralized solutions for remote area per hectare

yields (ton)- Potential for biofuel production

Jatropha Curcas L. gained a worldwide reputation as

a plant that can be grown in wasteland and infertile

land, does not require much water, fertilizer,management and has high oil content.

When development of Jatropha Curcas L. Started

later on a commercial basis, these exaggerated

characterizations were cause of numerous

misunderstanding

R & D still needed !!!



The cultivation of The cultivation of Jatropha Jatropha curcascurcas ininIndonesia is short of high quality clones.Indonesia is short of high quality clones.

There is huge variation in seed yield capacityThere is huge variation in seed yield capacity

and oil concentration in the seeds among theand oil concentration in the seeds among the

seedling used for cultivation or plantation.seedling used for cultivation or plantation.

Jatropha Jatropha tree with the fruits number of 10tree with the fruits number of 10--1515

in one brunch is considered as the abovein one brunch is considered as the above

average quality mother plant (highaverage quality mother plant (high

productivity). productivity).

However that kind of trees are rare.However that kind of trees are rare.

Problems



Fruits of Fruits of Jatropha Jatropha in one brunch ripe atin one brunch ripe atdifferent time. It causes difficulty duringdifferent time. It causes difficulty during

harvesting, that farmer has to selectharvesting, that farmer has to select

ripening fruits only. This makesripening fruits only. This makes

harvesting time slow and high cost.harvesting time slow and high cost.

Uniformity of maturity will reduceUniformity of maturity will reduce

harvesting cost.harvesting cost.

Some diseases and insects affect theSome diseases and insects affect thegrowth of growth of Jatropha Jatropha

Disease and insect resistance clones isDisease and insect resistance clones is

needed to maintain high productivityneeded to maintain high productivity

Insect inInsect in Jatropha Jatropha

Spots on leaf Spots on leaf

Curly leavesCurly leaves

Problems



Jatropha Jatropha oil has moderateoil has moderate--highhigh

viscosity, reducing its viscosity mayviscosity, reducing its viscosity may

extend its utilization to all dieselextend its utilization to all diesel

engines.engines.

JatrophaJatropha Oil (JO) wasOil (JO) was tested intotested into

car engine. Converter has to be added car engine. Converter has to be added into machine to warm up and reduceinto machine to warm up and reduce

JO viscosityJO viscosity

The oil contains toxic substances. Does itThe oil contains toxic substances. Does it

also lead to toxic emissions ?.also lead to toxic emissions ?.

Problems



Development:Development: On Farm TechnologyOn Farm Technology

DNA Marking and breedingDNA Marking and breeding

Clones with superior CharactersClones with superior Characters

Vigor and high seed yield Vigor and high seed yield High seed oil content and seed compositionHigh seed oil content and seed composition

Fruit uniformity of maturation

Disease and insect resistance

Environmental stress resistance

Harvesting method

Etc.

Processing Technology and Product Testing

High quality of Jatropha oil/biodieselBy product procesing

Investigation of jatropha biodiesel emission

Etc.



Jatropha Curcas R&D:

Indonesian Center for Estate Crops

Research and Development (ICERD)

Source: Prastowo B., ICERD, 2008



References

Allorerung, D., Mahmud, Z., Arivin, A. R., Effendi, D. S., Anny M. 2006. Teknologi dan BenihUnggul Harapan Indonesia, Lokakarya Status Teknologi Budidaya Jarak Pagar ( Jatrophacurcas L.): Jakarta, 11 – 12 April 2006.

Becker, K., and H.P.S. Makkar. 1999. Jatropha and Moringa. Source of renewable energy for fuel,

edible oil, animal feed and pharmaceutical products- ideal trees for increasing cash income.Presented at Daimler Chrysler/The World Bank Environment Forum, Magdeburg.

Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic Nut ( Jatropha curcas L.). Promoting the conservation and use of underutilised and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research.Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.

Henning, R. K. 2004. The Jatropha System. Economy and Dissemination Strategy. International

Conference of Renewable 2004. Bonn 1-4 June 2004, Germany.Prastowo, B. 2008. New Development in Jatropha Curcas R&D in Pakuwon. Indonesian Center for

Estate Crops Research and Development (ICERD), Pakuwon. Sukabumi.

Siang, C.C. 2009. Jatropha Curcas L. Development of a New Oil Crop for Biofuel. The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan.

Soerawidjaja, T.H. 2007. Increasing Economic Viability of Jatropha Curcas Cultication ThroughIntegrated Processing, Jatropha Curcas Conference, IPB, Bogor, June 19, 2007.

Tajuddin,T. And Bolu, W.O.H. 2009. Improvement of Jatropha Curcas L. Through Marker-Assisted Breeding for High Seed Yield and Oil Content. Biotechnology Center – BPPT.

Wirawan, S.S. 2007. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (Case of Jathropa Curcas L Feedstock).Konferensi Nasional 2007 Jarak Pagar “Menuju Bisnis Jarak Pagar Yang Feasible”. GedungMMA IPB Bogor, 19 Juni 2007.

potential of jatropha curcas

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