post war europe unstable new democracies –break up of a-h coalition governments –too many...
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Post war Europe
• Unstable new Democracies– Break up of A-H
• Coalition governments– Too many political parties
Europe in 1919Europe in 1919
From the German Point of View
From the German Point of View Lost—but not forgotten country.
Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!
Maimed German WW I VeteranMaimed German WW I Veteran
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans
German “Revolutions” [1918]German “Revolutions” [1918]
Coalition Gov’t
• Unstable/ many political parties
• Some had more than a dozen
• Need a majority to set up a gov’t
• Temporary alliances formed
Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar
Republic
Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar
Republic
The German Government: 1919-1920
The German Government: 1919-1920
The GermanMark
The GermanMark
The French in the
Ruhr: 1923
The French in the
Ruhr: 1923
The French Occupation of the Ruhr
The French Occupation of the Ruhr
The Dawes Plan (1924)The Dawes Plan (1924)
European Debts to the United States
European Debts to the United States
Buying stocks on margin-
• borrow money for the stocks
• Works if value continues to rise
• Must pay loan if stock value drops
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized
The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized
Hitler in Landesberg PrisonHitler in Landesberg Prison
Mein Kampf [My Struggle]Mein Kampf [My Struggle]
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Political Parties in the Reichstag
May 1924
Dec. 1924
May1928
Sep.1930
July1932
Nov.1932
Mar.1933
Communist Party (KPD)
62 45 54 77 89 100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP)
81 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP)
95 103 73 41 37 52 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP)
32 14 12 107 230 196 288
Other Parties
102 112 121 122 22 35 23
LOCARNO PACT EASES TENSIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE
19251925
Locarno
• Gustav Streseman- foreign minister
• Aristide Briand- foreign minister
• Promise no war with each other
• Spirit of Locarno
NATIONS OUTLAW WAR” IN
KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT “
19281928
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
Paris in 1930Paris in 1930
London in 1930London in 1930
German Unemployment: 1929-1938
German Unemployment: 1929-1938
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
• Bankers call in foreign loans
• High protective tariffs put in place- idea that the American dollar should stay in America
Result - world trade drops by 65%
European banks fail- Austria largest bank
US banks fail
What to Do?
• Britain– Lowered interest rate, raised taxes, high tariff– Avoided political extremes– Dole
• France– Less dependent and foreign trade– 5 coalition gov’ts formed and fall– Popular front coalition - moderates, socialists
and communists- passes legis to help
• Scandinavian countries– Socialistic
• Public works• Raised pensions• Increased unemployment benefits• Higher taxes to pay
• US– Roosevelt-
• New Deal- public works• Welfare• Unemployment• Regulations on stocks market and banking industry• FDIC
German Election Results in 1933
German Election Results in 1933
The “New Napoleons?”The “New Napoleons?”