Population 50 million (1880)Population 50 million (1880) Industry: # 2 in the world (UK = #1)Industry: # 2 in the world (UK = #1) America turned their attention inward after 1860America turned their attention inward after 1860 Navy was small and inadequateNavy was small and inadequate State Dept. was on the sidelines as Congress controlled the countryState Dept. was on the sidelines as Congress controlled the country However U.S. was beginning to out-grow its bordersHowever U.S. was beginning to out-grow its borders The West was closed off: (Turner Thesis) so now what?The West was closed off: (Turner Thesis) so now what? American diplomacy in these years has been characterized as a series of incidents, not the pursuit of foreign policy. Foreign Policy in the Gilded Age 18801890 Foreign Policy in the Gilded Age 18801890 Sewards Folly: 1867 $7.2 million Alaska had been settled by Russian fur traders in the late 1700s, but by 1867 fur sources were becoming scarce. In addition, Russia was struggling to recover from the Crimean War. As a result, Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States. Overcoming strong opposition from Congress, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska for $7.2 million in Critics scoffed at Sewards Folly, thinking that the territory was a frozen wasteland. But after gold and oil were discovered, Americans appreciated the bargain. Seward also acquired the Midway Islands that same year. WHY did the U.S. buy Alaska?? Case Study: Hawaii and Gilded Age Expansionism 1870s: American businessmen invested in Hawaiian sugar 1875: the sale of Hawaiian sugar in the U.S. became duty-free. Over the years American businessmen increased their investments and control over the Hawaiian economy. 1887: Hawaiians forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution: a) forced King Kalakaua to change the Hawaiian constitution only allowing wealthy (American!) landowners voting rights b) allowed for the construction of Pearl Harbor - to protect American businessmen and their business interests. 1890: McKinley Tariff eliminated duty-free Hawaiian sugar, thus creating more competition for sugar in the American market... And Americans in Hawaii were NOT happy... U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians! The Hawaiian Republic 1893: Sugar planters, already upset at the tariff, revolted against the Queen when she suggested drafting a new constitution that would take voting rights away from America.1893: Sugar planters, already upset at the tariff, revolted against the Queen when she suggested drafting a new constitution that would take voting rights away from America. USS Boston sailed into Honolulu; Marines on shore to protect American interests.USS Boston sailed into Honolulu; Marines on shore to protect American interests. US took control of the government and sets up a provisional government led by Sanford B. Dole.US took control of the government and sets up a provisional government led by Sanford B. Dole. Stevens immediately recognized Doles government and sent it to Washington asking to annex the island.Stevens immediately recognized Doles government and sent it to Washington asking to annex the island. Cleveland said no to annexation, but recognized Republic of Hawaii.Cleveland said no to annexation, but recognized Republic of Hawaii. 1898: McKinley Hawaii becomes a territory1898: McKinley Hawaii becomes a territory U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii Sanford B. Dole 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 2. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan -- The Influence of Sea Power on History: 3. Social Darwinist Thinking The White Mans Burden The Hierarchy of Race 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905 5. Closing the American Frontier Frederick Jackson Turners Frontier Thesis Frederick Jackson Turners Frontier Thesis Spanish Misrule in Cuba Since the 1860s, Cuba sought independence from Spain 1895 Jose Marti began a guerilla war rebellion to obtain Cuba independence from Spain. Valeriano Weyler (Span. Com.) adopted a round then up (concentration camp) style response. Valeriano The Butcher Weylers Reconcentration Policy 1. Yellow Journalism & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer New York World William Randolph Hearst New York Journal Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and Ill furnish the war! Pres. McKinley was more concerned about the disruption of business and called for the war to end in Cuba immediately or else. Jingoismextreme nationalism marked by a belligerent foreign policy. 2. De Lme Letter Dupuy de Lme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd! 3. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana The Spanish-American War: Causes: 3) The USS Maine Explodes: 260 seamen dead260 seamen dead McKinley now had to look at war as a possibilityMcKinley now had to look at war as a possibility Tried to negotiate with Spain, but they rejected the peace offeringTried to negotiate with Spain, but they rejected the peace offering War hawks in Congress pushed for warWar hawks in Congress pushed for war McKinley reluctantly went to war; eventually saw it as an opportunity for American expansionMcKinley reluctantly went to war; eventually saw it as an opportunity for American expansion Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate clair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba. The Spanish-American War (1898): That Splendid Little War BEFORE TR headed to Cuba, he gave orders to attack Philippines. U.S. destroyed Spanish fleet in a matter of hours. Dewey received help on the mainland from rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo. Dewey Captures Manila! Meanwhile...the War in Cuba U.S. issued Teller Amendment: promised to allow Cuba to govern itself once freed from Spain. Wool uniforms and mess kits from Civil War slowed efforts! Rough Riders (on foot) charged San Juan Hill. In less than 4 months, Spain was defeated. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. U.S. agreed to pay $20 million for Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power! Having been promised independence for fighting alongside the Americans against Spain, Filipinos expected independence.Having been promised independence for fighting alongside the Americans against Spain, Filipinos expected independence. Annexing the Philippines Is He To Be a Despot? The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism. The Philippines US refused to acknowledge the Filipino request for independence.US refused to acknowledge the Filipino request for independence. Feeling betrayed, Emilio Aguinaldo & Filipino rebels enter a war against the U.S.Feeling betrayed, Emilio Aguinaldo & Filipino rebels enter a war against the U.S. Jan Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippines independent Jan Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippines independent Philippine-American War (18991902) U.S. deaths: 4,200 Filipino deaths: 20,000 Filipino deaths: 20,000 Long-drawn out conflict with the use of some brutal tactics by both sides.Long-drawn out conflict with the use of some brutal tactics by both sides. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines Taft (governor- general) promised indep. and high degree of self-rule. The Philippines would not be granted independence until 1946. Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) 1.Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2.The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3.Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. Cuban Independence? Senator Orville Platt Our Sphere of Influence America as a Pacific Power The Background Story How Did Panama Become Independent? In 1903, French canal builders agreed to sell their holdings/materials in their bankrupt Panama company to the United States for $40 millionbut the U.S. still needed the rights from Colombia. Colombia (of which Panama was a province), rejected the U.S. treaty offer of $10 million + $250,000 yearly. Unwilling to give up... and recognizing Panamas desire for independence (there was a small, established movement for independence), the United States (TR) quietly encouraged Panama to rebel. The ensuing four-hour revolution, under the watchful eye of two U.S. gunboats, created the Republic of Panama. A few days later, the United States and Panama signed a treaty to build the canal... I took the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal, but to debate me." --Theodore Roosevelt Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick! Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly,... to the exercise of an international police power Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly,... to the exercise of an international police power. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: s The Cares of a Growing Family Constable of the World The Great White Fleet: 1907 Tafts Dollar Diplomacy Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote Americas commercial interests. Wilsons Moral Diplomacy The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Condemn colonialism, but... Uncle Sam: One of the Boys?