•Political structures and forms of governance•Empires•Nations and nationalism•Revolts and revolutions•Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations

State-building, expansion, and conflict

1750-1914: European Hegemony!

The Balance of Power shifted after centuries of domination from Asia!

Absolutism vs. Enlightenment

New Economic and Social Ideas=Democracy

1450-1750 ALL kingdoms in Europe, Muslim Empires and China were absolutist.

They held on to their power claiming Divine Right (Europe) or Mandate of Heaven (China)

What Changed and Why?

Forces for Political Change

Concept of nation-state shifted loyalties from a king or noble to a nation

Britain and the Netherlands both had constitutional monarchies

Industrial Rev. led to economic changes and thedemands for political change by the end of the 19th c.

The Enlightenment a.k.a. The Age of Reasonled to serious questioning of absolutist govts.

This was influenced by previous eras such as Renaissance, the Protestant Reformationand the Scientific Rev.

The idea that people COULD figure things out and come up with better governments.

John Locke’s Social Contract said that people had the right to overthrow the government if it was bad.

French philosophes Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseauspread the new ideas to France which was the picture of absolutism.

New wealth led to the rise of the bourgeoisie who had no power. These self-made men were literate and supported the ideas of the Enlightenment. Afterall, they wanted the power togo with their money. Why should the do nothing aristocrats get all the power?

American

French

Haitian

Latin American

American Revolution:

•New political thought

•Upset with new taxes and trade controls

•Restrictions on moving west

•Declaration of Independence

•Constitution based on Enlightenment principles, butlimited the right to vote and kept slavery

The French Revolution

•Ancien Regime•Absolutist power for the king•Louis XVI called the Estates-General, but the bourgeoisietake control and declare the National Assembly•Write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen•Radical stage with Jacobins called the Reign of Terror•Napoleon seized the govt.

What arethe threeestates?

Congress of Vienna 1815: Objective? To Restore the Balance of Power Conservatives tried to put ideas of liberty back in the box.

Haitian (a.k.a. Saint Domingue) Revolution

Led by Toussaint L’Overture a former slave

Napoleon sent the army to put down the rebels.

Napoleon withdraws as many in his army died of yellow fever and couldn’t fight the guerillatactics used by the Haitians.

L’Overture died, Haiti gets independence 1804

Jefferson buys Lousiana from Napoleon 1803; theFrench had to have money to finance the fighting.

South America led by Creole elites such as:Simon Bolivar in the north and in the southJose de San Martin (1821)

Brazil 1822

Mexico 1821 Father Miguel HidalgoBenito Juarez modeled the constitution after theUS, but after his death a series of dictators.

Results of Revolutions

•Enlightenment philosophy continued to spread and inspireRevolutions with the concepts of democracy, liberty, equality,and justice

•Conservatism: wanted to return to absolutism, disapproved of revs, but would accept a constitutional monarchy

•Liberalism: wanted republican democracy, elected legislatureand freedom from oppression more than equality

•Radicalism: wanted drastic changes in the govt., emphasizedequality more than freedom; to narrow the gap between rich and poor ex: Jacobins and later Marxists

PoliticalReforms

Abolition of slave trade then slavery

Women’s rights especiallysuffrage

Universal education

Labor lawsespeciallychild labor

Male suffrage

Other political reforms

•Social Darwinism: poor people are lazy and less intelligent and deserve their status; rich people arehard working and smart and deserve their status

•Marxism: The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels said there would be a rev of the Proletariat

•Nationalism: new political concept of the nation; afeeling of identity among common groups of people

Germany

Otto von BismarckSecond Reich

Declared the beginning of the German Empire First was

HRE

Led to more competition among states.Created more nationalist movements.

ItalyCount Cavour in thenorth; occupied byAustria

Garibaldi in the south;occupied by Spain

The COMPLETEtakeover of an area withdominationeconomically,politically, and socio-culturally

Berlin Conference 1884-5

O God of Battles! Steel My Soldiers' Hearts! 10 October 1857

Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny

http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?b=UF00086056&v=00001.

Opium Wars 1839-1842

•Qing Dynasty

•Treaty of Nanjing

•Spheres of Influence

•Taiping Rebellion1850-1864

•Boxer Rebellion1900

MEIJI RESTORATION

1914-Present

World Wars and the concept of Total War

The Cold War

The Nationalist Movements Part II

New Ideologies and Revolutions

Globalization

Total War!

Causes: nationalism,militarism, imperialism, Industrialization, alliances

Treaty of Versailles: Germany lost territory, military and they have to pay for it ALL OttomanEmpire done!

A-H no longer a hyphen!

Japan gets Germany’scolonies in Asia

President Wilson’s 14 Points and the idea ofself determination

League of Nations

New countries created:Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia

  Causes left over from the last war

Allied Powers: US, Great Britain, France, USSRAxis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy

Results in beginning of the Cold War and the United Nations

World War IITotal War!

1945-1991USA and our allies vs. USSR and their alliesStarted before the end of WWII

Yalta Conference

Postdam Conference

NATO

Nationalist Movements Part II or Decolonization Movements

Educated western elites lead the movements

Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya

African National Congress in South Africa anti-Apartheid

India gets independence Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma) 1947

Southeast Asia: Indonesia throw off Dutch 1949; Philippines break from US 1946; Burma from Britain 1948; Indochina/Vietnam 1975 Ho Chi Minh

Latin America: Mexico nationalist movement with therevolution of 1910, new Constitution 1917, accept idea ofbeing Mexican (Villa and Zapata)

The rest of Latin America becomes controlled by *authoritarian regimes with violent repression; many inspired by communism after WWII

Brazil= VargasArgentina=PeronCuba=CastroChile=Pinochet

*Caudillos, Juntas, Oligarchical rule

Ideologies and Revolutions

•Communism: Russia=Lenin; China= Mao Zedong

•Fascism: developed in Italy=Mussolini; Hitler=Germany takes itand makes Nazism

•Stalinism: collectivization of agriculture little resemblance toMarxism

USSR and Gorbachev: Perestroika=eco. reforms; Glasnost=more openness loosened censorship

China: Mao, Great Leap Forward (not); Cultural Revolution; Deng Xiaoping institutes socialist market economy or market Socialism; Tiananmen Square

Gorbachev w/ Louis Vuitton Bag

Ideologies and Revolutions

Black Nationalist Movements

Feminist Movements

Iranian Revolution: Ayatollah Khomeini

21st century more internationally based due to internetand unprecedented globalization

Multi national corporations

Greenpeace and Green Movements

Amnesty International

Human Rights Watch