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Political Parties “Linkage Institution”

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Page 1: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Political Parties

“Linkage Institution”

Page 2: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

What is a political party?

• A political party is a group of

• voters, activists, candidates, and

• office holders who identify with

• a party label and seek to elect

• individuals to public office.

Page 3: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

The Evolution of AmericanParty Democracy

• Hamilton and Jefferson, as heads of the

Federalist and Anti-Federalist groups

respectively, are often considered

'fathers' of the modern party system.

• By 1800, this country had a party

system with two major parties that has

remained relatively stable ever since.

Page 4: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Goal of a Political Party?

• WIN ELECTIONS

Page 5: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Party Structure

• National Convention – meets every 4 years, nominates President

• National Committee – manages party affairs on daily basis

• Congressional campaign committee – supports party’s candidates

• National chair – manages daily work

Page 6: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Function of Parties

1. Connecting citizens to government (linkage institution)

-Political Efficacy – citizen participation level and awareness of government decisions

2. Run candidates for political office

3. Inform the public – help voters decide who to vote for in elections

4. Organizing government – coordinate government policy-making

Page 7: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Why 2 parties?

• Winner-take-all system

• Winner receives a seat while loser receives nothing

• 3rd party usually joins one of other parties

• Opposite – Proportional Representation – % of votes is directly applied as the % of representatives

Page 8: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Democrats and Republicans:The Golden Age

• From the presidential elections of 1860 to thepresent, the same two major parties havecontested elections in the United States:• Democrats and Republicans.• – Reconstruction -- Republican dominance• Republican party formed 1854 by anti-slavery activists• – 1876-1896 -- closely competitive• – 1896-1929 -- Republican dominance• – 1930s and 1940s -- Democratic dominance• – 1950s and 1960s -- closely competitive• – 1970-2000 -- neither party dominant• Election of 2008—Democratic dominance• Currently—Democrats losing ground in Congressional

elections

Page 9: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

“Grass Roots”

• “Grass Roots” – parties can also reach the voters personally and “get-out-the-vote” on a local level

Page 10: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

One-Partyism

• A significant trend of recent times is the demise

of one-partyism (one party dominance of

elections in a given region).• The formerly "Solid South" is no longer only

Democratic.

* Many individuals split their vote between the

parties, and sometimes vote for third parties.

Page 11: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Results of the past 4 Presidential elections

Red=The Republican candidate carried the state in all four most recent presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008).Pink=The Republican candidate carried the state in three of the four most recent elections.Purple=The Republican candidate and the Democratic candidate each carried the state in two of the four most recent elections.Light blue=The Democratic candidate carried the state in three of the four most recent elections.Dark blue=The Democratic candidate carried the state in all four most recent elections

Page 12: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Minor Parties: Third-Partyism

• Minor parties are not a threat to the two majorparties.• Only eight third parties have won any electoralvotes in a presidential contest.• The third parties that have had some success

are:• – 1996 and 1992: Ross Perot’s Reform Party• – 1968: George Wallace’s American Independent

Party• – 1924: Robert LaFollette’s Progressive Party• – 1912: Teddy Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party• – 1856: Millard Fillmore's American Party

Page 13: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Minor Parties

Third Parties have played a role in politics

Types

1. Individual personality – those dominated by one figure head (Ex. – 1912 Theodore Roosevelt – Bull-Moose, 1968 George Wallace – American Independent Party)

2. Long-lasting goal or ideology – (Ex. – Abolitionists, Prohibitionists, Socialists)

Page 14: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

The Golden Age of Political Parties 1874-1912

• Party stability-rare• Big city and big party organization-political“machines” Chicago• Party was viewed as government-partyprovided social services directly=patronageand allegiance• Intense devotion=high voter turnout 76% orbetter in elections form 1876-1900

Page 15: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Modern Era

• 1930s-social services began to be providedby national gov. not parties• Direct primaries meant power of partydiminished• Loose ties between candidate and party• Post WWII-issue oriented politics• – Individual candidate became focus• – Interest groups rather than party stepped intovoid• – More ticket splitting-voters vote for candidateas much as the party

Page 16: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Party Identification

• Dealignment – weak membership, more “independents” or moderates – popular trend in the last 50 years

• Strait ticket voting – strong party membership, support all candidates for one party

• Ticket splitting – voting for candidates from multiple parties

Page 17: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Declining Party Loyalty?

• Dealignment-general decline in partisan id• The number of independents in the U.S. rosefrom 19% in 1958 to 37% twenty years later.• Identification with the two major parties today isin the mid 80% range.• Pollsters often find that many self declaredindependents often 'lean' quite strongly to eitherthe Democrat or Republican party.• “Leaners” do feel party affiliations, but choosenot to self-identify with a party.

Page 18: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

Realignment

• A shifting of party coalition groupings inthe electorate that remains in place forseveral elections• – Jefferson formed Dem-Rep party• – Whig dissolved, Republican emerged won

pres. 1860• – Great Depression-many voters realigned toDem

Page 19: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

More on Realignment?

• “Gridlock” – Congress and Presidency controlled by different parties

• 2004 - Republican sweep of Congress and Presidency - party loyalty stronger?

• 2006 - split the Presidency and Congress again• 2008 - brought a Democratic sweep• Mid elections 2010—backlash from economy

and BP oil spill + Tea Party MAY see a shift back towards Republican party

Page 20: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

• Since the early 1980s, the Republican Party platform has been increasingly influenced by

A) environmental activists

B) evangelical Christians

C) civil libertarians

D) labor unions

E) active military officers

Page 21: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

• Since 1972, voters in presidential elections have

A) become more focused on individual candidates

B) increasingly based their votes on televised debates

C) become more influenced by party platforms

D) become more likely to focus on local rather than national conditions

E) become more likely to rely on print media for information

Page 22: Political Parties “Linkage Institution”. What is a political party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders

• An election in which there is a significant shift in the bases of electoral support from one political party to another is called a

A) deviating election

B) maintaining election

C) realigning election

D) primary election

E) dealigning election