policy processes in the european union the case of environmental governance

261
Policy Processes in the European Union The case of environmental governance Åbo Akademi University Department of Public Administration 6-8 April 2010 Lectures course by Edward Cameron [email protected]

Upload: edward-cameron

Post on 06-May-2015

5.619 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

DESCRIPTION

This is a 15 hour lecture series on European Union policies and institutions, delivered at Abo Akademi University in April 2010. My students were drawn from all over Europe and were predominantly post graduates.

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Åbo Akademi University Department of Public Administration

6-8 April 2010

Lectures course by Edward [email protected]

Page 2: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EDWARD CAMERON

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Consultant at the World Bank Social Development Department

Former Senior Advisor to the Maldives

Specialist in governance, climate change and EU policy

Guest Lecturer at four universities

PhD Candidate at Åbo Akademi

Page 3: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

KEY QUESTIONS (1)

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What is the European Union?

How does the EU work?

How does the EU shape public policy in Europe and beyond?

Where is the EU going in the future?

Page 4: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

KEY QUESTIONS (2)

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What role does the EU play in environmental governance?

Case Study: The EU and climate change

Page 5: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

It is the place where up to 80% of national policy or legislation in a given field is determined

It is a policy arena that is constructed at the global, European, national and local levels

It is therefore heavily dependent on co-operation

WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT THE EU?

Page 6: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT THE EU?

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

A unique and complicated political construct

The source of a huge amount of our laws, policies and many aspects of our daily lives that we take for granted

A player on the global stage

Agree or disagree, love it or hate it, you must understand it, because the world you live in is shaped by it!

Page 7: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT THE EU?

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

“The European Communities constitute a polity – a venue where interested actors pursue their goals and where authoritative actors deliver policy outputs”.

Rosamond (2000)

Page 8: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Course Schedule

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Tuesday, 6 April• 9am to 12pm• 4pm to 6pm

๏ Wednesday, 7 April• 9am to 12pm• 3pm to 6pm

๏ Thursday, 8 April• 9am to 12pm

Page 9: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Course Aims

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ To deepen our understanding of the EU

๏ To strengthen our knowledge of climate change

Page 10: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

First Principles

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Subjective or objective?๏ Look beyond the theory to get at the reality๏ An honest and informed debate๏ An open exchange of ideas๏ Think about what you want to achieve from this

class.

Page 11: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

First Principles

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

“If we wish our civilization to survive we must break with the habit of deference to great men”

Karl Popper - Austrian Philosopher

Page 12: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Examination

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Examination will be through an essay of 5000 words. You will chose one question from a list of five.

๏ The cover page must contain: STUDENT NAME; STUDENT NUMBER; TITLE OF QUESTION; WORD COUNT;

๏ REFERENCES are essential and may be included as footnotes or endnotes. A BIBLIOGRAPHY must be included at the end of the paper

Page 13: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Examination

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Your paper must contain ARGUMENT, EVIDENCE, and OPINION

๏ Please submit one hard copy to Marina Hamberg and one electronic copy to [email protected]

๏ The deadline for submitting essays will be 12h local time on Monday, 26th April 2010. Late Essays will not be accepted.

Page 14: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Examination

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ A good paper will combine knowledge of the subject matter with analysis and strong recommendations or conclusions at the end.

๏ Plagiarism is not acceptable!

Page 15: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Reading Materials

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Wallace, H & W Wallace (eds.): Policy-making in the European Union (The New European Union series), Oxford University Press - April 2000.

๏ Chari, Raj & Kritzinger, Sylvia: Understanding EU Policy Making: National Versus European Sovereignity. Pluto Press 2006.

History

Policies

Environment

Theories

Institutions

Treaties

Page 16: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Reading Materials

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Weale, A. Pridham, G. Cini, M. Konstadakopulos, D. Porter, M. Flynn, B.: Environmental Governance in Europe. Oxford University Press 2003.

๏ Jordan, A (ed): Environmental Policy in the European Union: Actors, Institutions and Processes, Earthscan 2002.

History

Policies

Environment

Theories

Institutions

Treaties

Page 17: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Reading Materials

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ The Lisbon Treatyhttp://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm

๏ Cameron, E. and McMahon, H. (2010) “The EU-China Partnership: Forging a new space on global climate change”. In Jing Men (ed) Prospects and Challenges for EU-China Relations in the 21st Century. Peter Lang, Brussels.

History

Policies

Environment

Theories

Institutions

Treaties

Page 18: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The origins, progress, and impacts of the European Union

Page 19: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The European Union is the product of unique circumstances and personalities

European integration has progressed in fits and spurts over the past 60 years

Remember: The European Union is not an accident of history, nor is its evolution fortuitous. It is all the product of design.

Page 20: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

“The violent ideological engagements of a grimmer age”

Page 21: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Road not taken

๏ Denazified๏ Deindustrialized๏ Decentralized๏ Democratized

Page 22: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

email: [email protected]

“The insecure child of anxiety….a prophylactic, to keep the past at bay”

๏ Economic necessity ๏ Armed conflict (nationalist, ethnic)๏ Threat of communism

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 23: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

email: [email protected]

“Phoenix-like from the ashes of the murderous-suicidal-past”.

๏ Marshall Plan Finances ๏ Security Partnerships ๏ Political leaders shaped by the tragedy of conflict๏ Political leaders mindful of the new dynamics influencing the pursuit

of national interests

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 24: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

“The government of France proposes to place the entire coal and steel production of France and Germany a single high authority open to the participation of all the countries of Europe”.

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 25: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItaly

1957EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 26: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItaly

UKDenmarkIreland

1973EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 27: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItalyUKDenmarkIreland

Greece

1980EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 28: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItalyUKDenmarkIrelandGreece

SpainPortugal

1986EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 29: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItalyUKDenmarkIrelandGreeceSpainPortugal

FinlandSweedenAustria

1995EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 30: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItalyUKDenmarkIrelandGreeceSpainPortugalFinlandSweedenAustria

2005

EstoniaLatviaLithuaniaPolandCzech RSlovakiaHungarySloveniaCyprusMalta

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 31: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

2007FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItalyUKDenmarkIrelandGreeceSpainPortugalFinlandSweedenAustria

EstoniaLatviaLithuaniaPolandCzech RSlovakiaHungarySloveniaCyprusMalta

BulgariaRomania

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 32: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

FranceGermanyNetherlandsLuxembourgBelgiumItalyUKDenmarkIrelandGreeceSpainPortugalFinlandSweedenAustria

The Future?EstoniaLatviaLithuaniaPolandCzech RepSlovakiaHungarySloveniaCyprusMaltaBulgariaRomania

IcelandSwitzerlandNorway

TurkeyCroatiaWestern Balkans

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 33: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What is the appeal of European Union membership? Why did your country join?

What have been the successes / failures of the EU?

How do Europeans see the EU?

How do you see the EU?

Page 34: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Historical achievements of EU integration

๏ European reconstruction ๏ 60 years of peace and stability๏ Economic growth๏ Democratisation

Page 35: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Common elements of how countries’ view EU membership:

๏ A reach for prosperity and economic growth

๏ A vehicle for national self-interest

๏ An attempt to stabilise new democracies

๏ An expression of the end of the cold war

๏ An attempt to have influence in a bi-polar world

๏ A convenient scapegoat for national politicians

Page 36: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Many in Europe still perceive the EU as:

๏ Disconnected and inaccessible

๏ Bureaucratic and mysterious

๏ Sometimes ineffective and often unheralded

๏ Irrelevant

๏ Wasteful and even corrupt

๏ “A Communist plot”

๏ “A neo-liberal plot”

Page 37: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

From enthusiastic to skeptical

Respondents thinking EU is a good thing and tending to trust the EU (% of those polled)

Netherlands

Denmark

Spain

Poland

Germany

Sweden

EU 27 average

France

Italy

UK

20 40 60 80A good thing Tend to trust

Page 38: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Has the second golden age of European integration come to an end?

๏ Almost continuous treaty revisions since 1986

๏ Significant enhancement of the EU’s role

๏ Public backlash since 2005

๏ Growing euroscepticism

๏ No appetite for further intergovernmental conferences and treaties

๏ And yet the World is more connected and European influence is declining relative to emerging centres

Page 39: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What are the dominant theories of European integration and why do they matter?

Page 40: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Theories of European integration have designed the EU of today and are shaping the EU of tomorrow.

The major theoretical schism has been between neo-functionalism and inter-governmentalism

Remember: Our vision of what “Europe” OUGHT to be shapes the reality of what “Europe” IS!

Page 41: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What are the big theories of EU integration?

๏ Federalism: A definitive Constitutional settlement๏ Functionalists: What function rather than what structure? ๏ Neo-Functionalists: Spill-over๏ Inter-governmentalists: Co-operation between sovereign

states

Page 42: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Neo-functionalism

Neo-functionalists believed that sectoral integration would produce unintended and unforeseen consequences of promoting further integration in additional issue areas.

Narrow enough to secure consent but deep enough to open the way towards the unity that is essential for peace” (Monnet)

Page 43: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Inter-governmentalism

Inter-governmentalists believed that the bargaining and consensus building techniques which have emerged in the EU are mere refinements of intergovernmental diplomacy.

Page 44: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Why do theories matter?

“Theories are necessary if we are to produce ordered observations of social phenomena” (Rosamond 2000).

Without theories we see that something is happening. With theories we understand what is happening. We get a sense of what is driving the big questions.

Page 45: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What are the big questions of EU integration?

๏ Is the EU a post-national or supranational construct? ๏ Is the EU an international organisation or a state in the

making?๏ Is the EU a top down or bottom up initiative?

Page 46: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What are the big questions of EU integration?

๏ What does “ever closer union” mean?๏ Does economic integration imply political integration? ๏ Does political integration amount to the dissolution of

national authority?๏ Is integration a process or an outcome?

Page 47: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

In 2010 the European Union is:

๏ Multi-level ๏ Horizontally Complex๏ Evolving and incomplete๏ Trying to overcome an identity crisis between “input

legitimacy” versus “output legitimacy”

Page 48: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What are the implications of competing theories of European integration?

Which vision of “Europe” do you support? Why?

Page 49: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What impact have the European treaties had? What is the current constitutional / treaty settlement?

Page 50: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Practical implications of EU Treaties

A review of the principal Treaties

An overview of the current Treaty settlement

Remember: Treaties are as much about what is happening behind the scenes. Personalities and context matters!

Page 51: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

๏ Treaty of Paris (1951)

๏ Treaties of Rome (1957)

๏ Single European Act (1986)

๏ Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty 1992)

๏ Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

๏ Treaty of Nice (2000)

๏ European Constitution (2004)

๏ Reform Treaty (Lisbon treaty 2007)

Page 52: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The common elements of each Treaty:

๏ Competencies

๏ Movement of policy responsibility from National to European levels

๏ Primary Rules (legislation)

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 53: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The common elements of each Treaty:

๏ Secondary Rules (rules to make rules)

๏ Shift in the institutional balance

๏ Clarification and consolidation

๏ Streamlining (moving with the times)

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 54: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Single European Act (1986)

“The internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty”. This means the removal of physical, technical, and fiscal barriers to trade between the Member States of the EU”.

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 55: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Single European Act (1986)

๏ Establishment of the Structural Funds

๏ Extension of the roles of the European Council and the European Parliament

๏ 282 measures to facilitate the creation of the single market

๏ Extension of EU competencies in health, social policy and environment

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 56: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Treaty on European Union (1992)

“Economic and social progress for their peoples within the context of the accomplishment of the internal market and of reinforced cohesion and environmental protection”.

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 57: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Treaty on European Union (1992)

๏ European Communities

๏ Common Foreign and Security Policy

๏ Justice and Home Affairs

๏ Provided the groundwork for “Schengen”

๏ Copenhagen Criteria

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 58: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Treaty on European Union (1992)

๏ Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the EURO

๏ Citizenship (move, work and vote)

๏ Cohesion Fund

๏ Subsidiarity

๏ Extension of the European Parliament

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 59: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

European Constitution (2004)

๏ A Constitution you can carry in your back pocket!

๏ Streamline decision making, ensure smooth integration of new member states, and outline competences and rights.

๏ Constitutional Convention met in February 2002. Text was agreed in June 2004.

๏ Stalled in May/June 2005 with the votes in France and Holland

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 60: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Reform (Lisbon) Treaty (2004)

On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, thus ending several years of negotiation about institutional issues. The Treaty of Lisbon amends the current EU and EC treaties, without replacing them.

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 61: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Reform (Lisbon) Treaty (2004)

๏ More than 90% of the constitution has been carried over into the Reform Treaty.

๏ The Reform Treaty amends previous legal norms whereas the constitution would have created new ones.

๏ Symbolic gestures - anthem, flag, etc.. are removed.

๏ Charter of Fundamental Rights is relegated to an annex

๏ New opt-outs have been secured

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 62: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Reform (Lisbon) Treaty (2004)

๏ European Council made a specific institution. A new post - “President of the European Council” is created.

๏ New foreign service for the EU with a “High-Representative for External Relations”.

๏ New rules for Council voting; and for the make-up of the European Parliament and Commission.

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 63: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Reform (Lisbon) Treaty (2004)

๏ Increase of co-decision procedure places European Parliament on an equal footing with the Council for the vast bulk of EU legislation.

๏ National parliaments may now object to EU intervention. 30% of Parliaments acting together can force a rethink; 50% can have an issue referred to EU Parliament and Council.

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 64: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Reform (Lisbon) Treaty (2004)

๏ “Citizens' Initiative” means a petition from one million citizens has the possibility to call on the Commission to bring forward new policy proposals.

๏ Treaty of Lisbon explicitly recognises for the first time the possibility for a Member State to withdraw from the Union.

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 65: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Reform (Lisbon) Treaty (2004)

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 66: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What are our views of the Lisbon Treaty?

How do we view the process of ratifying the Treaty?

Was enough done to “sell” the Treaty to Europe’s voters?

What implications will the Treaty have for Europe?

Page 67: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

An “institutional triangle” or a series of institutional spheres?

Page 68: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What are the European Union institutions?

How do they work?

Page 69: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONINSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Commission

Page 70: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Commission

๏ The EU's executive body: responsible for implementing European legislation, the budget and programmes.

๏ It has the sole right of initiative to draft legislation. This gives the Commission the power to set the agenda.

๏ It acts as guardian of the Treaties and, together with the Court of Justice, ensures that Community law is properly applied and enforced

Page 71: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Commission

๏ Commission President is appointed by the Member States

๏ 27 Commissioners appointed by the Member States, approved by the Parliament, and supported by a large civil service

๏ The Commission is divided into some 40 directorates-general (DGs) and services, which are subdivided in turn into directorates, and directorates into units.

Page 72: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Commission

๏ Power of the Commission varies

๏ Exclusive powers (customs union, the common trade policy, competition, agriculture)

๏ Shared powers (environment, transport)

๏ Supporting, coordinating or complementary powers (culture, education and industry

Page 73: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Commission

๏ Work Programme for 2010 includes:

๏ Tackling the crisis and sustaining Europe's social market economy;

๏ Building a citizens' agenda;

๏ Developing an ambitious and coherent external agenda;

๏ Modernising EU instruments and ways of working.

Page 74: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Commission

๏ Who sits in the Commission?

๏ Who sits in the Commission civil service?

๏ How does the Commission prepare policy?

๏ How accessible is the Commission to other actors during policy preparation?

๏ How powerful is the European Commission?

Page 75: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Åbo Akademi University Department of Public Administration

6-8 April 2010

Lectures course by Edward [email protected]

Page 76: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

Page 77: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ There are 736 Members of the European Parliament drawn from 27 member states.

๏ MEPs divide their time between Brussels, Strasbourg and their constituencies.

๏ In Brussels they attend meetings of committees and political groups, and additional plenary sittings. In Strasbourg they attend 12 plenary sittings.

Page 78: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

EPPGreens/EFAIND/DALDEEULUENPESNA

MEPs sit in political groups.

They are not organised by nationality, but by political affiliation. There are currently seven political groups in the European Parliament.

Total: 736 Members

Page 79: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats)

๏ Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament

๏ Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe

๏ Group of the Greens / European Free Alliance

๏ European Conservatives and Reformists Group

๏ Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left

๏ Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group

Page 80: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European ParliamentCyprus / Estonia

Ireland

Denmark / Finland

Spain / Poland

UK / Italy / France

Germany

0 25 50 75 100

99

72

50

13

12

6

National allocation of seats in the European Parliament

Seats in the European Parliament are, as a general rule, shared out proportionately to the population of each Member State.

Total: 736 Members

Page 81: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament Total: 736 Members

Turnout in EP elections since 1979 (%)

Page 82: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament Total: 736 Members

Voter turnout in 2009 European Parliament elections by individual Member State

Page 83: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ MEPs are divided up among a number of specialised standing committees.

๏ There are 20 committees consisting of between 25 and 78 MEPs. Each has a chair, a bureau and a secretariat.

๏ The committees meet once or twice a month in Brussels. Their debates are held in public.

Page 84: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

The President is elected for a renewable term of two and a half years.

The President represents the EP vis-à-vis the outside world and in its relations with the other EU institutions.

At the beginning of every European Council meeting the President sets out Parliament’s point of view and its concerns as regards the items on the agenda.

Page 85: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ Change in the role and scope of the EP over time is largely due to its own lobbying

๏ Its involvement in the legislative process helps to guarantee democratic legitimacy

๏ Claims to democratic legitimacy / mandate undermined by low turn out in EP elections

Page 86: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ The number of MEPs will be capped at 751.

๏ Seats are distributed among countries according to “degressive proportionality”, i.e. MEPs from more populous countries will each represent more people than those from smaller countries.

๏ No country may now have less than 6 or more than 96 MEPs.

Page 87: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ Parliament is a mixed bag in terms of skills, competencies, and powers

๏ EP’s role is evolving over time

๏ Concerns over how the EP exercises its budget remain

Page 88: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

๏ Is the EU institution that belongs to the Member governments

๏ It is the Union's legislative body

๏ It coordinates the broad economic policies of the Member States

๏ Decisions taken by simple majority, qualified majority, or unanimity

Page 89: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

๏ Council meets in different formations (transport, environment, foreign affairs, etc...

๏ Council Secretariat based in Brussels

๏ Practical Work carried out in working groups (COREPER)

๏ Votes weighted according to population

Page 90: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

With QMV member states have fixed votes roughly determined by its population. To pass a vote by QMV, all three of the following conditions must apply:

๏ Must be supported by 232 out of the total of 321 votes (72.27%);

๏ Must be backed by a majority of member states;

๏ Countries supporting the proposal must represent at least 62% of the total EU population.

Page 91: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

In 2014, “double majority voting” will be introduced.

To be passed by the Council, proposed EU laws will then require a majority not only of the EU’s member countries (55 %) but also of the EU population (65 %).

Page 92: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

VotesPopulation

Total votes: 321 QMV: 232 Blocking votes: 90

QMV

Page 93: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

๏ The work programme of the Spanish, Belgian and Hungarian Presidencies runs from January 2010 to June 2011.

๏ The revision of the Lisbon Strategy

๏ Better regulation and supervision of financial markets.

๏ Implementation and possible review of the energy and climate package in the light of the results of the Copenhagen summit.

๏ Managing the rest of the EU’s agenda.

Page 94: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe European Council

๏ Supreme decision making body - “forum of last resort”

๏ Comprises heads of EU governments

Page 95: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe President of the European Council

Elected by the European Council for 2½ years, the main job of the president is to prepare the Council’s work, ensure its continuity and work to secure consensus among member countries.

Page 96: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe President of the European Council

๏ Maintains and directs the Council work

๏ Impartial arbitrator within the Council

๏ Represents the EU view to the UN and WTO

Page 97: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe President of the European Council

๏ Dialogue with Third countries (US and Russia)

๏ Represents the Council in relations with other EU Institutions

Page 98: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers and the European Council

๏ Most powerful institution?

๏ Least European?

๏ Least Transparent?

Page 99: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Justice

๏ Ensures that Community law is uniformly interpreted and effectively applied

๏ Has jurisdiction in disputes involving Member States, EU institutions, businesses and individuals

Page 100: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Justice

๏ Deals with challenges to the legality of EU law and non-compliance with EU law

๏ Assists Member States Courts in the Interpretation and Application of EU law

Page 101: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Justice

๏ A Court of First Instance has been attached to it since 1988

๏ CFI hears actions brought by non-state actors against the acts of the institutions

Page 102: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Auditors

๏ Based in Luxembourg. Checks that all the Union's revenue has been received and all its expenditure incurred in a lawful and regular manner and that financial management of the EU budget has been sound.

๏ Members appointed by the Member States

Page 103: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Central Bank

๏ Based in Frankfurt. Frames and implements European monetary policy

๏ Controls interest rates and money supply in the Eurozone area

๏ It conducts foreign exchange operations and ensures the smooth operation of payment systems.

Page 104: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Central Bank

๏ Executive Board and Governing Council sets policy

๏ Sole goal to guarantee low inflation

๏ This role is coming under increasing pressure

๏ May express opinions on economic policies pursued in the Eurozone countries

Page 105: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Committee of the Regions

๏ Ensures that regional and local concerns are respected. It has to be consulted on matters concerning regional policy, the environment and education.

๏ It is composed of representatives of regional and local authorities

Page 106: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

European Agencies

๏ ECOSOC

๏ European Ombudsman

๏ European Environment Agency (EEA)

๏ European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

๏ European Investment Bank

Page 107: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Media and Lobbyists

Page 108: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Institutional Recap

๏ Commission initiates policy

๏ Council is the supreme decision-making body

๏ Parliament shares legislative authority on certain issues

๏ Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law

๏ ECB sets interest rates within the € zone

Page 109: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION“Who do I call if I want to call Europe?”

Herman Van Rompaya - President of the European Council Jose Luis Zapatero - President in Office of the Council of Ministers

Jose Manuel Barroso - President of the European Commission Jerzey Buzek MEP - President of the European Parliament

Page 110: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION“Who do I call if I want to call Europe?”

Jean-Claude Trichet - President of the European Central BankVassilios Skouris - President of the Court of Justice

Mercedes Bresso - President of the

Committee of the Regions

Page 111: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Are there parallels between the European institutions and other organizations /institutions?

Do you consider the institutional system to be effective?

Do you consider the institutional system to be equitable?

Do you consider the institutional system to be democratic?

Page 112: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

Page 113: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ There are 736 Members of the European Parliament drawn from 27 member states.

๏ MEPs divide their time between Brussels, Strasbourg and their constituencies.

๏ In Brussels they attend meetings of committees and political groups, and additional plenary sittings. In Strasbourg they attend 12 plenary sittings.

Page 114: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

EPPGreens/EFAIND/DALDEEULUENPESNA

MEPs sit in political groups.

They are not organised by nationality, but by political affiliation. There are currently seven political groups in the European Parliament.

Total: 736 Members

Page 115: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats)

๏ Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament

๏ Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe

๏ Group of the Greens / European Free Alliance

๏ European Conservatives and Reformists Group

๏ Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left

๏ Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group

Page 116: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European ParliamentCyprus / Estonia

Ireland

Denmark / Finland

Spain / Poland

UK / Italy / France

Germany

0 25 50 75 100

99

72

50

13

12

6

National allocation of seats in the European Parliament

Seats in the European Parliament are, as a general rule, shared out proportionately to the population of each Member State.

Total: 736 Members

Page 117: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament Total: 736 Members

Turnout in EP elections since 1979 (%)

Page 118: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament Total: 736 Members

Voter turnout in 2009 European Parliament elections by individual Member State

Page 119: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ MEPs are divided up among a number of specialised standing committees.

๏ There are 20 committees consisting of between 25 and 78 MEPs. Each has a chair, a bureau and a secretariat.

๏ The committees meet once or twice a month in Brussels. Their debates are held in public.

Page 120: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

The President is elected for a renewable term of two and a half years.

The President represents the EP vis-à-vis the outside world and in its relations with the other EU institutions.

At the beginning of every European Council meeting the President sets out Parliament’s point of view and its concerns as regards the items on the agenda.

Page 121: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ Change in the role and scope of the EP over time is largely due to its own lobbying

๏ Its involvement in the legislative process helps to guarantee democratic legitimacy

๏ Claims to democratic legitimacy / mandate undermined by low turn out in EP elections

Page 122: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ The number of MEPs will be capped at 751.

๏ Seats are distributed among countries according to “degressive proportionality”, i.e. MEPs from more populous countries will each represent more people than those from smaller countries.

๏ No country may now have less than 6 or more than 96 MEPs.

Page 123: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Parliament

๏ Parliament is a mixed bag in terms of skills, competencies, and powers

๏ EP’s role is evolving over time

๏ Concerns over how the EP exercises its budget remain

Page 124: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

๏ Is the EU institution that belongs to the Member governments

๏ It is the Union's legislative body

๏ It coordinates the broad economic policies of the Member States

๏ Decisions taken by simple majority, qualified majority, or unanimity

Page 125: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

๏ Council meets in different formations (transport, environment, foreign affairs, etc...

๏ Council Secretariat based in Brussels

๏ Practical Work carried out in working groups (COREPER)

๏ Votes weighted according to population

Page 126: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

With QMV member states have fixed votes roughly determined by its population. To pass a vote by QMV, all three of the following conditions must apply:

๏ Must be supported by 232 out of the total of 321 votes (72.27%);

๏ Must be backed by a majority of member states;

๏ Countries supporting the proposal must represent at least 62% of the total EU population.

Page 127: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

In 2014, “double majority voting” will be introduced.

To be passed by the Council, proposed EU laws will then require a majority not only of the EU’s member countries (55 %) but also of the EU population (65 %).

Page 128: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

VotesPopulation

Total votes: 321 QMV: 232 Blocking votes: 90

QMV

Page 129: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers

๏ The work programme of the Spanish, Belgian and Hungarian Presidencies runs from January 2010 to June 2011.

๏ The revision of the Lisbon Strategy

๏ Better regulation and supervision of financial markets.

๏ Implementation and possible review of the energy and climate package in the light of the results of the Copenhagen summit.

๏ Managing the rest of the EU’s agenda.

Page 130: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe European Council

๏ Supreme decision making body - “forum of last resort”

๏ Comprises heads of EU governments

Page 131: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe President of the European Council

Elected by the European Council for 2½ years, the main job of the president is to prepare the Council’s work, ensure its continuity and work to secure consensus among member countries.

Page 132: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe President of the European Council

๏ Maintains and directs the Council work

๏ Impartial arbitrator within the Council

๏ Represents the EU view to the UN and WTO

Page 133: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe President of the European Council

๏ Dialogue with Third countries (US and Russia)

๏ Represents the Council in relations with other EU Institutions

Page 134: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Council of Ministers and the European Council

๏ Most powerful institution?

๏ Least European?

๏ Least Transparent?

Page 135: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Justice

๏ Ensures that Community law is uniformly interpreted and effectively applied

๏ Has jurisdiction in disputes involving Member States, EU institutions, businesses and individuals

Page 136: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Justice

๏ Deals with challenges to the legality of EU law and non-compliance with EU law

๏ Assists Member States Courts in the Interpretation and Application of EU law

Page 137: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Justice

๏ A Court of First Instance has been attached to it since 1988

๏ CFI hears actions brought by non-state actors against the acts of the institutions

Page 138: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Court of Auditors

๏ Based in Luxembourg. Checks that all the Union's revenue has been received and all its expenditure incurred in a lawful and regular manner and that financial management of the EU budget has been sound.

๏ Members appointed by the Member States

Page 139: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Central Bank

๏ Based in Frankfurt. Frames and implements European monetary policy

๏ Controls interest rates and money supply in the Eurozone area

๏ It conducts foreign exchange operations and ensures the smooth operation of payment systems.

Page 140: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Central Bank

๏ Executive Board and Governing Council sets policy

๏ Sole goal to guarantee low inflation

๏ This role is coming under increasing pressure

๏ May express opinions on economic policies pursued in the Eurozone countries

Page 141: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Committee of the Regions

๏ Ensures that regional and local concerns are respected. It has to be consulted on matters concerning regional policy, the environment and education.

๏ It is composed of representatives of regional and local authorities

Page 142: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

European Agencies

๏ ECOSOC

๏ European Ombudsman

๏ European Environment Agency (EEA)

๏ European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

๏ European Investment Bank

Page 143: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Media and Lobbyists

Page 144: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Institutional Recap

๏ Commission initiates policy

๏ Council is the supreme decision-making body

๏ Parliament shares legislative authority on certain issues

๏ Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law

๏ ECB sets interest rates within the € zone

Page 145: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION“Who do I call if I want to call Europe?”

Herman Van Rompaya - President of the European Council Jose Luis Zapatero - President in Office of the Council of Ministers

Jose Manuel Barroso - President of the European Commission Jerzey Buzek MEP - President of the European Parliament

Page 146: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION“Who do I call if I want to call Europe?”

Jean-Claude Trichet - President of the European Central BankVassilios Skouris - President of the Court of Justice

Mercedes Bresso - President of the

Committee of the Regions

Page 147: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

TREATIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Are there parallels between the European institutions and other organizations /institutions?

Do you consider the institutional system to be effective?

Do you consider the institutional system to be equitable?

Do you consider the institutional system to be democratic?

Page 148: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

“The result of interaction, in particular between the "institutional triangle" formed by the Parliament, the Council and the European Commission”.

Page 149: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What policy modes are employed by the European Union?

What are the variables of decision-making?

What does the policy journey look like?

What are the factors that determine a successful policy process?

Page 150: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

“extraordinary and ever-increasing diversity of policy modes whereby the preferences of national governments, sub-national actors, and supranational organizations are changed into common policies”.

Page 151: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Five Policy Modes

๏ The Community Method

๏ The Regulatory Mode

๏ The Distributional Mode

๏ Policy Coordination

๏ Intensive Transgovernmentalism

Page 152: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Community Method

๏ A strong role for the European Commission

๏ An empowering role for the Council through strategic bargaining

๏ Co-opting stakeholders into a European process

๏ National agencies as subordinate to a European regime

Page 153: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Community Method

๏ Limited opportunities for parliamentarians to intervene

๏ Collective resourcing

๏ Limited role for the ECJ

Page 154: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Regulatory Mode (environment)

๏ The Commission as the architect of objectives and rules

๏ The Council as a forum for agreeing minimum standards

๏ The ECJ as a means of ensuring that the rules are enforced

๏ The European Parliament in the role of co-legislator

๏ Extensive opportunities for stakeholders to get involved.

Page 155: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Distributional Mode (Regional Funds)

๏ Using financial incentives to influence policy developments within member states

๏ The Commission devises programmes in communication with other stakeholders

Page 156: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Distributional Mode (Regional Funds)

๏ Council agrees to a redistributive budget

๏ EP applies additional pressure

๏ Local and regional authorities participate through the CoR. Other stakeholders also participate through e.g. FPRD

Page 157: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Coordination (transport / employment)

๏ Member States appraise and compare policies

๏ A second best option?

๏ Commission develops networks of experts

๏ Council convenes high level groups

๏ Open Method of Coordination

Page 158: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Intensive Transgovernmentalism (EMU / Foreign Policy)

๏ EU governments commit themselves to intensive cooperation but prefer to do so outside the boundaries of the EU institutions.

๏ Council of Ministers is preeminent here.

๏ Commission is marginalized. EP and ECJ are excluded.

๏ Conducted beyond the scrutiny of Parliament and Public

๏ Substantial outcomes

Page 159: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The variables of decision-making

๏ Choices facing the European Commission

๏ Roles for the European Parliament

๏ Voting procedures in the Council of Ministers

Page 160: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

๏ Regulations

๏ Directives

๏ Green Papers

๏ White Papers

๏ Decisions

๏ Which Article of the Treaty to use?

The choices for the European Commission

Page 161: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

๏ Co-decision (70% - amend and veto)

๏ Consultation (original system)

๏ Assent (rare and blunt)

๏ Co-operation

The roles for the European Parliament

Page 162: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

๏ Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)

๏ Unanimity

Voting in the Council of Ministers

Page 163: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

๏ Drafting inside the Commission

๏ Commission to EP (ECOSOC and CoR)

๏ EP back to Commission

๏ Commission to Council

The Policy Journey

Page 164: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

๏ Council to EP

๏ EP back to Council

๏ Conciliation

The Policy Journey

Page 165: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

๏ Alliances

๏ This requires great skill and patience

๏ Everyone is a lobbyist in Brussels

Successful policy approaches require...

Page 166: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The EU has competency in a variety of different fields. We will look at some of those from programmatic and policy perspectives

Page 167: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Budget

Common Agricultural Policy

The Lisbon Agenda

Sustainable Development

Page 168: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Budget

Page 169: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Budget

Who pays for the EU?

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONUnspent money from previous yearsCustoms duties and leviesVAT from Member StatesGNI contributions from MS

Page 170: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The BudgetCountry contributions to the EU budget

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Before British Rebate After British Rebate

Net contributions to the EU budget per person in Euro from 2003

Page 171: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The BudgetCountry contributions to the EU budget

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Net contributions to the EU budget per country in Euro from 2004

Billion Euros

Members contribute to the EU budget roughly in proportion to the size of their economy.

Germany is the biggest net contributor. It receives less from the EU budget than France and Spain, and pays in more.

Page 172: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Budget

In 2006 the European Union spent approximately €121bn, or 1% of its members' gross national income.

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

“A modern budget for Europe is not one that ten years from now is still spending 40% of its money on the CAP”.

Tony Blair at the European Parliament in July 2005

The CAP goes to 2% of the EU workforce. 80% of CAP goes to the richest 20% of farmers

Citizenship - €1.1bnAdministration - €6.7bnCompetitiveness - €7.9bnForeign Aid - €8.3bnCohesion - €39.8bnNatural Resources - €56.3bn

Page 173: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The Budget

Federal spending is more than $2.4 trillion a year and makes up more than half of total government spending in the United States. The federal government now accounts for 20% of the total US gross domestic product (GDP), but this was not always the case.

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION National defence, veterans, and international affairsSocial SecurityAdministration of JusticeNet interestNatural resources, environment and transportation Education, training and employment servicesHealth and medicareIncome security Other

Page 174: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Common Agricultural Policy

Page 175: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ A relic of Post-War Europe or an important feature of a self-sufficient Europe?

๏ Increasing productivity

๏ Social support for the farming community

๏ Guaranteeing security of supply

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Common Agricultural Policy

Page 176: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Price Guarantees

๏ Subsidies for production

๏ Intervention

๏ Import tariffs

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Common Agricultural Policy

Page 177: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ CAP subsidies make up on average about 90% of a farmers pre-tax income

๏ Estimates suggest that between 30% and 60% of French farms would disappear if all subsidies and external tariffs were drastically altered.

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Common Agricultural Policy

Page 178: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Higher environmental impact

๏ Higher costs for European consumers

๏ A recipe for waste

๏ A tax on the developing world

๏ A club for rich farmers

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Common Agricultural Policy

Page 179: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ In light of rising food prices?

๏ In light of climate change and the growth in biofuels

๏ In light of increasing urbanization

๏ In light of other demands on the EU budget

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Common Agricultural Policy

Page 180: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONInnovation and competitiveness: The Lisbon Agenda

Page 181: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

“The Union has today set itself a new strategic goal for the next decade: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion”.

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONInnovation and competitiveness: The Lisbon Agenda

Page 182: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Long-term structural Unemployment

๏ Gender and Age Gaps

๏ Regional imbalances

๏ Competition with USA, India and China

๏ “not enough enterprise and too few entrepreneurs”

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONInnovation and competitiveness: The Lisbon Agenda

Page 183: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ 3% annual economic growth across the Union

๏ Creation of 20 million new jobs by 2010

๏ Raise employment rate to 70% of the population

๏ Reduce red tape to promote entrepreneurship

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONInnovation and competitiveness: The Lisbon Agenda

Page 184: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Better policies on ICT and R&D (eEurope, FP7, CIP, ERA)

๏ Structural reform leading to competitiveness and innovation

๏ Modernising the European Social Model by investing in people

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONInnovation and competitiveness: The Lisbon Agenda

Page 185: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Too focused on economic growth

๏ Too short term in scope

๏ Lacking adequate resources

๏ Few quantifiable targets

๏ Questionable premise?

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONInnovation and competitiveness: The Lisbon Agenda

Page 186: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 187: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ 1957 – 1972: Very little Environment

๏ 1972 – 1986: Environment within the confines of the single market

๏ 1986 – 1992: Environment for its own sake

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Evolution

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 188: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ 1986 – 1992: Environment for its own sake

๏ 1992 – 2003: Environment as a priority later becoming environment as a component of sustainable development

๏ 2003 – Present: Sustainable development as a component within the competitiveness agenda

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Evolution

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 189: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Cassis de Dijon (1979)

๏ Product Standards (Danish Bottles – 1981)

๏ Process / Pollution Control (Germany – 1983)

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Drivers (1): The internal market and national self- interest

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 190: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ To avoid competitive disadvantage do we level up or level down?

๏ Environment and competitiveness: “first-mover-advantage” or merely higher costs?

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Drivers (1): The internal market and national self- interest

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 191: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Fear of a degrading environment

๏ Growing concerns on issues of public health and safety

๏ Looking to Europe to solve issues that domestic governments don’t address

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Drivers (2): Rising public concern and impact

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 192: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Commission actively pursues new domains

๏ Role of the Parliament in “greening” policy

๏ Ministers go above the national and straight to Europe

๏ EEA gathers better information

๏ ECJ creates precedents

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Drivers (3): Institutional Dynamics

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 193: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Environment naturally becomes SD as linkages become clearer

๏ All other drivers ultimately demand a joined-up approach

๏ Internal dynamics as well as responses to external international agreements

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Drivers (4): Internal Coherence

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 194: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Unerstanding of environmental threats has increased

๏ Understanding of socio-ecological interface has increased

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Drivers (5): Scientific Knowledge

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 195: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Principally concerned with engineering a de-coupling of environmental degradation and resource consumption from economic and social development. Designed to change the ways policies are conceived, communicated and implemented.

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 196: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Åbo Akademi University Department of Public Administration

6-8 April 2010

Lectures course by Edward [email protected]

Page 197: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ A holistic strategy for 2001-2005

๏ Limit climate change and increase clean energy (ETS);

๏ Address threats to public health (REACH);

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 198: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Combat poverty;

๏ Address problems of the ageing population;

๏ Manage natural resources more responsibly;

๏ Improve transport system, land-use and pollution

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

The Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 199: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Too environmental;

๏ Too abstract, vague and non-committal;

๏ No integration or coherence;

๏ Poor communication and stakeholder dialogue;

๏ “Intentions on the political level are good. Implementation of policies is not”.

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 200: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

Strongly Agree AgreeDisagree Strongly DisagreeUncertain

Has EU progress on Sustainable Development been satisfactory since 2001?

Strongly Agree AgreeDisagree Strongly DisagreeUncertain

Is the current system of communicating with stakeholders satisfactory?

Strongly Agree AgreeDisagree Strongly DisagreeUncertain

Has the EU made satisfactory progress meeting its climate change objectives?

Page 201: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Climate Change and Clean Energy

๏ Sustainable Transport

๏ Sustainable Consumption and Production

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

Revised Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 202: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Consumption and Production

๏ Conservation and Management of natural resources

๏ Public Health

๏ Social inclusion, demography and migration

๏ Global Poverty and Sustainable Development challenges

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

Revised Sustainable Development Strategies

Page 203: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Education and Training

๏ Research and Development

๏ Financial and Economic Instruments

๏ Communication and Monitoring

๏ Legislation

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

Instruments

Page 204: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ What happened to the targets?

๏ The policy coherence and integration?

๏ The implementation?

๏ The transparent decision making?

๏ The specific policies (ETS and REACH)?

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONThe Sustainable Development Strategies

Two strategies - what happened to the first one?

Page 205: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

CASE STUDY: CLIMATE CHANGE

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

The immediate and far reaching implications and the EU’s response

Page 206: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

What is climate change?

How does it change the context for development?

Vulnerability

Climate Change building blocks

Page 207: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance
Page 208: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Changing the context for sustainable development

Climate change alters the context for development

WBG staff need to develop new skills and hone existing ones

Understanding climate change as a socio-ecological phenomenon is a vital starting point

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 209: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

What are the Social Dimensions of Climate Change?

๏ Complex social responses

๏ Impacts of climate change interventions

๏ Reconciling socio-ecological systems

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 210: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Climate change is unequivocal, accelerating and human induced

Climate change impacts natural systems

Climate change leads to complex social responses

Climate change undermines development and exacerbates inequality

Temperature rises, extreme weather events, changes in hydrological cycles, sea level rise, threats to unique systems and biodiversity, increase in flooding and storm surges

Species decimation and extinction; habitat loss and fragmentation; undermines eco-system services (provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting).

Poor are hardest hit; infrastructure is destroyed; educational attainment is affected; vital resources are diverted; asset creation and accumulation becomes more difficult

Loss of livelihoods; health/fatalities; food/water insecurity; migration; conflict; damage to infrastructure; decline in natural systems services; distribution of impacts

Page 211: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Improved analytical underpinnings, risk management and development policy effectiveness

Enhanced capital and resources

Improved governance

Change analysis and diagnosis

Critical in shaping climate change instruments and interventions leading to reduced vulnerability and greater resilience

Technological; knowledge; political; various types of assets (social, physical, natural, financial, human, cultural capital)

Key to authoritative advocacy for vulnerable populations; providing access to processes; influencing the nature of processes; vital for building constituencies and securing agreement

Implementation of governance principles across governance scales leads to enhanced capital and resources

Page 212: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Reconciling Socio-ecological systems

๏ Building new communities of practice

๏ Breaking down disciplinary path dependency

๏ Mainstream low carbon climate-resilient growth

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 213: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Tools for climate-smart decisions

๏Analytics and diagnostics

๏Process

๏ Instrument design

๏Substantive outcomes for vulnerable populations

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 214: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Frameworks and Tools for the social dimensions of climate change

214

Social FinancialHu

man

Natural

ASSETS Inclusive Governance

Scales

Livelihood protection

and poverty

reduction

•Exposure to Risk

•Sensitivity to Risk

•Adaptive Capacity

Vulnerability

Processes

Stakeholders

Institutions

Frameworks 101

๏ Vulnerability context influences availability of assets

๏ Access to assets determines level of resilience and adaptive capacity

๏ Institutions determine access to and returns from assets

PhysicalPolicy Processes in the European Union

The case of environmental governanceEdward Cameron

[email protected]

Page 215: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Vulnerability

Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation in which a system is EXPOSED, it's SENSITIVITY, and its ADAPTIVE CAPACITY (IPCC 2007a, p21)

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 216: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Exposure to Risk

Exposure - the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is subjected, such as:

๏ Risks to unique and threatened systems (coral)

๏ Extreme weather events (storm surges and sea swells)

๏ Reduced agricultural productivity

๏ Increased water insecurity

๏ Increased health risk

๏ Large-scale singularities

๏ Aggregate impacts (impacts worsen over time)

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 217: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Sensitivity

๏ Geographic context

๏ Dependence on the environment for livelihoods, food, fuel, shelter and medicine

๏ Asset and Resource deficiency

๏ Governance / political economy issues

Sensitivity - Intersecting inequalities - produce different experiences of climate change impacts:

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 218: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Sensitivity

Who are vulnerable?

๏ Women

๏ Indigenous Peoples

๏ The urban poor

๏ Inhabitants of small island states

๏ Vulnerability is not a uniform taxonomy

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 219: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Adaptive Capacity

Adaptation - “Refers to changes in processes, practices, or structures to moderate or offset potential damages or to take advantage of opportunities associated with changes in climate (IPCC 2001).

Adaptive Capacity - The capacity to mobilize resources to build resilience

๏ Various types of assets

๏ Technological

๏ Knowledge

๏ Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 220: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Adaptive Capacity

Strengthening adaptive capacity by building assets, capital and resources

๏Human

๏ Social and cultural

๏Natural

๏ Physical

๏ Financial

๏Research and Innovation

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 221: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Resilience

Resilience occurs where adaptive capacity is strong, inequalities are addressed, and exposure minimized. It reflects the ability to deal with change and continue to develop.

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 222: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Climate change and development operations

๏ Mitigation

๏ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD)

๏ Adaptation

๏ Technology

๏ Finance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 223: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Mitigation

๏Sources

๏Sinks / Reservoirs

๏Sequestration

๏Substitutes

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 224: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Equity: Unequal Responsibilities

% GHG Emissions in 2000

Only 17 countries account for 1% or more of global greenhouse gas emissions

Together, these 17 countries are responsible for more than 85% of global emissions

And yet few of these are amongst those most vulnerable to climate change

Source: Data taken from the Climate Analysis Indicator Tool (CAIT) by the World Resources Institute (WRI).

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 225: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Equity: Unequal Responsibilities

Source: Data taken from the Climate Analysis Indicator Tool (CAIT) by the World Resources Institute (WRI).

PowerTransportIndustryBuildingsLand useAgricultureWasteOther energy related

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 226: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Fossil Fuels

๏Relatively cheap

๏Large supply of raw materials

๏Large amounts of energy

๏Highly Polluting

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 227: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Nuclear Power

๏No Greenhouse Gas Emissions

๏More energy

๏Weather Neutral

๏Radioactivity

๏Expensive

๏Uranium and other toxic wastes

๏Security

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 228: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Hydro Power

๏No Pollution

๏Renewable

๏Weather Neutral

๏Topography / climate

๏Displacement and Dams

๏Flooding / wildlife

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 229: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Solar Power

๏Free

๏Renewable

๏Landscape neutral

๏Need for sun

๏Not efficient (15%)

๏Side issues

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 230: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Wind Power

๏Safe

๏ Inexaustable

๏Free

๏Unreliable

๏Eye-sores

๏Expensive

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 231: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Renewable Energies: Mitigation options with co-benefits

๏ GHG Reductions

๏ Economic returns for those who innovate

๏ Employment and local development

๏ Increased security of supply

๏ Reduced emissions of pollutants and health benefits

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 232: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Biofuels: Mitigation options with negative social implications

๏ Questionable GHG reductions potential

๏ Deforestation

๏ Land acquisition and displacement

๏ Impact on food (production, access, prices)

๏ Political instability, corruption and violence

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 233: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

REDD: Emissions reductions while safeguarding livelihoods?

๏ Deforestation accounts for 30% of annual GHG emissions

๏ Forests act as a sink for GHG emissions

๏ Millions of people are dependent on forest services

๏ How to assign a price for carbon to cover services and create incentives

๏ Effective forest governance is key but elusive

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 234: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Adaptation

๏ Planned versus autonomous adaptation

๏ First Generation

๏ Second Generation

๏ Third Generation (?)

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 235: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

๏ Protects vital infrastructure

๏ Protects vital utilities

๏ Coastal zone management

๏ Seawalls, flood defences, etc..

Adaptation options:“Hard” or “Soft”?

๏ Deals with exposure but what about sensitivity?

๏ May not target the most vulnerable

๏ May not address key system impacts (ecological and social)

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 236: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

๏Research and innovation

๏ Investment and political will

๏Development and deployment

๏Access and supporting structures

Technology

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 237: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

๏How much is required?

๏New and additional?

๏How to generate funding?

๏How to disburse / target funding?

Finance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 238: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Finance:Equitable, efficient and effective?

Baseline ODA (up to 0.7% of GNP)GDP Contribution (0.5% - 1% by developed countries)Carbon TaxesGeneral taxes and specific fundsAviation / Shipping taxGHG LevyTax on Financial Transactions (Tobin Tax)Emissions Cap and TradeAuctioning of Emissions RightsCDM and Carbon Offset Markets

Estimates put the cost of climate change at between $4bn and $109bn per year(low end from Stern 2006 / high end from UNDP 2007)

Source: How will the world finance climate change action? World Bank presentation to the Bali Brunch, April 2009

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 239: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Equity: Unequal Consequences

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2007 / 2008

Climate related disasters

Some 262 million people were affected by climate disasters annually from

2000 to 2004.

Developing WorldOECD

In the OECD, one person in every fifteen hundred was affected by

climate disaster (1:1500)

In the developing world the number was one in nineteen (1:19)

A risk differential of 79!

% of people affected by climate disasters 2000 - 2004

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 240: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 241: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Green diplomacy - the UNFCCC and Kyoto

๏ The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) consists of more than forty European-level policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

๏ Emissions Trading System

๏ 20-20-20

CLIMATE ACTION

Page 242: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Five strategic objectives:

๏ Raising the policy profile of climate change;

๏ Promoting exchange programmes between the EU and partner countries

๏ Supporting adaptation;

๏ Developing guidelines for integrating climate change into development programmes;

๏ Supporting capacity-building in developing country institutions;

๏ Supporting mitigation and low GHG development paths.

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN - ECCP

Page 243: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Renewable energy technologies already account for a turnover of €20bn and have created 300,000 jobs.

๏ A 20% share for renewables is estimated to represent almost a million jobs in the industry by 2020

๏ Commission has calculated savings in the region of €50bn and the creation of approximately one million new jobs by 2020

CLIMATE ACTION

Page 244: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Launched in January 2005, the Emissions Trading System covered around 13,000 factories and power stations across Europe.

๏ Under the scheme, these installations are allowed to emit carbon dioxide only if they possess a permit.

๏ Companies exceeding individual CO2 emissions targets are able to buy allowances from 'greener' ones.

๏ Carbon permits are intended to be a financial incentive to invest in clean technology and cut emissions

CLIMATE ACTION - ETS

Page 245: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ The “20 20 by 2020” plan commits the EU to reducing overall emissions by at least 20% below 1990 levels and increasing the share of renewable energy use by 20% by year 2020.

๏ In addition to its own targets, the EU hopes to persuade other developed countries to join a joint target of reducing emissions by 30% from 1990 levels by 2020.

CLIMATE ACTION - “20 20 BY 2020”

Page 246: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ EU does not meet its own targets

๏ Policy has not been forthcoming

๏ Commitments seem distant and unattainable

๏ Governance flaws in ETS

CLIMATE ACTION - IS IT WORKING?

Page 247: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Vulnerable communities are least responsible for the cause and least able to deal with the consequences of climate change.

Governance

Global: UNFCC, Kyoto, Bali Roadmap

Regional: EU and other initiatives

Local / Sub-national:Initiatives at provincial, community and household level

National:Policies at the state level

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 248: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Governance

Rationalize energy, water and agricultural price, tax incentives, fiscal and expenditure policies

Efficiency standards; codes, zoning, climate screening / proofing of investments

Capacity of public, private and financial sector institutions to assess and act on climate risks and new business opportunities

Improve investment climate; deepen financial and capital markets; new markets (cap & trade, CDM, etc...)

Education, raising awareness and promoting change in consumer behavior and preferences, public diplomacy

Incentives

Regulations

Institutions

Markets

Public Outreach

Source: How will the world finance climate change action? World Bank presentation to the Bali Brunch, April 2009

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Page 249: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

Where does the EU go from here? How does the EU really work?

THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Page 250: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Consistent and coherent – The Sustainable Development Strategy and the Lisbon Agenda

The Budget

The implementation deficit

Page 251: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

What social model for Europe?

Economic Credibility – The Growth and Stability Pact

Domestically – integration, multiculturalism or …?

Page 252: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Transatlantic relations – partners or rivals?

Europe and Islam

WTO and UN reform

Internationally – Foreign Policy

Page 253: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Outdated institutions?

Day to day management replacing vision?

Expectations matched by capacity to deliver?

An increasingly sceptical public?

All things to all people?

Page 254: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

HOW DOES THE EU REALLY WORK?

Institutional triangle

Institutional self interest

Driven by personalities

National self interest

Page 255: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

HOW DOES THE EU REALLY WORK?

Resulting from hard compromises

Often the product of external shocks

Expert driven / powerful lobby groups

Decision-making pathologies

Page 256: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Examination

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ “Decision making in the EU is the result of interaction between the institutional triangle formed by the Parliament, Commission and Council”. Discuss.

๏ A British Member of Parliament has described the relationship between the aborted Constitution and the Treaty of Lisbon as akin to the relationship between the DNA of a human and a mouse. “90% is the same, but its the remaining 10% that makes all the difference”. Discuss.

Page 257: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Examination

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ The climate change package is designed to establish the EU as a global leader in tackling climate change. Discuss the EU’s work in this field and assess the origins, progress, and long-term implications of this policy area.

๏ Select a policy area of your choice. This can be at the strategic level (i.e. environmental policy) or at the level of a specific instrument (i.e. Water Directive) or programme (Erasmus). Discuss the origins, progress, successes / failures, and long-term implications of this policy.

Page 258: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Examination

Policy Processes in the European UnionThe case of environmental governance

Edward [email protected]

๏ Your paper must contain ARGUMENT, EVIDENCE, and OPINION

๏ Please submit one hard copy to Marina Hamberg and one electronic copy to [email protected]

๏ The deadline for submitting essays will be 12h local time on Monday, 26th April 2010. Late Essays will not be accepted.

Page 261: Policy Processes In The European Union The Case Of Environmental Governance

Thank youFor your attention

Lectures course by Edward [email protected]