policy change and tourism policy in the united kingdom

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POLICY CHANGE AND TOURISM POLICY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Samantha Chaperon & James Kennell University of Greenwich, UK

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Page 1: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

POLICY CHANGE AND TOURISM POLICY IN

THE UNITED KINGDOMSamantha Chaperon & James KennellUniversity of Greenwich, UK

Page 2: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

TOURISM POLICY MAKING – THE STANDARD VIEW

Analysis of Issues

Identification of

solutions

Consultation

Selection of preferred

alternatives

Implementation

Evaluation of policy

Dredge & Jenkins (2007)Tomsett & Shaw (2014)Hwang & Lee (2015)Del Santa (2015)

Comprehensive / Bounded Rationality Vested

interests

External shocks

Page 3: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM THEORYLong periods of policy stability followed by short, intense periods of policy changeCombines 2 perspectivesRole of policy communitiesAgenda setting (Issue networks)

Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Period 4

Period 5

Period 6

Period 7

Period 8

Policy Change

Time

Chan

ge

Policy monopoly

Destruction of policy monopolies

Policy monopoly

Gersnick (1991)Baumgartner (2014)

Page 4: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

WHY PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM? Often applied in other policy fields including Environmental Policy (e.g. Speth & Repetto 2008), Health Policy (e.g. Givel 2006) and Economic Policy (e.g. Breunig 2006)

Offers an opportunity to look at the tourism policy making process from a new perspective, with a new set of tools

UK politics is going through a period of intense change

Page 5: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

UK TOURISM POLICY – A TIMELINE 1999 – Tomorrow’s Tourism 2004 – Tomorrow’s Tourism Today 2008 – Winning – A Tourism Strategy for 2012 and beyond

2011 – UK Government Tourism Policy 2015 - Backing the Tourism Sector: A Five Point Plan

Page 6: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

TOURISM POLICY CHANGE IN THE UK (PE)

1997

Electio

n

1999

Tomorr

ow's T

ourism

2001

Electio

n

2004

Tomorr

ow's T

ourism

Toda

y

2005

Electio

n

2008

Winn

ing

2010

Electio

n

2011

Touri

sm Po

licy

2015

Electio

n

2015

Five P

oint P

lan

Policy Change

Time

Chan

ge

Page 7: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

CHANGING POLICY COMMUNITIES

Perio

d 1Stability of

successive Labour governmentsMovement of Tourism into DCMS from DNHDevolutionEstablishment of Tourism Alliance

Perio

d 2Coalition

governmentConservative GovernmentTourism Industry CouncilChanges to NTOs

Perio

d 3New period

of change starting with Brexit

Kennell (2013), Kennell & Chaperon (2013)

Page 8: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

CASE: POLICY COMMUNITIES2010

• Plan to close one NTO

2011-2015

• New Tourism Policy• Tourism moves from RDAs to new PPPs• Massive cuts to public funding for

tourism• Tourism Industry Council formed

2015 • Review of NTOs

2016• One NTO closed

Dinan & Coles (2012), Kennell & Chaperon (2013)

Page 9: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

CASE: AGENDA SETTING (ISSUE NETWORKS)

Campaign since 2011Widespread industry supportNational media attention140 Members of Parliament

Blocked by policy communities because:

“EU Rules”“Methodological differences”“Parliamentary time” Etc…

Page 10: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

CONCLUSIONS1. PE is useful for explaining periods of stability and change in

tourism policy1. In other fields, PE explains the tension between Policy Communities & Issue

Networks

2. In UK Tourism policy, Issue Networks have very little power, whilst Policy Communities are much more like the ‘iron triangle’ of US politics

3. PE allows us to challenge the ‘shift to governance’ theory, in UK Tourism Policy

1. Despite the rhetoric of consultation and engagement and the high level of issue network activity

Page 11: Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United Kingdom

THANK YOU! Any questions?