12

2 N={1,2,,n}:

2n

3 xPiyxRiyyRix not xIiyxRiyyRix R=f(R)

R=(R1,R2,,Rn) R

2.1RMD=fMD(R)xRMDyN(xPy)N(yPx)N(xPy)xPiyN(xRy), N(xIy)

4 156xPy5yPx4xIyxPMDy

155xPy6yPx4xIyyPMDx

156xPy6yPx3xIyxIMDy

xRMDyN(xPy)N(yPx)

5 U()

A() RRR=R

N() xRiyzRiwyRixwRizixRyzRwyRxwRz

6 PR() RRiNxPiyxPiyxIiyxRiykNxIkyxPkyyPkxxRky

(xRyPy)

2.1

U,A,N,PR

7

Nx=z,y=wxy

AN(xPy),N(yPx),N(xIy) NN(xPy)=N(yPx)xIy PRN(xPy)>N(yPx)xPy

8 CR() R =(R1,R2,,Rn)R=f(R)

2.2 U,A,N,PR,CR.

9

3

2

1

x y z

??

10

3

2

1

x y z

??

11

3

2

1

??

x y z

12

13

n

???? ??????

14

2

15

12 -nnf

k

)!(!!

fnfnC fn -=

-= -1

1 )!(!!k

f fnfn

16

f f < k

12)!()!1(

)!1(1

11 -

---

=-

=n

k

f fnfn

P

)!()!1()!1(

)!11()!1()!1(

11

fnfn

fnfnC fn

---=

+----=--

17

f f k

)!1(!)!1(

1 ---=- fnf

nC fn

12)!1(!

)!1(1

2 ---

-=

-=

n

n

kf fnfn

P

18

????

.5

.4

.3

.2

.1

.01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

19

????

.5

.4

.3

.2

.1

.01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

20

cf.

21

x yz

w

x y z w

x y z w

v

22

a, b, c ?????x, y, z ????????????(????)?

Ra; x y zRb; y z xRc; z x y

x yz

yz

y z

x

x

23

a, b, c 3????x, y, z, w 4??????3????(????)?

Ra; x y z wRb; z w x yRc; w x y z

???????? y ?????? x ????????

24

x yz

w

w

yw

z

x

z

x zy

w

w

zw

y

x

w

25

x wy

z

z

wz

y

x

y

y zw

x

w

zx

w

y

w

26

y wx

z

z

wz

x

y

x

z wx

y

x

wy

x

z

x

27

y z x w

1 z

x y z w

x

x z y w

w

28

SXxSyXSxPy S

yXS yX & yS

29

x ? y ? z w t u ? v S1?{x,y,z},S2?{x,y,z,w},S3?{x,y,z,w,t} S1, S2, S3???????????? ????????? S1?? S1?????????????

30

x

y

z w

u

x y

z

w

u

xy xPy

top cycle

31

97 31

2511 21

32

1414 450 489 319 318 173 83 413 329 104 270 146 114 31 28

1860

10001864 1382 846 589

33

1860 1000

* 3,6582,265* 2,516

1,0231,5911,713

* 2,416* 3,0902,139

2,165* 2,968* 2,542

*

34

35

Ii

xRiy |x-Ii| |y-Ii|

u

x1

x2

36

2(1)

1

???

I *

12

1

I *1

I*

37

2(2) 3x y zy z xz x y

???

xI1*

y

zI2*

I3*

1

38

I2

I1

=

39

a

b

cI3

I2

I1

3

40

3 3

41

a bI3

I2

I1

3

I2ab

42

(1) (2-1) 1e

(2-2) e

(3) e2

43

2

ab

1 b 23 a 4

a bI3

I2

I1

I4

44

ee

e

e x ee

ae

2

1+n

45

I6 I4

I2I3

I1I1

I5

I7=e

46

3aPib aPb bPa

47

aI1a aI3a P1a P3a P1aP3a Pa () I1 I2 P1 P2 P1P3 P I2 I3 bP2 bP3 bP2 bP3 bPa aPb Pa P bP bPa

48

a

b

I3

I2

I1

a

49

l2

I2

I3

I1

l1l3

a

a

b