POETRY

Rhymes, Rhyme Schemes, and the Sound devices

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY

POET

• The poet is the author of the poem.

SPEAKER

• The speaker of the poem is the “narrator” of the poem.

RHYTHM• Rhythm It refers to the actual aural experience.

The sound that results from a line of poetry or a verse

• The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem

•  Factors impacting rhythm:Timing: pauses, accelerationsinteraction of the meter with pronunciation of words and rhyme.

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POETRY FORM

• FORM - the appearance of the words on the page

• LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem

• STANZA - a group of lines arranged together

KINDS OF STANZAS

Couplet = a two line stanzaTriplet (Tercet)= a three line stanzaQuatrain = a four line stanzaQuintet = a five line stanzaSestet (Sextet)= a six line stanzaSeptet = a seven line stanzaOctave = an eight line stanza

Perfect rhyme (exact, true, full)

• The ending sounds of both words are identical

• The initial vowel sound in both words must

be identical • sky /high

• Sound before the vowel sound must differ. • Green/mean

• Both words must have the same stresses. • Try /sigh

Characteristics of Near rhyme (half, slant, approximate, off, oblique)

• Final consonant sounds are the same

• initial consonants and vowel

sounds are different.• Mat and not

• assonance or consonance are key components of rhyme

Assonance

• Near rhyme• Repetition of vowel Sounds in two

or more non-rhyming words• A Mad Man And A Fat Ham

Consonance

• Near Rhyme• Repetition of consonant sounds in

two or more non-rhyming words

• Make Calm Calculations quickly

Alliteration

• Repetition of the initial Vowel or consonant sound in two or more words

Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young - Helplessly Hoping

Helplessly Holding Her Hand

Onomatopoeia

• The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named

• Buzz, bang, beep

Some Other Types of Near Rhyme

Rich rhyme (French for rime riche)• Word that rhymes with its homonym.

• blue/blew, through/threw

Eye rhyme • Based on spelling and not on sound.

• love/move, come/home

INTERNAL RHYME

• A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line.

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.

From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Auditory Imagery:The Aural experience

• Listen to the following pieces of music and use your IMAGINATION to create a free write or word palette

• Where are you transported to when you listen? What do you see or feel in this place? DESCRIBE WHAT YOU HEAR

END RHYME

• A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line

Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads

And rusty bells that would not ring.

WHAT IS A RHYME SCHEME?

• A Rhyme scheme is a pattern seen in the arrangement of lines in a poem or lyrics for music.

• letters of the alphabet represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern.

Robert Herrick-Robert Herrick- To Anthea To AntheaBid me to weep, and I will weep, (a)

While I have eyes to see; (b)And having none, yet I will keep (a)

A heart to weep for thee. (b)

Identify the rhyme scheme in W.B. Yeats

Two Songs from a PlayTwo Songs from a Play (excerpt)I saw a staring virgin stand aWhere holy Dionysus died, bAnd tear the heart out of his side, b And lay the heart upon her hand aAnd bear that beating heart away; cAnd then did all the Muses sing dOf Magnus Annus at the spring, dAs though God's death were but a play. c

FIGURATIVELANGUAGE

Connotative literary devices

METAPHOR and SIMILE

• A direct comparison of two unlike things

• “All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.”

- William Shakespeare

Turn into a simile: “all the world is like a stage, and we are like the players”

IMPLIED METAPHOR

• The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated.

• “The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.”

- from The Pearl- by John Steinbeck

EXTENDED METAPHOR:

• Conceit: • A metaphor that goes several lines or

possible the entire length of a work. • Specific to poetry with purpose of showing a

relationship between dissimilar things. Conceits are often seen as witty, complex, intellectual and/or startling

• Allegory: a thematic or didactic story in which people, things or happenings have interconnected symbolic meaning

Amphigory and parody

• A nonsensical piece of writing (such as Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky"), especially one that parodies a serious piece of writing.

• A text that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect

Parodies in Alice’s Adventures

Speak Roughly by Carroll

Speak roughly to your little boy,And beat him when he sneezes:

He only does it to annoy,Because he knows it teases. …

Speak Gently by G.W. Langford

Speak gently! It is better farTo rule by love than fear;

Speak gently; let no harsh words marThe good we might do here! …

Hyperbole• Exaggeration often used for emphasis.• What Am I?

I’m bigger than the entire earthMore powerful than the seaThough a million, billion have triedNot one could ever stop me.I control each person with my handand hold up fleets of ships.I can make them bend to my willwith one word from my lips.I’m the greatest power in the worldin this entire nation.No one should ever try to stopa child’s imagination.

Litotes

• from the Greek word 'litos' which means simple• Understatement - basically the opposite of

hyperbole. Often it is ironic or a double negative• He is not the kindest person I've met. • That is no ordinary boy. He is not unaware of what you

said behind his back. • This is no minor matter.• The weather is not unpleasant at all.

• Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy” (verbal irony)

Idioms and Idiomatic

expressions

• An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says.

• Often referred to as

cliches because of a common linguistic understanding and overuse

.

It’s raining cats and dogs

PERSONIFICATIONand ANTHROPOMORPHISM

• Anthropomorphism is the act of giving the characteristics of humans to an animal, a god or an inanimate thing.

• Personification is the literary term used to describe this act in writing

Meter and tempoPatterns in Poetry

SYLLABLE

• What is a syllable? • a unit of pronunciation having one vowel

sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word

• Determine the syllables“But soft, what light through yonder

window breaks.”29

METERA pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.

•Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.

METER

• A Metrical foot is one unit of syllabic measurement (2-3 syllables total)

• (x) unstressed • ( / ) stressed

• Similar to a heart beat, IAMBIC FOOT (x /) is the meter used by most hip hop artists (and Shakespeare

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METER cont. TYPES OF FEET (cont.)• Iambic - unstressed, stressed • Trochaic - stressed, unstressed• Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed,

stressed• Dactylic - stressed, unstressed,

unstressed

Identifying Meter?• Monometer One Foot per line• Dimeter Two Feet per line• Trimeter Three Feet per line• Tetrameter Four Feet per line• Pentameter Five Feet per line• Hexameter Six Feet per line• Heptameter Seven Feet per line• Octameter Eight feet per line

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Types of Verse• Blank Verse (formal):

• Any verse comprised of unrhymed lines all in the same meter, usually iambic pentameter. It was developed in Italy and became widely used during the Renaissance because it resembled classical, unrhymed poetry.

• Rhyming Verse (formal):• Two successive lines of which the final words rhyme

with another.

• Free Verse (informal): • a form of poetry that refrains from consistent meter

patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern

BLANK VERSE POETRY

• Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. from Julius Ceasar

Cowards die many times before their deaths;The valiant never taste of death but once.Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,It seems to me most strange that men should

fear;Seeing that death, a necessary end,Will come when it will come.

FREE VERSE POETRY

• Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.

• Does NOT have rhyme.

Limericks

• five lines

• Usually anapaestic meter

• The first line traditionally introduces a person and a place

• Usually witty and/or

obscene

Edward Lear

There was an Old Man with a nose,Who said, 'If you choose to

suppose,That my nose is too long,You are certainly wrong!'That remarkable Man with a nose.

There was an Old Man of Peru,Who never knew what he should

do;So he tore off his hair,And behaved like a bear,That intrinsic Old Man of Peru.