The EverydayPocket Handbook forVisual lnspection andWeld Discontinuities-Gauses and Remedies

@

Number 2 In a serles

Complled as a ueeful tool toron-the-lob welding personnel by theAWS Product Development Commlttee

{

@ 2004 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedhinted in the United States of America

American Wclillm $ocletr

NOTE: Although care was taken in choosing and pr€senting lhe data in lhis guide, AWS cannot gqamrfe€ that it i8enor fue. Further, this guide is not intended to be an exhaustive teahnent of the topic and therefore may not include allavailable information, iocluding with rcspert to safety aod health issues. By publishing this guide, AWS does oot insureanyorE using the infomntion it contains against any liability or injury to properry or pe.sors arising fiom tllat us€.

v \ - - 7 v

Table of ContentsBasic Safety hecautions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

visual lnspection Notes ......Discontinuity Types:

Cracks ............ . . . . . . . . . 10Inclusions

Incomplete Fusion..........,,,.,,,,,...........,,,,,,,.,,...,,,12Incomplete Joint Penetration ............................. 14OverIap...............................................................16Polosity.........................Undercut,.....................

. . . . . . . . .18tn

Weld hofi les . . . . . . , .- . . . . . .

Fillet Weld Measurement. ..........25Dimensional Considerations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Plate ard Pipe Dimensions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Metdc Conversion

Nondestructive Testing SymboIs... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

30

{

I

Basic Safety Precautions

Burn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag,and hot work surfaces are produced by welding,cutting, and allied processes. These can causebums if precautionary measures are not used.Workers should wear protective clothing madeof fire-resistant material. Pant cuffs, open pock-ets, or other places on clothing that can catchand retain molten metal or sparks should not beworn. High-top shoes or leather leggings andfire-resistant gloves should be wom. Pant legsshould be wom over the outside of highlopshoes. Helmets or hand shields that provide pro-tection for the face, neck, and ears, and a headcovering to protect the head should be used. Inaddition, appropriate eye protection should beuseq.

Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill.However, it can be avoided. Live electdcal partsshould not be touched. The manufacturer'sinstuctions and recommended safe practicesshould be read and understood. Faulty installa-tion, improper grounding, and inconect opem-tion and maintenance of electdcal eouiDmentare all sources of danger.

All elect cal equipment and the workpieceshould be grounded. The workpiece lead isrlot a ground lead. It is used only to completethe welding circuit. A sepamte connection isrcquired to ground the workpiece. The work-piece should not be mistaken for a groundconnection.

Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cuttmg'

and all ied processes produce fumes and gases

which mav be harmful to health Avoid breath-

ing lhe ai; in lhe fume plume directly above the

ari. Do not weld in a confined area without a

ventilation system. Use point-of-welding fume

removal whin welding galvanized steel, zinc'

lead, cadmium. chromium. manganese' brass' or

bronze. Do not weld on piping or contalners

that have held hazardous materials unless the

containers have been inerted properly'

Compressed Gas Cylinders' Keep caps on

cvlinders when not in use. Make sure that gas

"ylind"tt ut" chained to a wall or other struc-

$ral support.

Radiation. Arc welding may produce ultra-

violet, infrarcd, or light radiation Always wear

proteclive clothing and ele protection lo pro-

iect the skin and eyes from radiation Shield

others from light rtdiation from your welding

oDeratron.

AWS also recommends a personal copy of ''Ar-c Welding Safely"' "Fire Safety in Welding and Cut-

ting". and "safety in Welding. Cutting' and AIlred Processes

{

-.

Visual Inspection NotesVisual lnspection is a very effective inspectionmethod, and it should be the primary methodincluded in any effective Quality Control Program. Ithas been shown repeatedly that, "Visual inspection,conducted by properly trained inspectors, resultsin the discovery of the yast majority of thosedefects which would only be discovered later bysome more expensive nondestructive test method."While visual inspection is limited to materials'surface-only examination, it often detects the mostdamaging defects. Visual inspection labbreviated"YT" by the American Society for NondeshuctiveTesting (ASNT)I of welded components requiresinspectors to have a broad knowledge ol many tech-nologie\. including welding. destructive test ing. non-destructive testing, and metallurgy, as well as thecorrect terminoloev for each.

6

Cracks

A crack is defined as "A fracture tvpe discontinuitv characterized P{ i 113":11-1ll':"::il":*'"::i::.t:l}A crack ls dellneo as A' rracrurc LJPE urJlv ' _ :vere discontinuity because of

uni t"ioiit to op""ing displacement " cracks are usuall] ::1tJi:l'^1i1,'^j:t': :1,";, r^^,tion seometrv. rime oflil.l[li:,'."',ifiH?'X11llXl,lTi'li;.iii';'l': -11i'"i'i1':1',r::110^:*T'''*''n seomerr)' rime or::'#:;:'.3 ;";#f "',g;i"'i'

*' rig"'e below for AwS crack rerminolosv

It is important to distinguish between the words 'dis-

continuity' and 'defect'. Discontinuity refe6 to "Aninterruption of the typical structure of a material,such as a lack of homogeneity in its mechanical,metallurgical, or physical characteristics; a dis.continuity is not necessarily a defect." A defectrefers to "A condition. or conditions. that render apart unable to meet applicable minimum accep-tance standards or specifrcations." All defects arediscontinuities, but not all discontinuities are defects.A defect can be considered a 'rejectable discontinuity'.

This pocket handbook provides a convenient sourcefor the most comrnon base"metal and weld metaldiscontinuities found by effective VT. The handbookis arranged by discontinuity type, including appli-cable VT detection methods, and likely causes andremedies in addition to suggested repair methods.

LEGEND:

3 HEAT.AFFECTEDZONE CBACK

5 LONGITUDINAL CRACK

7 BOOT SURFACE CFACK

1O TBANSVERSE CRACK

11 UNDEBBEAD CRACK

12 WELD NTEBFACE CFACK

13 WELD META! CRACK

(B)

I

b:

Types of cracks often include the following prefixes: base metal, cold, crater, delayed, face, heaFaffected zone,hot, hydrogen, intergranular, lamellar tear, longitudinal, quench, root, service induced, stress corrosion, throat,toe, transgranular, tmnsverse, underbead, weld metal, and others.

Crack deteciion can be achieved visually ifthe crack is present on the surface and is of sufficient size to be visi-ble to the eye. Smooth, clean surfaces, oblique angle lighting, and a 10x power magnifier are extremely helpfulduring visual inspection for surface cracking. If the surface cracking cannot be found visually, the next step isthe use of the Penetrant Test method (PT). Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) can also be used, but is limited totesting magnetic base materials. Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Eddy Cunent Testing (ET), and Radiographic Testing(RT) are requhed for the detection of subsurface cracking. Ref'er to the AWS Welding Inspection Technologymaterials for more details regarding PT, MT, UT, ET, and RT.

Cracking can be caused by a multitude of conditions, but the more common causes are: embrittlement of thebase or weld metal caused by too rapid cooling and the formation of brittle martensite, weld shrinkage stresses,insufficient root bead size, poorjoint design, nonmatching filler metals, and corrosive environment. See fbllowing chart for specific causes and recommended remedies.

Repairs to cracks include the following general requirementsl

l. Locate crack extent and orientation.2. Grind to remove completely; confirm withNDT. Do not weld over (on top ofl crucks.3. Weld using proper procedure, including preheat if required, use small diameter elechodes and stringer bead

Progression.1. NDT f inished \ eld and ba5e meral.

Noter The above procedures may not result in a suitable repair of stress corosion cracking, which may requirereplacement of the affected part or parts.

neti_ev..esiauai str"tse" mechanically (peening)

lfinimize strrinkage stresses using backstep orblock

i . ra'" i i t .o"Jr"a.t". ' tode negari!e butter rhejoint laces prior to

craterTa6re;xtEuEhhg the arci use a welding cuffent

10

lnclusions

Inclusions are defined as 'Tntrapped foreign solid material, srrch as slag, flux, tungsten, or oxide." Theinclusions may be found as single particles, aligned particles, or clustered particles. Slag inclusions are fre-quently found on the weld surfaces, or along the toes of the weld due to improper cleaning techniques. Tungsteninclusions are usually subsudace. Examples of inclusions are shown below. Inclusions on the surface can bedetected by VT; subsurface inclusions require UT or RT.

slag Inclusions (darkened areas)

Repairs of inclusions on the surface requke removal by gouging or grinding, welding if required, and reinspec-tion by appropriate NDT method. Subsurface inclusions require removal by gouging or gdnding, followed byweld reoair and reinsoection.

common Causes and Remedies ot Slag Inclusions

Causes Remedies

Failore to remove slag Clean suface and Previous weld bead

Entrapment of reftactory oxides Power wire brush the Previous weld bead

Tungsten in the weld metal Avoid contact b€tween the electrode and the work; use larger electrode

ImFoperjoi design Increase groove angle ofjoint

Oxide inclusions Provide proper gas shielding

Slag flooding ahead of the weldingarc

Reposition work to prevent loss of slag control

Poor electrode manipulativetechnique

Charge electrode or flux to imProve slag control

Entrapped pieces of electrodecovenng

Use undamaged electrodes

l

Incomplete Fusion

Incomplete fusion is defined as "A weld discontinuity inwhich fusion did not occur between weld melal and fusionfaces or adjoining weld beads." Incomplete Fusion (IF) canoccur on both groove welds and fillet welds. The term specifi-cally applies to fillet welds where the weld does not extend tothejoint root. See the figures below.

Common Causes and Remedies ot Incomplete Fusion

Causes Remedies

Insufficient heat input, wrong typeor size of elecrode, improperjointdesign, or inadequate gas shielding

follow correct welding procedure specificalion

Incouect electrode position Maintain proper electrode posihon

Weld metal running ahead of the Reposition work, lower current, or increase weld travel speed

Trapped oxides or slag on weldgroove or weld face

Clean weld surface prior to welding

(c)t 2

Detection of incomplete fusion usil-' obrique angrerish,,n, *o,o*,"urlr;o"tul-ol #*-r*tl'""""i:i,,n,fi11:;,;;:'J'j;Jl i:ijJffi:UT or RT methods.

Repairs of incomplete fusion rcquire removal of the discontinuity by gouging or grinding, followed by weldrepair and final insDection.

{

Incomplete Joint Penetration

Incomplete joint penetration is defined as "A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal doesnot extend through the joint thickness." ly'dte that it applies to groore welds only, notJillet welds. Examples ofincompletejoint penetration (IJP) are shown in the following figures.

ffiINCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRAIION INCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION

Incomplete joint penetration can easily be found by VT if the root of the groove weld is visible; oblique anglelighting assists in its detection. For groove welds with the root not visible, UT or RT are required for detection.

Repairs for IJP, when access to the root of the groove weld is possible:

1 . Gouge or grind root to an oval, open shape, permitting access to root.2. Weld, followed by appropdate NDT method.

Repairs for IJP, where access to the root is not possible:

1. Couge or ground from the weld face to remove entire weld down to joint root.2. Weld, followed by appropriate I\rDT method.

tl

Common Causes and Remedies of Incomplete Joint Penetration

Causes Remedies

Excessively thick root face orinsuffi cient root opening

Use proper joint geomety

lnsufficient hear input Follow welding procedure specification

Slag flooding ahead of welding arc Adjust electrode or work position

Electrode diameter |oo large Use smaller electrodes in rool or increase root opening

Misalignment of second side weld Improve visibility or backgouge

Failure to backgouge whenspecified

Backgouge to sound metal if required in welding procedure specification

Bridging or root opening Use wider root opening or smaller electrode in root pass

{

INCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRAIION

Overlap

Overlap is defined as "Ihe protrusion of weld metal beyond the weld toe or weld root." Examples are shownbelow for fillet and soove welds.

t7

- - - - - -

t6

v v v

Detection of overlap is usually found by VT if the sudaces are visible to the eye; oblique lighting and tox mag-nification are helpful. PI and MT may be required to inspect questionable arcas.

Repai$ include removal of overlap by gouging or grinding as a minimum, and may require weld repais to thegouged or ground areas, followed by reinspection using appropriate NDT method.

OVERLAP

OVERLAP

Common Causes and Remedles oI Overlap

Causes Remedies

Slow travel sp€ed Increase travel speed

Poor electrode madpulation Addirional welder trainilg

Cravity effects Additional welder training

o

Porosity

Porosity is defined as "Cavity-type discontinuities formed by gas etrtrapment during solidilication or in athermal spray deposit." The polosity may be sudace or subsurface, a single cavity, aligned, or clustercd, and isrepresented by the following figues.

Repaks of porosity consist of removal of the affected area by gouging or gdnding, weld repair, followed by rein-spection by the appropriate NDT method.

18

Common Causes and Remedies of Porosity

Causes Remedies

Excessive hydrogen, ninogen, oroxygen i welding atmosphere

Use low-hydmgen welding process: filler metals high in deoxidizers; increaseshielding gas flow

High solidification rate Use preheat or increase heat input

Dirty base metal Clean joint faces and adjacent surfaces

Dirty filler wire Use specially cleaned and packaged filler wire, and store it in clean area

Improper arc length, weldingcunent, or electrode manipulation

Change welding conditions and techniques

Volatization of zinc from brass Use copper-silicon filler metal; reduce heat input

Galvanized steel Remove zinc prior to welding

Use 86010 electrodes and manipulate the arc heat to volatilize the zinc ahead ofthe molten weld pool

Excessive moisture in elecrodecovering or on joint surfaces

Use recommended procedures for baking and storing electrodes

Preheat the base metal

High sulfur base metal Use electrodes with basic slagging reactions

l

Undercut

Undercut is defioed as "A groove melted into the base metal a4iacent to the weld toe or weld face and leftunfilled by weld metal." Exarnples are shown in the followirg figues.

UNDEBCUT

Detection of surface undercut is easily found by VT using oblique lighting. 'Catching a thumbnail' in the under-cut groove is also helpful in its detection. Measuement of undercut calr be accurately determined using anundercut gauge showo in the following figure. Intemal undercut on groove welds \there access to the root is notpossible requires UT or RT methods.

20

Set bottom of gage on base material. Set poiot on boF

tom of undercut. Read depth on scale at pointer.

Locking screw can be tightened to hold reading for

future reference.

Repahs to ufldercut usually require light g nding andadditional welding to replace the base metal removedduring the undercutting and repair grinding

l

;

Common Causes and Remedies of Undercut

Causea Remedies

Excessive welding cureni Reduce welding cunent

Excessive Uavel speed Reduce travel speed

Poor electrode manipulation Additional welder traming

Weld Profiles

Visual inspection is very useful in determiniflg the adequacy of weld profiles; the actual welds are comparedwith code or specification requirements rcgarding convexity or concavity for fillet welds, and face and root rei[-forcement for groove welds. The following profiles arc found in AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code. Addition-ally, fillet weld sizes can be determined using fillet weld gages; theil use is shown on page 25.

(A) DESIRABLE FILLET WELD PROFILES (B) ACCEPTABLE FILLET WELD PROFILES

EMNOTE: CONVEXtry C, OF A WELD OR INDIV|DUAL SURFACE BEAD WITH D|MENS|ON W SHALL NOTEXCEED THE VALUE OF THE FOLLOWING TABLE:

22

MAXIMUM CONVEXITY OF FILLET WELDS

WIDTH OF WELD FACE ORINDIVIDUAL SURFACE BEAD, W MAX CONVEXIry CW< Vl6 in. (8 mm)W > 5/16 in. TO W < I in. (2S mm)W> 1 in.

1/16 in. (1.6 rnm)1/8 in. (3 mm)3/16 in. (5 mm)

(C) UNACCEPIABLE FILLET WELD PROFILESl l r '

M M - M1%WWMWMINSUFFICIENT EXCESSIVE EXCESSIVE

THROAT CONVEXITY UNDERCUTOVERLAP INSUFFICIENT INCOMPLETE

LEG FUSION

{

(D) ACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILE IN BUTT JOINT

wBUTT JOINT ff RANSITION)_UNEOUAL THICKNESS PLATE

AUTT JOINT-EQUAL THICKNESS PLATE

)

NOTE: REINFORCEMENT R SHALL NOT EXCEED 1/8 in. (3 mm).

(E) UNACCEPTABLE GROOVE WELD PROFILES IN BUTT JOINTS

Fillet Weld MeasurementHow to Use Weld Fillet cage

rffiffiwrffiEXCESSIVE

REINFORCEI\,IENTINSUFFICIENT

THROATEXCESSIVEUNDERCUT

OVERLAP

PLACEMENT

BE CERTAIN BLADEEDGE IS SOUAREWTH WELDED PARTS.

CONVEX WELDS CONCAVE WELDS

FOB CONVEX WELDS: USE BLADE W|TH STNGLE ARC ATAPPROPRIATE SIZE. FOB CONCAVE WELDS: USE BLADEWITH DOUBLE ARC ATAPPROPRIATE SIZE.

425

Dimensional ConsiderationsAn important aspect of VT is the measurements for size. geometry, and assembly of welded structures. The manufactwingdrawings will show the required lengths, widths, thicknesses, diameters, elc., ofthe various components, as well as weld sizes.The inspector should determine the dimensional tolerances for each of the measuements specified, and consider them dwingcomponent measurement for conformance. If the tolerances are not stated, the inspector should ask for clarification. Often,these tolerances are noted as 'minimums,"maximums,' or a dimensional mnge such as "1.500 1.750 inches." The inspectorshould also be aware that measurements can be given in the U.S. Customary units, or in the S.l. or metric units.

Dimensional DetectsIncorr€ct Joint Preparation

L lncorrect joint penetration subject to visual inspection, generally before welding is started, includes out of lolerancewelding bevel or groove dimensions, base metal misalignment, and undesirable weldjoint fit up conditions.

2. Included in the requirements for weld joint preparation shall be inspection for removal of scale, paint. oil. etc., from lheweldjoint.

3. Paaial p€netration weldjoint preparadons shall be visually inspected prior b weldirg to assure proper weld drcat dimensions.

Incorreca Weld Size

1. Incorrect weld size subject to visual inspection includes undersized fillet weld leg dimensions and underfilled groove weldthroat dimensions.

2. Fillet weld size shall be determined by means of a fillet weld gage.

Incorect Final Dimensions

Inconect final dimensions subject !o visual inspection include all conditions ofdimensional inaccuracies, distortion, andlack of conformity to design requirements.

Thickness and Weight of Steel Plates: 1/32-1 inch

Gage Fraction Decimal mm tb/ft2

22 t/3) 0.031 o.194 1.215

1 6 l /16 0.063 1.588 2.550

1 3 3/32 0.094 2.381 3.825

l l l/8 0.125 3 .175 5 .100

9 5/32 0.156 3.969 6.375,7 3/t6 0 . r88 4.'.763 7.650

5 7/32 0.2\9 5.556 8.925

l t/4 0.250 6.350 10.200

I 9/32 0.28t 't.t44 tt.475

Not

5/16 0.3r3 't.931 t2.150

|/32 0.344 8.731 t4.025

3/8 0.375 9.525 r5.30013/32 0.406 10 .319 16.5',75't/t6 0.438 l 2 17.850

t5/32 0.469 11 .906 19 .125

l/2 0.500 12.100 20.400

Gage Fraction Decimal mm tb/ft2

Not

t1/32 0.531 t3.494 21.6',t5

9/t6 0.563 14.287 22.950

19/32 0.594 15.081 24.225

5/8 o.625 15.875 25.500

2r/32 0.656 16.669 26.175l l / 16 0.688 17 .463 28.050

23/32 0.'7 t9 18.256 29.325

3/4 0.750 19.050 r0.60025/32 0.?81 t9.8M 31 .875

1l/ r6 0.8r3 20.638 33.15021/32 0.844 21.431 34.425t/8 0.875 22.225 J5.700

29t32 0.906 23.Ot9 36.975

15/16 0.s38 23 .813 38.25031t32 0.969 24.606 39.52s

I 1.000 25.4n 40.800

A

#'

Thickness and Weight of Steel Plates: 1-2 inch

Fraction Decimal mm tbftt2t- l /32 1.03t 26.t94 42.075

1 l J t6 1.063 26.988 43.350

t-1t32 1.094 2't.'781 44.625

l-1l8 1.125 28.575 45.900

| 5t32 1 .156 29.369 47.n51-3t16 1 .188 30.163 48.450

l-'7 t32 1.219 30.956 49.725

t-t/4 1.250 31.750 51.000

1-9/32 1 .281 32.544 52.275

1,5/16 33.338 53.550

111 /32 1.344 34.131 54.825r-3/8 t .375 34.925 56.100

1-13t32 1.406 35 .719 5',7.315

1',7t16 1.438 36 .513 58.650t-t5t32 t.469 31.306 59.925

1-1t2 1.500 38 .100 61.200

28

Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses (Asa-836.10 and 836.19)

NominalPipeSize

OutsideDiam.

Nominal Wall Thicknesses in inches forSched.

5s1Sched.

10s rStan-dand2

Sched.40 xs3 Sched.

80Sched.

120Sched.

't 60xx

Slronql/8t/4

0.4050.540

0.0490.065

0.0680.088

0.0680.088

4.0954.119

0.0950 . 1 1 9

3/8t/2 0.840 0.065

0.0650.083

0.0910.109

0.0910.109

a.1260.147

o.126u.t4'7 0 .188 o.294

3/4I

1.0501 . 3 1 5

0.0,650.065

0.0830.109

0. 30 . 1 3 3

0 . 1 1 30 .133

0.1540.179

0.1540 .179

0.2r90.250

0.3060.358

l-1/41-1/2

1.6601.900

0.0650.065

0.1090.r09

0.1440.145

0.1400.145

0 .1910.240

0 .1910.200

0.2500.281

0.3820.400

22 1t2

2.3',752.8',75

0.0650.083

0 .1090 .120

0.1540.243

0 .1540.203

0.2180.276

0 .218o.2'76

0.3440.375

0.4360.552

33 1t2

3.54.0

0.0830.083

0.1200.120

0.2160.226

0.2160.226

0.3000 .3 l8

0.3000.318

0.438 0.600

45 5.563

0.0830.109

0.r200.1.34

0.2370.258

0.23',70.258

0.3370.375 0.375

0.4380.500

0 .5310.625

0.6'740.750

6 6.625 0.109 0 .134 0.280 0.280 0.432 0.432 0.562 0.1t9 0.864NOTES:1 Schedules 5s and los de avail.ble in codosion rcsistant maErials and Schedule los is also lvailable in carbon steel in siz€s 12 in. and snaller.2. Thicknes*s shown in ralicr are also available in nainless steel, unde. the desigmtion Schedule 4Os.3. ThickDesses shown in ralicr are aho available in slainles steel. unde! the desilnation Schedule 80s.

A29

Fraction Decimal mm lb/ft,t - t7 t i2 1 .531 38.894 62.4751-9/t6 t.563 39.688 63.750

1.19/32 1.594 40.481 65.O25

I 5/8 1.625 4t.2',75 66._r00t-2v32 1.656 42.069 67.5751 -1 t / 16 1.688 42.863 68.850

r 23/32 | .1t9 41.656 70 .125

| 3/4 1.750 44.450 71.4001-25t32 1 .781 45.244 12.675l - r3 /16 t . 8 1 3 46.038 13.9501-21t32 |.844 46.831 't5.225

1 7/8 1.875 4'7.625 76.500

1 29t32 1.906 48.4t9 17.',7',75i - 1 5 / 1 6 r .938 49.2r3 19.O50

131 /32 1.969 50.006 80.325

2 2.000 50.800 8r.600

*..,

Iuletric Converslon Table(Commonly used conversions)

----------E

Propsrty To Convsn From To Multiply byinches': millimete$2 6.452 x t(Pmillim€te$2 irches2 1.550 x 10 3

flow rate feet3/hour litervminute o.472literVmioute feeC/hour 2.119

lidear inches millimeteIs 25.4millimeters inches 3.931 x loainches centimetels 2.54

inches o.3937feet 0.305meters feet 3.281

mass (weight) pounds kilogams 0.454kiloglams pouncls 2.205

Pr€ssure Psr kilopascal (kPa) 6.895lfa psr 0.L45

tensile strength psi megapascal (MPa) 6.895 x 10 3

MPa psr 1.450 x 1d

JO

Examine All Around Fleld Examinatlon Radiation Dlrection

e

t

Nondestructive Testing SymbolsThe examination symbol consists of the following elements:

l. Reference line2, Arrow3. Examination method letter designations4, Extent and number of examinations5, Supplementary symbols6. Tail (Sperifications, codes, or other references)

Examination Method Letter DesignationsNondesfuctive examination methods shall be specified by use of the letter designation shown below.

Examlnatlon Method Letler Dealgnatlon

AET

Electromagnetic ET

Leak LT

Magnelic pa$icle MT

Neurron radiogaphic NRT

Penetmnt PT

P{oof PRT

Radiographic RT

UlEasonic UTVisual VT

Standard Location ot Elements of a Nondestructive Examination SymbolThe elements of a nondestructive examination symbol shall have standard locations with respect to each other asshowri in the following figue.

32

THE-H'550 N.W. L€J6rre Roa4 Mimi, Flo{ide 33 126

I