plumbing training

Plumbing System

Water Supply and drainage Systems

– Plumbing System, Water Supply, Drainage: Standards, Codes, Calculation.

Prepared By: Monzer Salahdine

Introduction

Plumbing System:

A. Water Supply System(cold, hot & gray water).

B. Drainage(soil, waste, vent & storm drain).

C. Medical Gas System.

D. LPG system.

Codes & Standards

Codes, Standards & Authorities: IPC (International Plumbing Code).

UPC (Uniform Plumbing Code).

ASPE (American Society Of Plumbing Engineers).

NPC (National Plumbing Code).

IBC (International Building Code).

HTM 02-01(Health Technical Memorandum –

Medical Gas pipeline Systems – UK).

NHS (National Health Service – UK).

NFPA99 (Health Care Facilities Code).

SBC (Saudi building code - 501_Mechanical).

NWC ( National Water Company – Saudi Arabia).

DEWA, ADWEA (Dubai & Abu Dhabi Electricity & water Authorities).

Water Sources

Main Water Sources:

Rain ( Evaporation & condensation).

Surface Source (Lakes, Rivers..).

Ground Source (Springs, Well, Infiltration

Wells).

A- Water Supply System

Water Supply System:

Cold Water.

Hot Water, hot water Return, Tempered Water.

Gray Water.

Irrigation Water.

Treated Water(Softener , RODI Machines).


Water Distribution:

A. External water Distribution ( infra –

structure) from storage Reservoirs, dams,

wells, treatment water from rivers & sea.

B. Internal water distribution inside the

buildings, villas…


Pumps Pumps can be classified further

As ( Centrifugal, Axial, Self Priming)

end suction pumps

in-line pumps

double suction pumps

vertical multistage pumps

horizontal multistage pumps

submersible pumps

self-priming pumps

axial-flow pumps AFP.

regenerative pumps

Booster Pumps.

Lifting Pumps.

Transfer Pumps.

Circulation Pumps.


Pumps


Pipes UPVC Pipes – cold water

( Sch 40 , Sch 80, Class E, Class 5).

CPVC Pipes – hot water


HDPE Pipes – cold water.

PPR Pipes – cold & hot water.

(PN10, PN16).

Copper Pipes – cold & hot water

( type K, L & M).

PEX Pipes – cold & hot water.

(Size 16 & 22 mm, PN16).

Stainless steel & GI pipes – Cold &

hot water.


Pipes UPVC Pipes – cold water


CPVC Pipes – hot water


HDPE Pipes – cold water.

PPR Pipes – cold & hot water.

(PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40).

Copper Pipes – cold & hot water

( type K, L & M).

PEX Pipes – cold & hot water.

(Size 16 & 22 mm, PN16 & PN25).

Stainless steel & GI pipes – Cold &

hot water.


Water Supply Pipes – Application & Jointing:

Materials Application Jointing Remarks

UPVC Pipe – CLASS 5 Cold Water Lines Solvent Cement

CPVC Pipe – CLASS 5 Cold & Hot Water Lines Solvent Cement

HDPE Pipe Cold Water – Irrigation &

VRD Pipes

Welded

PPR Pipe – PN16-25 -40 Cold & Hot Water Lines Welded

Copper Pipe – Type L, K

& M.

Cold & Hot Water Lines Brazing

PEX Pipe – PN16 - 25 Cold & Hot Water Line Up to

22 mm

Push-fit ring seal and

compression fittings

Stainless Steel Pipe

SCH 40-80

Cold & Hot Water Lines Treading and Welding

- MIG

GI Pipe – SCH 40 -80 Cold & Hot Water Lines Treading and Welding

- MIG


Valves & Accessories: Gate Valve.

Ball Valve.

Angle Valve.

Butterfly Valve.

Globe Valve.

DRV( Double Regulating Valve).


Valves & Accessories: Check Valve & Strainers.

Double check backflow preventer.

PRV ( Pressure Regulating Valve).

Flow Meter.

Water Hummer arrestor.

Mixing Valve


Sanitary Fixtures &

Equipment: WC ( Water Closet).

Bidet.

Urinal.

Hand Spray.

Wash basin.

Bathtub.

Jacuzzi Bathtub.

Shower.

Sink.

Janitor Sink.

Dish washer.

Wash machine.

Kitchen equipment, Fridge –

Freezer – Ice Maker.

Steam Machine, Swimming Pool.


Sanitary Fixtures &

Equipment:


Water Tanks:

GRP tank (Glass fiber reinforced plastics).

PE tank( Polyethylene).

Concrete Tank.

Black Steel Tank.

Stainless Steel Tank.


Elevated Water Tanks: Concrete water tank, elevated to create pressure

for distribution without using booster pumps.


Elevated Water Tanks:


Schematic:


Calculation - Introduction

Steps of calculation as below:

1. Water supply fixture unit (WSFU).

2. Water flow – water demand.

3. Pipes Size.

4. Pressure calculation - Pressure Demand, pressure drop.

5. Water consumption.

6. Water tank capacity.

7. Transfer pump.

Taking in consideration the below:

1. Pressure demand in outlet: 1.4 bars to 1.8 bars ( Some special showers head required 2.4 bars!).

2. Velocity of water inside pipes: 5 ft/sec to 8 ft/sec ( risers up to 2.5 m/s).



Sanitary Fixture

Quantities and

WSFU

Water Flow

Water Demand Pipes Sizing

Pressure Drop

Pressure Demand

Pumps Selection



Water Supply Fixtures Unit( WSFU): Designate the Relative WEIGHT of different

fixture units.

The Water Supply Fixture Units - WFSU - are used to determine the water demand in water supply

systems. One WFSU for a single unit corresponds to one GPM.

1 WSFU = 1 GPM

This conversion can only be used for one or a few fixtures. When the total amount for many fixtures

are added up, the number must be compensated due to the intermittent use of the fixtures. This is

normal taken care of in the tables available for sizing supply pipe lines.

NOTE:

In case there is flush valve: separate line must be considered and table of demand have a deferent values.

Refer to International Plumbing Code(IPC) APPENDEX E ( Sizing Of Water Piping

System):


Calculation – WSFU:


Calculation – WATER DEMAND:


Calculation – WATER DEMAND – intermediate value:

Calculation – WATER DEMAND – intermediate value:

F( c ) = [[F( b ) – F( a )] * (c-a)] / ( b – a) + F ( a ).

Example – WATER DEMAND – intermediate value:

SWFU = 4281

Water Demand = [[593 -525] * (4281 -4000)] / ( 5000 -4000) + 525 = 544 GPM


Calculation – Minimum sizes of fixture

Water supply pipes:


Calculation – WATER DEMAND – table - Example:

FIXTURES (POTABLE)

FIXTURES NO WSFU TOTAL

EWC-1 0 2.5 0

EWC-2 22 5 110

EWC-3 0 2.5 0

WC-1 0 2.5 0

WC-2 4 5 20

WC-3 2 2.5 5

SHO-1 0 2 0

SHO-2 7 2 14

LAV-1 8 1 8

LAV-2 26 1 26

WM 3 4 12

PS 20 1 20

AF 2 3 6

SF 8 2 16

KS-1 1 1.5 1.5

KS-2 6 1.5 9

JS-1 0 1.5 0

JS-2 2 3 6

DWF 8 1 8

HB 2 1 2

T O T A L 263.5

FLOOR/BLDG F I X T U R E S

POTABLE

EWC-1 EWC-2 EWC-3 WC-1 WC-2 WC-3 SHO-1 SHO-2 LAV-1 LAV-2 WM/DW PS AF SF KS-1 KS-2 JS-1 JS-2 DWF HB FD SUB-TOTAL

GROUND 0 12 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 10 1 5 0 8 0 3 0 0 8 0 6 64

FIRST 0 4 0 0 3 2 0 0 2 8 0 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 38

ROOF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2

SECOND 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 16

THIRD 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 16

FOURTH 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T O T A L 0 22 0 0 4 2 0 7 8 26 3 20 2 8 1 6 0 2 8 2 20 141


Calculation – WATER DEMAND – table - Example:

POTABLE BIB TAB W.C HAND SP BIDET laundry WB SINK BT SH STEAM M FU/ FLOOR

BAS 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12

BAS 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12

BAS1 3 8 8 0 0 10 6 0 0 0 78.5

G.F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F.F 0 22 22 0 22 22 22 0 22 0 297

2nd 1 10 10 3 3 10 3 3 4 0 101.5

3rd 1 10 10 3 3 10 3 3 4 0 101.5

4th typ 1 13 13 4 4 13 4 4 5 0 132

31 floor 0 4 4 0 2 4 2 0 2 0 40

mech floor 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

roof floor 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

ATP 2A 0 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 30.5

APT 3A 0 4 4 1 1 4 1 1 2 0 39

APT 2B 0 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 30.5

APT 2C 0 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 30.5

POOL SERVICE 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18

HEALTH CLUB 0 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 2 1 45

T / FIXTURE 58 409 409 114 138 411 144 114 169 2 4281.5

UFU/ FIXTURE 1.5 3 1.5 2 2 2 3 2 2 15

TFU / FIXTURE 87 1227 613.5 228 276 822 432 228 338 30


Calculation – Friction Loss, Pressure Drop, Pressure Demand, Static Head:

Pressure Demand: Pressure Required in the

sanitary fixture- outlet(between 1.4 bars to 1.85 bars).

Pressure Drop: the difference in pressure between

Two points in the system, caused by resistance in flow,

Pressure loss across valves, fittings , special sanitary

outlets( temperature control shower, flush meter tank

Water closet- 8 psi).

Static Head: the pressure from static head is the

force exerted in all directions onto its container from

the weight of the water above. Knowing the required

static head is useful when selecting pumps to lift water

to specific heights..


Pressure Demand per fixture unit:


Calculation – Pressure Drop – valves & Fittings:


Calculation – Pressure Drop – Valves & Fittings:


Calculation – Pressure Drop - Pipes – total equivalent length:


Calculation – Pressure Drop - Pipes – total equivalent length:

HAZEN – WILLIAMS Chart- following their equation:

Different charts available –

depend on roughness of pipes

(copper – smooth)

(PVC – Fairy smooth)

(Steel - rough and fairy rough)

Velocity between 5 to 8 ft/sec.

A- Water Supply System Pressure calculation - Example.

TECHNICAL CALCULATION SHEET

Project: EXAMPLE Dwg. #:

SUBJECT PLUMBING (Booster PUMPS) Page-1 Rev.: 0

Title: Hydraulic Calculations Date: 23 Nov 2015

Item

Section

Particular Equivalent Length Of Pipe, Fittings & Valves Head Loss (Mtr)

(See Note Below)

Pipe Flow

Velo

cit

y

(M/s

) Pipe and Fittings = (A)

To

tal Valves = (B)

To

tal

Remarks

Typ

e

ND

(mm

) ID

(mm

)

M³/

hr

L/s

Item

Pip

e

90°E

l

45°E

l

Th

ru

T

Br.

T

Red

. O

the

r

s

Gate

Glo

b

e

B/f

ly

Ball

Ch

k.

(A)

+

(B)

Oth

er

s

To

tal

Process Pump - Supply Water From Irrigation Tank TO Process Buildings In STP

1.1 A-B

UP

VC

40 41.7 5.0 1.39 1.1

Qty. 1.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

3.38 3.38

Each

(mtr) 76.0

0.8

2 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2

Total -

mtr. 76.0 3.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 85.4 0.3 0.2 0.5

1.2 B-C

UP

VC

32 36 4.0 1.11 1.1

Qty. 1.0 2 1.0 1.0 1.0

0.82 0.82

Each

(mtr) 10.0 1.1 1.6 2.4 2.4

Total -

mtr. 10.0 2.1 1.6 2.4 2.4 15

1.3 Static Head Required Pumps

to Highest point UP

VC

Qty.

10 10

Each

(mtr)

Total -

mtr.

1.4 Residual Pressure( Pressure

Demand on Outlet). UP

VC

Qty.

14 14

Each

(mtr)

Total -

mtr.

1.5 Allow 10% Safety Factor

UP

VC

10

0

105.

3 6.73 1.87 0.2

Qty. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

3.66 3.66

Each

(mtr) 30.0 2.1 3.4 3.4

Total -

mtr. 30.0 2.1 3.4 3.4 38.9

Balanced Pressure Required ( M ) 41.26

Required Pressure ( Bar ) 4.126 Bar

* Note: Head loss calculation on pipes and fittings are based

on HAZEN – WILLIAMS equation as follows:

H = head loss in

pipe, M L = equivalent length, M

H = 1108.23 x (Q^1.852 / C^1.852 x Di^4.8655)

x 10^6 x L

C = Pipe constant, 120 for steel,

150 for PVC

Q = Flow in pipe, M³/hr

Di = Inside diameter of pipe

mm


Water Consumption per person per day :

The table below gives a guide to average water use based on the number of occupants:

Note:

Usually we consider 250 liters / day / person for the private villa.


Water Tank Capacity – Water Consumption per person per day:

The table below gives a guide to average water use based on the number of occupants

accumulative:


Water Tank Capacity – Water Consumption per person per day:

NWC – National Water Company.


Water Consumption per person per year per country :

The table below gives a guide to average water in world per person per year:


Transfer Pumps – Lifting water from U/G water tank to roof water tank:


Water Tank Capacity - Storage:

Water tank capacity related to water

consumption / person:

Example 1:

Flat consist of 6 peoples.

6 peoples x 135 liter / day = 810 liters / day

Storage of tank considered for 3 days:

3 days x 810 liters = 2430 liters storage

Tank size can be : 2 m x 1.5 m x 1 m.

Example 2:

Private villa of 8 peoples.

8 peoples x 250 liter / day = 2000 liters / day

Storage of tank considered for 3 days:

3 days x 2000 liters = 6000 liters storage

Under ground water tank: 2 m x 1.5 x 1m ( 3000 Liters)

Roof water tank : 2 m x 1.5 x 1m ( 3000 Liters)

where transfer pumps lift the water from under ground water tank to roof water tank


Different examples of water tank:


Different examples of water tank - Tower:


Transfer Pumps – Lifting water from U/G water tank to roof water tank:

Transfer pumps must lift the water from below to roof tank in 1 -2 hours timing;

Q = V/T.

Q: flow, m3/h.

V: Volume, m3.

T: TIME , Hour or Second.

Example 1:

Tank can be : 2 m x 1.5 m x 1 m ( 3000 Liters).

Flow of transfer pump: Q = V/T = 3 / 1 = 3 m3/h.

Where pressure related to static head and pressure

drop ( pressure demand on tank 2 m).


Expansion tank of booster pumps:

Taking in consideration the working

pressure, flow, max pressure,,,,,

PRESSURE TANK SIZE CALCULATION Date: 01 Oct. 2014

Rev. No: 00

Project: SANG STP NON-PROCESS Code:

Building: 003 Lot: 410

1.0 PRESSURE TANKS: Unit Value

1.1 TREATED WATER BOOSTER PUMP:

1.1.1 Pressure calculation:

Maximum pressure of pump (flow =0) A bars 4.16

Gravity pressure from the tank B bars 0.00

Total maximum pressure C = A +B bars 4.16

Stopping pressure D = C - 0.5 (0.4 T0 0.5) bars 3.66

Starting pressure E = D - 2.0 ( 1 to 2) bars 1.66

1.1.2 Pressure tank sizing data:

Ave. flow of the pump: M³/hr 7.00

Ave. flow of the pump: L/min 116.67

Total average flow of the pump(+10%) 1 L/min 128.34

Starting (absolute) pressure of pump 2 = E + 1 bars 2.66

Stopping (absolute) pressure of pump 3 = D + 1 bars 4.66

Quantity of pump 4 ea 2.00

Authorized qty. of starts for each pump 5 ea 12.00

1.1.3 Calculation from data:

Nominal pressure in tank 6 = 2 - 0.50 bars 2.16

Total authorized starts from pump 7 = 5 * 4 ea 24.00

Available water volume in tank 8 = 1 / 7 * 16.5 Liters 88.23

Absolute pressure difference 9 = 3 - 2 bars 2.00

1.1.4 Calculation Results:

Total Vol. of Pressure tank required = 8 * 3 * 2 / 9 * 6 Liters 253.16

1.1.5 Adopted Capacity:

Pressure tank capacity adopted Liters 300

Quantity of pressure tank selected ea 1

Capacity per pressure tank adopted ea 300


Hot Water Supply System:

Water heater.

Horizontal and vertical type 50 l up to 200 l.

AO Smith, Ariston, Saudi heater,,

Hot storage tank.

Horizontal and vertical type 250 l up to 2500 l.

Electrical & heat exchanger supplied hot water from

Boilers, AO Smith, Cemline,

Circulation Pumps.

To circulate hot water system in order to maintain

and serve and instant hot water in the taps.

Mixing Valve.

Manual and digital, Leonard, Armstrong, Carotek

Note: Under this part we have the hot water, tempered

water and return line in case there is circulation pump.


Hot Water Supply System:


Hot Water flow and water demand:

Calculation of WSFU for hot water system same as cold water where after we can evaluate

the GPM and pipe sizing.

Calculation of capacity as below:

1.) DESIGN DATA:

TYPE OF OCCUPANCY = DETENTION

DEMAND FACTOR = 0.3

STORAGE FACTOR = 1.25

HEATING UP PERIOD, HR = 1

TEMPERATURE RISE,ºC (60ºC-16ºC) = 55

LOCATION = GROUND FLOOR (G56 )

2.) CALCULATIONS:-

FIXTURE SERVED NUMBER HOT WATER TOTAL HOT

DEMAND (L/h) WATER REQUIRED

LAV-1 4 7.6 30.4

LAV-2 6 15 90

SF 4 15 60

SHO 4 114 456

636.4

Hot water rating = 636.4 x 0.3 = 190.92 L/h

Storage capacity = 190.92 x 1.25 = 238.65 L


Introduction to Pumps Selection:

Definition of the following:

Electrical power.

Atmospheric Pressure.

Bernoulli Equation.

Vapor pressure.

NPSH.

Cavitation.

System curve.

Pump curve and selection.


Electrical Power Supply and equation with Head and Flow Of Pumps:


Electrical Power Supply and equation with Head and Flow Of Pumps:

When Pressure and

flow increase,

Electrical Power will

be increased.


Atmospheric Pressure:


Pressure, Velocity, Friction losses, Bernoulli equation:


Water – Liquid Vapor - :

Increase temperature or reducing pressure to below the liquid vapor pressure limit will

developed vapor instead of liquid water:


NPSH:


NPSHa ( available):


NPSHr ( Required):

NPSHa > NPSHr ( no cavitation).

NPSHa < = NPSHr ( cavitation Occur).


Example:


Water Vapor Pressure and max suction Head:


Cavitation Effect:


Effect Of cavitation On head pressure:


System Curve, Pump Curve, Selection:

B- Drainage System

Drainage System consist of the following:

Soil Water

Waste Water.

Vent Pipe.

Storm Water.

B- Drainage System

Drainage System:

B- Drainage System

P – Trap, WC , Wash basin:

B- Drainage System

P – Trap, bathtub , Shower, urinal:

B- Drainage System

Floor drain, shower drain, clean out, Channel drain

:

B- Drainage System

Kitchen Drain, Stainless steel, Basket:

B- Drainage System

Roof Drain, Roof Vent cover,

B- Drainage System

Discharge line cover, wall Mounted, Downspout

Nozzle:

B- Drainage System

Pumps

Submersible pumps.

Transfer pumps(STP).

Centrifugal pumps.

B- Drainage System

Pumps Submersible pumps.

B- Drainage System

Pipes UPVC Pipes – drainage of soil,

waste, storm(Class 4), vent Pipes,

and pressurized line of submersible

pumps(Class 5).

Metal steel pipes MS, discharge line

of submersible pumps ( sch40)

Copper Pipes – drainage of soil,

waste( type DWV).

Cast Iron Pipes( Sch40) – soil, waste

and kitchen pipes.

PPFR - drainage of lab where

chemicals used( sch40).

GRP Pipes – sewer forced line,

From lift station to Municipality line.

Stainless steel Pipes – Grease pipes

and kitchen.

B- Drainage System

Drainage Pipes – Application & Jointing:

Materials Application Jointing Remarks

UPVC Pipe – CLASS 4 & 5 Soil, waste storm Drainage pipes

by Gravity, vent pipes – class 4

Force line – class 5

Push-fit ring with

rubber & Solvent

Cement

MS Pipe – Sch40 & Sch 80 Cold Water – Irrigation & VRD

Pipes

Flanges, Threaded,

Grooved

Copper Pipe – Type DWV Waste line drainage ( wash basin,

bathtub).

Brazing

Cast Iron Pipes Soil and waste pipes, Kitchen

Pipes.

Push-fit ring seal and

compression fittings

PPFR Pipes – sch 40 and

shc80

LAB drainage – ACID

application

Welded, fusion.

GRP Pipes – PN16, PN25 Drainage forced line Push-fit ring seal and

resin welding, GRP

flanges.

Stainless steel Pipes, 316L–

Sch40

Kitchen drain, grease drain. Treading and Welding -

MIG

B- Drainage System



1. Drainage fixture unit (DFU).

2. Pipes Size.

3. Pressure calculation - Pressure Demand, pressure drop.

4. Pumps.

B- Drainage System


Drainage Fixtures Unit( WSFU): Designate the Relative WEIGHT of different fixture

units.

The Drainage Fixture Units - DSU - are used to determine the PIPES SIZE in drainage systems.

NOTE:

In case there is flush valve: separate line must be considered and table of demand have a deferent values.

Refer to International Plumbing Code(IPC) APPENDEX E ( Sizing Of Water Piping

System)

B- Drainage System

Drainage Fixture Unit ( DFU):

B- Drainage System

Pipe Size / Slope / DFU:

B- Drainage System

Pipe Size / DFU - stacks:

B- Drainage System

Vent Pipes:

B- Drainage System

Sum pit vent pipe:

B- Drainage System

Manning Formula – velocity and flow in Drainage Pipe:

B- Drainage System

Sanitary Clearance:

B- Drainage System

Water Tank – Drain & Overflow :

B- Drainage System

Grease Interceptor:

B- Drainage System

Grease Interceptor capacity and selection:

B- Drainage System

STORM Drain:

Strom drain intensity in Riyadh( rainfall Rate) : 60 mm/ hour / 1 m2 ( 2.4 IN / hour) – Peak

Below is the cumulative rainfall per month in Riyadh.

End

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