plumbing practical handouts

PLUMBING PRACTICAL

PowerHouse Review Center

Master Plumber Review

What is a plumbing system?

Plumbing includes all the piping and fixtures that provide water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and laundry; as well as a means of disposing of wastewater. (Yuck!)

Putting in a plumbing system takes a lot of thought.

When a house is being built, plumbers and carpenters must work together so the

frame of the house is prepared for plumbing to be put in.

Plumbing can be dangerous, so there are codes that must be followed in order to keep everyone safe.

A code is a set of rules that can be enforced by law!!!

Some Common Colds Codes

1. UPC (Uniform Plumbing Code)2. BOCA (Basic Builders Code)3. IBOC (International Conference of Building

Officials)4. NPC (National Plumbing Code)5. SPCCI (Standard Plumbing Code)

**Local codes usually adopt all or parts of the UPC or other plumbing codes. Once adopted, codes can be enforced by law!!

In the plumbing business, errors cost money, so you better know your stuff!!!

There are 2 Types of Plumbing Systems

1) Water Supply System

2) Drainage, Waste, and Venting (DWV)

Water Supply System

Distributes water under pressure throughout the structure for drinking, bathing, cooking, and laundry.

This is a 2 pipe system.

One pipe carries cold water, and the other hot water.

DWV

Carries away wastewater and solid waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and laundries.

This subsystem is not under pressure, and must be properly vented to prevent wastewater form entering the drinking water supply.

What is the difference between a valve, a fixture, and a faucet?

Valves

Devices that control the flow of water in the water supply system.

They are installed at certain places on the lines so that water can be shut off easily.

Faucets

Valves that permit controlled amounts of water as needed for use in a building.

They deliver water to sinks, showers, and bathtubs, but can also deliver water to a hose or bucket.

Fixtures

Water-using devices such as sinks, bathtubs, urinals, stools, or showers.

They are attached to the plumbing system and receive water from the supply system.

PLUMBING FIXTURES & APPLIANCES

Plumbing FixturesDefinition:

Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes into a drainage system with which they are connected to

Classifications:Soil Scullery Bathing

Water ClosetsUrinals

Slop Sinks

Kitchen SinksLaundry Tubs

Lavatories

Bathtubs

Shower Baths

Bidets

Foot/Sitz Tub

Shower Receptors

Shower Compartments

Bar Sinks

Soil Fixtures

Types:According to Type of Flushing

Flush Tank water closets

Direct Flush Valve ( DFV water closets)

-Flushing action can be obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl

Setting:

Water closet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 mWater closet center to WC center: minimum of 0.75 m

WATER CLOSET

According to Flush Tank Types

Integral Flush Tank

Close Coupled Flush Tank

Low Flush Tank

High Flush Tank

Soil Fixtures

According to Mounting

Floor Mounted

Wall Hung

Soil Fixtures

According to Flushing Action

- Flushes through a simple wash down action

Wash Down

- Discharges waste into a trapway located at the front of the bowl

- Has a bulge on the front

- Has a small amount of standing water

- Cost less but is least efficient and noisiest

Soil Fixtures

- Has a larger trapway making it less likely to clog

Siphon Jet

- Quieter flushing action

- Retains a large amount of standing water

- Flushes through a siphon action created in the trapway

Reverse Trap

Soil Fixtures

Direct Flush Valve - flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valveconnected into the bowl

- Less noisy and very efficient

Siphon Vortex

- Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion followed by a completeflush down

- Retains a large amount of standing water

Soil Fixtures

Squat Type Washout

Other Types of Water Closets

Soil Fixtures

Soil Fixtures

OCCUPANCY MIN. WC KIND & NO. OF USERSDwelling or Apartment 1 family

Elementary Schools 1

2

1

for 1-20 persons

For 21-50 persons

per additional 50 persons

Assembly Places

(Theaters and Auditoriums- for

public use)

1

2

3

3

4

8

1

2

per 1-100 males

per 101-200 males

per 201-400 males

per 1-50 females

per 51-100 females

per 101-200 females

per additional 500 males over 400

per additional 300 females over 400

Dormitories 1

1

1

per 10 males

per 8 females

per additional 25 males, 20 females

Industrial 1

2

3

4

5

1

per 1 - 10 persons

for 11 - 25 persons

for 26 - 50 persons

for 51 - 75 persons

for 76 - 100 persons

per additional 30 persons in excess of 100

Minimum Requirements for Water Closets

Soil Fixtures

Types:Wall Hung

Pedestal

Through

Stall

Soil Fixtures

URINALS

Setting:Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 mUrinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m

Flushing:Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1)

Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)

Soil Fixtures

OCCUPANCY MIN. # KIND & NO. OF USERS

Schools:

Elementary

Secondary

1

1

per 75 males

per 35 males

Office or Public Building 1

2

3

4

1

per 1-100 males

per 101-200 males

per 201-400 males

per 401-600 males

For each additional 300 males

Assembly Places

( Theaters and auditoriums)-

for public use)

1

2

3

4

1

per 1-100 males

per 101-200 males

per 201-400 males

per 401-600 males

For each additional 500 males

Dormitories 1

1

Per 25 males

per 50 males in excess of 150

Industrial and Commercial 0 0

Minimum Requirements for Urinals

Soil Fixtures

Materials:

Cast Iron Enamel

Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel

Stainless Steel

Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc.

Scullery Fixtures

KITCHEN SINK

Materials:Cement or Cement with Tiles

Porcelain

BAR SINKS

SLOP SINKS

Where janitors clean & leave their mops

LAUNDRY TUBS

Scullery Fixtures

LAVATORIES Types:

Pedestal

Pullman or Counter

Wall Hung

Through

Scullery Fixtures

BATHTUBS

with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump

WHIRLPOOLBATHS

circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trappump and circulation piping shall be self draining

JACUZZISBrand Name of luxury type bathtubs

Bathing Fixtures

BIDETS

Setting:Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m

Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m

Used for cleaning private parts

Sometimes referred to as female urinals

Bathing Fixtures

FLOOR DRAINS

With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes of the waterway equal to the cross-sectional area of the tailpiece

Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor

SHOWER RECEPTORS

Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope.

Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door.

For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.

Bathing Fixtures

SHOWER BATHS/COMPARTMENTS

Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle.

This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails.

Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.

Metal enclosure containingshower head, valves and faucets

Bathing Fixtures

PLUMBING MATERIALS & FITTINGS

PLUMBING PIPES

APPROVED MATERIALS marked for identification

Embossed/Stamped brass/copper fittings

Molded plastic fittings

Indelible Marking colored stripe/indelible letters

RED STRIPE type M Copper (Rigid)

BLUE STRIPE type L Copper (Flexible/Rigid)

GREEN STRIPE type K Copper

YELLOW STRIPE Drain, Waste & Vent (DWV)Copper

NOTE: Pipe and fittings for Potable Water lead content of not more than 8%

Solder (join pipe/fittings) may not contain 0.2% lead

WATER SERVICE MATERIALS

ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) for pressure-rated potable water use inexpensive resists chemical attack

Asbestos Cement Pipe water mains

Brass Pipe metallic, threaded pipe (used for both Water Service and

Water Distribution)

Cast Iron Pipe not used for individual water supplies ductile pipe for water mains

2 Types:

Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.

Durable, conveniently installed (

4 Varieties:

Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe

Double Hub Pipe Hubless Pipe

Cast Iron


Copper Pipe copper tubing

copper pipe with or without threads

gray color code for water service use

Copper Tubing soft copper or rolls (water-service)

rigid (water distribution)

Standard has a specific ID and OD

Extra Heavy and Double extra heavy have heavier walls, although the OD remains the same the ID changes.

Disadvantages of Copper Tubing

High initial cost

High degree of expansion

Bad taste and green stains if the water is slightly acidic

Classification of Copper Tubing

1. Type K thickest/heaviest

2. Type L middle

3. Type M thinnest/lightest

Joining of Copper Tubing

Copper pipe may be joined in three ways:

1. Soldering

2. Flaring

3. Compression


cPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)

white or cream colored plastic pipe for water distribution

buff colored thermoplastic

light, easy to handle, resists cracks

good for freezing conditions

suitable for piping hot water

Rating of 180 degrees Fahrenheit and 100 psi


Galvanized Steel Pipe with threaded fittings for water distribution

problem: rust

PB (Polybutylene) rolled coils or straight lengths

flexible, allowing for easy installation

connections made with compression fittings

Blue color water service use

Gray color water service or water distribution


PE (Polyethylene) black or bluish for water services

PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) drain or vent pipe

white

CWL (Cold Water Line) only

has lower thermal expansion that makes long runs easier to control

Joined with a two-step primer/solvent and suitable fittings

WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE

Minimum working pressure of 100 psi/temp. 180 F

Pressure-reducing valve at the water service to reduce the pressure to no more than 80 psi

BRASS PIPE once popular

COPPER PIPE/TUBING (more common choice)

GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE subject to rust problems

POLYBUTYLENE (PB) ease of installation resistance due to splitting caused by freezing conditions

low cost

DRAIN, WASTE & VENT PIPE

Range from 1 4 diameter

ABS black or gray color Schedule 40 (used above or below ground or joined by

solvent-weld cement) extremely durable or can take hard abuse without

breaking or cracking

ALUMINUM TUBING above-ground use only joined by mechanical joints coated to prevent corrosive action


BOROSILICATE GLASS used above or below ground or underground heavy-schedule of pipe

BRASS PIPE rarely used

CAST IRON PIPE (CIP) hub and spigot style (joined by oakum/molten lead) hubless (jointed with mechanical joints rubber coupling) referred to as SOIL PIPE service weight pipe extra heavy pipe


COPPER PIPE thin-walled with yellow marking time-consuming to install used above or below ground

GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE not to be installed closer than 6 to the earth

LEAD PIPE limited to above-grade installations

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE white with rating of Schedule 40 become brittle in cold weather


Used for Building Sewer:

ABS

Cast Iron

Vitrified Clay

PVC

Concrete

Asbestos Cement

STORM-DRAINAGE MATERIALS

Interior or Underground (for storm sewer)

INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE ABS DWV Copper Type L Copper Asbestos Cement Cast Iron Vitrified Clay Brass


INSIDE STORM DRAINAGE (continue) Galvanized

PVC

Type M Copper

Type K Copper

Bituminized Fiber

Concrete

Aluminum

Lead

Black Steel


SUBSOIL DRAINS

Asbestos Cement

Vitrified Clay

Cast Iron

Bituminized Fiber

PVC

PE

Copper Cast Iron Black Steel Galvanized Steel

ABS PVC

cPVC Polyethylene Pipe

Hot and Cold water lines Large sewage Liquid not used very often Zinc covered, used for water

outdoor lines Underground application Sewage in house, Cold water

outside Hot water application Black Plastic, Cold water only,

Pump installation, Surface and Underground, Replaces copper and PVC

SUMMARY

METHOD OF JOINTING PIPES

Caulking

Threading

Flanging

Soldering

Welding

COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS

PIPE NIPPLE piece of pipe lesser than 12 length threaded on both ends more than 12 Cut Pipea. Close when fittings or valves are to be joined very

close to each otherb. Short small amount of pipe exists (shoulder)c. Long larger amount of bare pipe exists

PIPE COUPLING materials: Wrought iron, Cast metal, Brass Extension Piece male threaded at one end


RETURN BENDS Back Side

TEES branch of 90 degrees or right angles

PLUG closing end of a pipe or fitting having female thread square head four-sided counter-sunk head (small size) hexagon-head (larger sizes) 1/8 12 Ground-joint union


BUSHINGS connect the male end of a pipe to a fitting of a larger

size reducing or enlarging fitting

ELBOWS to change the direction of a pipe 45/90 gas, water, steam 22 /60 special angles CI drainage fitting elbows: 5 5/8 22 60

11 45 90


CAPS

closing the end of a pipe or fitting male threaded

plain and flat band

beaded caps

FLANGE

for closing flanged fittings/flange pipe lines

WYE

90 degree Slip Elbow

45 degree Slip Elbow

PVC Slip Tee

PVC Male Adaptor

PVC Threaded Tee

Brass Connector


COMMON JOINT MATERIALS

Teflon Tape used to wrap around threads to prevent leaking

Pipe Cement Solvent used to assemble PVC, cPVC and ABS pipes

End Feed Fittings (E/F)

End feed fittings, are fittings where the solder is manually fed in from the end of the fitting during soldering.

All pipes used must be cleaned and have flux applied to each joint before heating with a blow torch and the application of solder

15mm End Feed Coupler 15mm End Feed Tee


Integral Solder Ring (Yorkshire)

Yorkshire fittings (Yorkshire is a trade name) already contain a ring solder inside themAll pipes used must be cleaned and have flux applied to each joint before heating evenly with a blow torch until the solder is seen to melt

15mm Integral Solder Ring Coupler

15mm x 15mm x 15mm Integral Solder Ring Tee


Compression Fittings (COMP)

Compression fittings use a nut and olive (copper, brass or rubber compression ring) to make a water tight seal between the fitting and the pipe. All pipes used must be clean and free from burrs before assembly. A suitable sealing paste should also be applied before the joints are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Do not over tighten as this can lead to problems should the fitting need to be removed

15 millimetre Compression Tee 15 millimetre Compression Service Valve


Speed Fit, HEP2O, Copper/Brass Push Fit

There are many different types of push fit joints are now being marketed, they're available in plastic, brass & copper. There's not much difference between them, they all incorporate some form of grip ring which creates a seal between the pipe and the fitting and prevents the pipe from pulling out. All pipes used must be clean and free from burrs before assembly. Insert the cleaned pipe into the fitting and push into place by hand.

Hep20 Straight Coupler Speed Fit Straight Coupler


Male Brass (MI) Fittings

Male Brass (MI) fittings have an external thread and are made as the name suggests from brass. These fittings are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Always use a suitable sealing compound when assembling joints using these fittings. Do not over tighten.

1/2" MI bsp x15mm Elbow 3/4" MI bsp x 22mm coupler


Female Brass (FI) Fittings

Female Brass (FI) fittings have an internal thread and are made as the name suggests from brass. These fittings are tightened using a wrench or spanner. Always use a suitable sealing compound when assembling joints using these fittings. Do not over tighten.

1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Integral Solder Ring Coupler

1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Compression Elbow

1/2" FI BSP x 15mm Wall Plate Elbow


Fitting Sizes

Fittings are supplied in a variety of sizes ranging from 6mm through to what ever size you require, although larger size fittings may have to be specially ordered.

Generally the average plumber working in domestic properties will come into contact with fittings ranging from 6mm to 28mm.

As a plumber you will continue to come into contact with fittings still measured in old imperial (inches). Some merchants catalogues will have fittings still measured in inches especially internally or externally threaded fittings as these are to BSP (British Standard Pipe).

1/2 = 12.7 mm 3/4 = 19.05mm 1 = 25.4 mm


Ordering Fittings 1

Ordering couplers is straight forward as they are the same size at both ends (eg 15mm coupler) Ordering tees is slightly more complicated. State the largest size first then the opposite side and then the centre size (eg 22mm x 15mm x 22mm or 22mm x 22mm x15mm see examples below)

22mm x 15mm x 22mm Compression Tee

22mm x 22mm x15mm Hep2O Tee


Ordering Fittings 2

What if all the sides of a Tee fitting are the same?

The Tee would simply be called an Equal Tee.

15mm Equal Tee (York) 15mm Equal Tee (Hep2o)


Other Fittings - Tap connectors:

These fittings are also known as swivel fittings and they come in either straights or elbows.

15mm Straight Tap Connector in Brass

15 mm Straight Tap Connector (Speed Fit)


Other Fittings - Tap connectors continued:

Further examples of tap connectors

15 mm Compression Elbow Tap Connector

15 mm Hep2o Elbow Tap Connector


Other Fittings - Reducers

These are used when you need to reduce the pipe size e.g. 22mm cold feed to a bath tap would then be reduced to 15mm to supply a basin tap, not only is this more pleasing to the eye it is also more economical.

Integral Solder Ring Copper Reducer

Push Fit Plastic Reducer 15 mm x 22mm End Feed Reducer


Other Fittings - Stop Ends

These fittings are used for capping off water supplies either temporally or when permanently decommissioning.

22mm Integral Solder Ring Stop End

22mm Compression Stop End

15mm Speed Fit Stop End


Other Fittings - Drain Off

The drain off is a valve located at the lowest point of any system and has a serrated hose connection out-let.

Drain Off (Male Iron) Drain Off (end feed) Drain Off (Hep20 or Speed Fit)


Other Fittings - CouplersCouplers are used to connect pipes together to form longer pipe runs.

15 mm Straight Coupler Compression

15mm End Feed Coupler

15mm Integral Solder Ring Coupler

15mm Speed Fit Coupler


VALVES

GATE VALVE

full open valves or stop valve

Wedged Shaped or Tapered Disc

Double Disc Valve

GLOBE VALVE

Plug Type Disc Valve

Conventional Disc Valve

Composition Disc Valve

VALVES

CHECK VALVES Swing Check Valve

Horizontal or Vertical

Lift Check Valve

ANGLE VALVES

FOOT VALVE

SAFETY VALVE

BALL VALVE

CUT-OFF VALVES

VALVES

VALVES (PRESSURE)

Pressure Reducing Valves

Temperature and Pressure Relief Valves

VALVES (DRAINAGE SYSTEM)

Balance Valve

Unbalanced Valve

Drains

Sink Faucet

Tub Faucet

Globe Valve

PLUMBING TOOLS

87

Plumbing Tools

Plumbing tools fall under one of two categories:

Hand tools

Power tools

88

Hand Tools

Manually operated.

Not as expensive as power tools.

Equally important in completing a task or project.

Most employers expect a plumber to have basic hand tools when being considered for employment.

89

New Residential Plumbers Tool List

Quantity Tool

1 Retractable tape measure

1 Medium Phillips screwdriver

1 Medium slotted screwdriver

1 Multi-type screwdriver

2 10 angled jaw pliers

1 6 combination pliers

1 7 locking pliers

1 8 or 10 adjustable wrench

1 18 pipe wrench

1 24 pipe wrench

1 Smooth jaw pipe wrench

1 Basin wrench

Quantity Tool

1 12 claw hammer

1 Cats paw nail remover

1 Allen wrench kit

1 Wood chisel kit

2 12 concrete chisel

1 5/16 nut driver

1 1/8 to 1-1/8 copper tubing cutters

1 Copper midget tubing cutters

1 Copper tubing cutter up to 2 pipe size

1 Copper flaring tool

1 Copper tubing bending tool

1 Plastic pipe saw

1 Hacksaw

90

New Residential Plumbers Tool List

Quantity Description

1 Mini-hacksaw

1 Flexible tubing cutter

1 Inside PVC pipe cutter

1 Utility blade knife

2 Straight cut type aviation snips or

set of three

1 Pencil

1 Magic marker

1 Carpenters speed square

1 Basket strainer tool or internal

wrench

Quantity Description

1 Torpedo type level

1 24 level

1 Torch regulator assembly

1 Torch striker

1 1/2 Flexible pipe crimping tool

1 3/4 Flexible pipe crimping tool

1 Plumb bob

1 Chalk box

1 Adjustable angle jaw pliers

1 Smooth jaw adjustable wrench

1 Pipe wrenches (18 or 24)

(Varies Based on Employer)

The Plumbers Tool Belt

Includes wrenches

and other tools used to:

Measure

Align

Mark

Cut

Ream and Thread

Marking Tools

Pencils, chalk lines, compasses, and dividers.

Compass

Pencil

93

Levels

A level is one of the most important tools in a plumbers toolbox.

A level has tubes partially filled with colored liquid leaving a trapped air bubble.

Some levels have a dimensional feature that can be used for measuring distances.

94

Tape Measures

There are numerous maker and models of tape measures.

They vary in blade width and length.

The retractable type with a pocket clip is the most common.

95

Squares

The framing square is a tool for laying out angles.

It has two edges that form a 90 angle.

96

Screwdrivers

Screwdrivers are available in many lengths and shank diameters.

Phillips and slotted head types are two used by plumbers.

97

Pliers

Pliers are available in various styles.

The most common type has angled and grooved jaws.

Most pliers used in the plumbing trade have cushion grip handles.

98

Adjustable Wrenches

Adjustable wrenches are available in various sizes.

Some have a cushioned grip.

Their jaw opening is adjustable and smooth.

99

Pipe Wrenches

Pipe wrenches have grooved jaws designed to provide grip for working with metal piping systems.

The two most common sizes are 18 and 24.

All pipe wrenches have an adjustment range for various pipe or fitting sizes.

100

Hammers

Numerous hammer types are available with different heads, claws, and weights.

For a plumber, the type of claw is the most important factor regarding the selection of a hammer.

101

Plastic Pipe Saw

Can be used to cut both ABS and PVC pipe.

Available in short and long blade styles.

Their cutting teeth are closer together than a wood-cutting saw and farther apart than a metal-cutting saw.

102

Plastic Pipe Cutter

Various designs available. Range in pricing and size.

103

Metal-Cutting Saw

This versatile tool is designed to cut through metal.

Numerous blade types are available with various numbers of teeth per inch.

104

Hacksaw

Used to cut PVC, cPVC and ABS Pipe

105

Wallboard Saws

Two types commonly used are the compass saw and the wallboard saw.

A compass saw is designed to cut circular holes, but is capable of making square cuts

The wallboard saw is shorter and more rigid than the compass saw

106

Aviation Snips

The most common are offered in three different styles that cut in three different directions straight, left, and right.

Their cushioned grip handles are color-coded, indicating their direction of cut.

107

Knives

Commonly used for cutting wallboard, boxes, or tape

108

Chisels

Wood chisels are typically used for notching and splitting pieces of wood boards.

Chisels used for chipping concrete have a blunter cutting edge than wood chisels and are called cold chisels.

109

Basin Wrench

Has a spring-loaded swivel head. Used to install and remove securing nuts of a faucet

and water supply connections in confined spaces.

110

Basket Strainer Tools

Strainer forks are used for strainers and tub drains.

An internal wrench is a multi-purpose tool that allows an installer to tighten or remove parts to a plumbing fixture.

The internal wrench has a range from 1 to 2 internal use.

111

Copper Pipe Cutters (Tubing Cutters)

Copper cutters use metal rollers and a cutting wheel to rotate around the pipe as a manual handle is turned clockwise to advance the cutting wheel through the pipe.

112

Copper Flaring Tool

A flaring tool flares the end of soft copper tubing, creating a 45-degree angle to mate with a compatible brass flared fitting.

113

Copper Tubing Bender

A copper tubing bender is used to create bends in copper tube.

It is useful for tight spaces and for achieving a professional appearance.

114

Torch Regulator Assembly

A typical torch assembly consists of: A regulator that controls the amount

of flammable gas to be ignited A torch-tip with an orifice specifically

designed for the type of gas and the specific torch assembly

115

Flexible Pipe Crimping Tool

Offered in several sizes. Most commonly used are for

1/2 and 3/4 pipe. A dual-size tool and a

compact version for 1/2 and 3/4 pipe sizes available.

Requires calibration to ensure an adequate crimp is achieved.

A crimp gauge is sold with each tool.

116

Plumb Bob

Provides an accurate method of establishing a vertical point of reference to a lower work area from an upper work area.

117

Chalk Box

Houses string (called a chalk line) and chalk powder.

Used to mark a straight line for layout or to cut plywood boards.

118

Torque Wrench

Used to tighten clamps used in installing cast iron pipe and for rubber transition connectors for dissimilar piping.

Has a 5/16 socket end.

Other Plumbing Tools

Sand paper helps in smoothing the end of the pipe after cutting it

Clean Cloth wipe off excess solvent cement

Tri-Square helps in cutting the pipe square

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Personal Safety Equipment

Recommended personal protection equipment:

Eye protection

Face protection

Hand protection

Knee protection

Foot protection

Inhalation protection

First aid kit

Head protection

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Summary

Hand tools are required to install various aspects of a plumbing system.

A plumber may be responsible for purchasing hand tools.

Specialty hand tools are required more for repair than for new installation work.

Everyone on a job site is responsible for safety.

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Summary

Personal protection equipment (PPE) is usually provided by an employer.

Material safety data sheet (MSDS) lists all safety hazards and medical attention requirements for a specific product.

MSDS must be available for all products and kept on file on the jobsite.

PLUMBING SYMBOLS & COLOR CODING

Symbols and Drawings

Pipe Color Coding

Fire Extinguisher Color Coding

Pipe & Fitting Symbols

PIPE COLOR CODING

ANSI/ASME A13.1 - 2007 Standard for the Identification of Pipes

MATERIAL PROPERTIES BACKGROUND &

LETTERING COLORS

FLAMMABLE

Fluids which are a vapor or produce

vapors that can ignite and continue to

burn in air

YELLOW BACKGROUND,

BLACK LETTERING

COMBUSTIBLE Fluids that may burn but are not

flammable

BROWN BACKGROUND,

WHITE LETTERING

TOXIC &

CORROSIVE

Fluids which are corrosive or toxic or will

produce corrosive or toxic substances

ORANGE BACKGROUND,

BLACK LETTERING

FIRE QUENCHING Water and other substances used in

sprinkler fire-fighting piping systems

RED BACKGROUND,

WHITE LETTERING

OTHER WATER Any other water, except for water used in

sprinkler and fire-fighting piping systems

GREEN BACKGROUND,

WHITE LETTERING

COMPRESSED AIRAny vapor or gas under pressure that does

not fit a category above

BLUE BACKGROUND,

WHITE LETTERING

Philippine Pipe Color Code

COLOR MATERIAL PIPED PIPE IDENTIFICATION

REDCarbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide

Water (Fire Service) Fire Service Water

ORANGE

Acetylene Acetylene

Blast Furnace Gas B.F. Gas

Gasoline Gasoline

Grease Grease

Hydrogen Hydrogen

Oxygen Oxygen

Oil Oil

Tar Tar

Producer Gas Producer Gas

Liquid Petroleum Gas LPG

Oil and Water Oil and Water

Vacuum-High High Vacuum

Philippine Pipe Color CodeCOLOR MATERIAL PIPED PIPE IDENTIFICATION

YELLOW

Acid Acid

Air-High Pressure H.P. Air

Ammonia Ammonia

Steam-High Pressure H.P. Steam

Steam-Low Pressure L.P. Steam

Water-Boiler Feed Boiler Feed Water

Water-Hot Hot Water

Water-High Pressure H.P. Water

GREEN

Air-Low Pressure L.P. Air

Argon-Low Pressure L.P. Argon

Helium-Low Pressure L.P. Helium

Nitrogen-Low Pressure L.P. Nitrogen

Water-Cold Cold Water

Water-Distilled Distilled Water

Water-Low Pressure L.P. Water

Water-Treated Treated Water

Oil and Water Oil and Water

ANSI Color Codes

COLOR STD MEANING EXAMPLE

Red APWAElectric Power Lines, Cables, Conduit and Lighting Cables

Buried High Voltage Line

Yellow APWAGas, Oil, Steam, Petroleum or Gaseous Materials

Natural Gas Distribution Line

Orange APWACommunication, Alarm or Signal Lines, Cables or Conduit

Buried Fiber Optic Cable

Blue APWA Water, Irrigation and Slurry Lines Buried Water Line

Green APWA Sewers, Drain LineBuried Storm Sewer Line

Red Traffic Prohibition STOP, Yield

Orange Traffic Temporary Work ZoneConstruction Zone Ahead

Yellow Traffic Caution Merge Ahead, Slow

ANSI Color Codes


Blue Traffic Information Signs Hospital

Brown Traffic Historical or Park Picnic Area Ahead

Green Traffic Directional Signs Exit 1 Mile, Go

Red ANSI Sign Danger Signs, Highest HazardHazardous Voltage Will Cause Death

Orange ANSI Sign Warning Signs, Medium HazardHazardous Voltage May Cause Death

Yellow ANSI Sign Caution Signs, Lowest HazardTurn Machine Off When Not In Use

Blue ANSI Sign Notice Signs Employees Only

Green ANSI Sign Safety First Signs Wear Ear Plugs

ANSI Color Codes


Red ANSI Pipe Fire Quenching Materials Fire Protection Water

Yellow ANSI Pipe Materials Inherently Hazardous Chlorine

Blue ANSI PipeMaterials of Inherently Low Hazard, Gas

Compressed Air

Green ANSI PipeMaterials of Inherently Low Hazard, Liquid

Storm Drain

Blue/ Red/ Yellow

NFPA 701Blue is used for Health Hazards, Red for Flammability and Yellow for reactivity

NFPA Standards for Medical Facilities

SERVICE COLOR BACKGROUND COLOR

Carbon Dioxide White Gray

Helium White Brown

Medical Air White Blue

Medical Air Black Yellow

Medical Air 50-55 psi Black Yellow

Medical Vacuum White Blue

Medical Vacuum Black White

Nitrogen White Black

Nitrogen 180-200 psi White Black

Nitrous Oxide White Blue

Nitrous Oxide 50-55 psi White Blue

Oxygen White Green

Oxygen 50-55 psi White Green

FIRE EXTINGUISHER

FIRE CLASSIFICATION

Fire ClassGeometric

SymbolPictogram Intended Use Mnemonic

A Green TriangleOrdinary solid combustibles

A for "Ash"

B Red SquareFlammable liquids and gases

B for Barrel"

C Blue CircleEnergized electrical equipment

C for "Current"

DYellow Decagon

(Star)Combustible metals

D for "Dynamite"

K Black Hexagon Oils and fatsK for "Kitchen"

PLUMBING INSTALLATION

Pipe Selection

Each kind of pipe has advantages and disadvantages. When making repairs it is generally easier to repair systems with the kind of pipe used in the original installation.

New Installations

When planning a new system, it is important to consider the relative merits of each kind of pipe.

Soldering Copper

Gluing Plastic

All drains can become clogged.

It is important to know different ways to unclog a drain so that you may avoid overflows or future problems!!

For a slow drain.

Use chemical cleaners, such as Drano to solve the problem.

Be careful, these kind of chemicals are dangerous and can make you very sick or even kill you if they are not used properly!

For more serious clogs..You may use a plunger, a snake, or a closet auger.

Plungers apply pressure to the clog

Augers and snakes reach and dislodge the obstruction.

SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PRINCIPLES

Principle 1: Minimum requirement for a waste and vent pipe installation: Installation consisting of a WC, LAV, SINK, a BT on first floor, and LT in

basement with a drain, soil waste, and vent pipe arrangement

House drain: 3 4 Cleanouts extended at least 1 above floor line Basements/public washrooms: provide floor drain; should be vented

(but not required if drain is not more than 5 away) Waste pipe not less than 1 for Bathroom, BT 7 LAV Waste stack serving the LT and Sink is with a 1 pipe Branch of the drain is extended 4 above floor level 4 x 2 tapped cross for laundry tub connection Sink waste discharged to a 4 x 2 reducer in the top opening of the tee Vent for Sink: 1 ; connected to main soil pipe


Principle 2: Maximum requirements: Layout of a drain, soil waste, and vent pipe installation

All fixtures are trapped Each trap is vented except the floor drain (supplied with water

from the laundry tub 4-line installed from the floor drain intersection to the wall to

accommodate 4 C.O. Pipe size is reduced above 4 Y 2 soil line extended up to the Sink 1 vent extends through the roof Laundry vent intersects at a point 3 above sink floor line WC, LAV and Bath served with 4 soil pipe; 2 soil laterals


Principle 3: Individual Ventilation: Layout consisting of a WC, LAV, & Sink on first floor;

WC, LAV & BT on 2nd floor; LT located in basement

House drain/soil pipe same as Principles 1 & 2 LAV (1st Flr): 1 waste pipe into the closet bend WC individually vented with 2 pipe extended to a

point in the soil pipe 3 above the closet connection LAV & Bt fixture traps are individually ventilated with

1 and 1 pipe LT and Sink waste and vent (same as Principle 1)


Principle 4: Plumbing installation for a duplex residence: WC, LAV, (2) LT in basement, toiletrooms on 1st and 2nd Flr, in which a WC, LAV

and BT are installed. Sink is provided in each kitchen Soil Pipe is 4 ; has toiletroom branch connections on 3 levels installed in the

partition directly in back of WC Basement toilet with 2 wet vent into which the basin is wasted. Main vent: extended from basement toiletroom vertically to a point 3 above

the 2nd Flr toiletroom branch BT waste (1st Flr toiletroom) with 1 pipe increased at LAV branch to 2 pipe

then discharged to closet bend Bathroom group is wet vented through LAV waste increased to 2 pipe,

reconnected into the main vent 2nd Flr bathroom identical with the 1st except that a 1 LAV waste is ample LTs connected to unit waste of 2 , vented by the unit method with 1 pipe

connected to the waste vent of sink stack Both sinks discharge into a common waste pipe increased to 2 at 1st Flr sink

connection, each individually vented


Principle 5: Typical installation of a soil and waste stack in a 3 storey apartment building: wet ventilation of the bathroom groups is employed

Main vent of the soil-pipe installation increased to 2 , reconnected full size into the base of the soil pipe to relieve back-pressure

Sink waste stack increased to accommodate number of fixture units it serves

Each fixture is individually vented with 1 pipe, reconnected to a main vent , extended through the roof

Roof terminal has been increased to 4


Principle 6: Fixtures discharging into sanitary crosses wasted and vented: Installation consists of a soil pipe serving 4 complete bathrooms

and a sink waste on which 4 sinks are installed for two-storey apartment buildings

Soil pipe is 4 pipe provided with (2) sanitary crosses for WC connections

1st Flr bath waste increased to 2 (ventilation of WC essential) 1st Flr toilet rooms with wet vent method through LAV waste,

also increased to 2 Main vent increased to 2 as per number of fixture units

served, reconnected into base of the soil pipe. Sinks discharged into a unit waste pipe and ventilated


Principle 7: Unit waste and vent applied to bathroom fixture groups on opposite sides of a partition typical of hotel and apartment house layouts: Soil-pipe stack accommodates 4 complete bathrooms (WC, LAV, BT)

WCs connected to 4 sanitary cross, top opening serving as vent connection

WCs traps ventilated with 2 unit vent

LAV and BT wastes discharged to 2 common waste pipe

Both groups are connected into the waste by 90 drainage cross, top opening serving as unit vent.

LAV and BT traps ventilated with 1 pipe.

Vents from 1st Flr extended with 2 pipe to a point 3 above topmost branch of soil pipe, where main vent is increased to 2 accommodating 2nd Flrbathroom

Sinks are with independent 2 vertical waste pipe, fixtures are unit vented


Principle 8: Installation common to multi-storey apartment and hotel buildings

Bathroom waste and vent pipe connections typical to small residence

Main vent with 3 pipe based on number of fixture units served

Provided with a 3 yoke or by-pass vent between 4th and 5th Flr

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES OF 2008

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514

RULE 2. COVERAGE

A. All persons;B. All private or public buildings, facilities or structures and their

premises erected or constructed before and after the effectivityhereof;

C. Design and installation of mechanical, electronics and electrical systems relative to fire protection;

D. Manufacturing, storage, handling and/or use, and transportation of explosives and/or combustible, flammable liquids and gases, toxic and other hazardous materials and operations, and their wastes;

E. Fire safety planning, design, construction, repair, maintenance,rehabilitation and demolition;

F. Fire protective and warning equipment or systems;

RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Abatement. Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

Building Administrator. Any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for the latter.

Anesthetics Gas. A medical gas used as anestheticagents for surgical procedures that could either be flammable or non-flammable. Examples of flammable anesthetics are cyclopropane and ethylene. Examples of non-flammable anesthetic gases are nitrous oxides and halothane.


Automatic Fire Suppression System. An integrated system of underground or overhead piping or both connected to a source of extinguishing agent or medium and designed in accordance with fire protection engineering standards which, when actuated by its automatic detecting device, suppresses fires within the area protected.

Automotive Service Station. That portion of property where liquids used as motor fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles and shall include any facilities available for the sale and service of tires, batteries and accessories, and for minor automotive maintenance work.

Baffle. A non liquid-tight transverse partition in a cargo tank.


Blasting Agent. Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.

Blowout. A sudden release of oil and gas from a well.

Boiling point. The temperature at which the vaporpressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for mixture which do not have a constant boiling point, for purposes of this classification the ten percent (10%) point of distillation performed in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products ASTM D-86-62, may be used as the boiling point of the liquid


Class A Fires. Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, rubber and plastics.

Class B Fires. Fires involving flammable liquids and gases.

Class C Fires. Fires involving energized electrical equipment.

Class D Fire. Fires involving combustible materials, such as sodium, magnesium, potassium, and other similar materials.

Class K Fires. Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats).


Closed Container. Any container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures.

Combination Standpipe. A pipeline system filled with water and connected to a constant water supply for the use of the BFP and the occupants of the buildings solely for fire suppression purposes.


Combustible Liquid. Any liquid having a flash point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C), and classified as follows:

Class II Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C) and below sixty degrees Celsius (60C).

Class IIIA Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above sixty degrees Celsius (60C), but below ninety three degrees Celsius (93C).

Class IIIB Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above ninety three degrees Celsius (93C).


Combustible Waste. Also known as loose waste material, are those generated by an establishment or process and, being salvageable, are retained for scrap or reprocessing on the premises where generated. These include, but not limited to, all combustible fibers, hay, straw, hair, feathers, down, wood shavings, turnings, styropor, all types of plastics, all types of paper products, soiled cloth trimmings and cuttings, rubber trimmings and buffings, metal fines, used oil and any mixture of the above items, or any other salvageable combustible waste material.


Compressed Gas. One that exists solely in the gaseous state under pressure in the range of two hundred seventy three kilopascal (273 KPa) to twenty four thousand nine hundred twenty three kilopascal (24,923 KPa) at all normal atmospheric temperature ranging from twenty degrees Celsius (20C) to thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C) inside its container.

Compressed Gas Mixture. A mixture of two or more compressed gases contained in a single packaging, the hazard properties of which are represented by the properties of the mixture as a whole.

Compressed Gas System. An assembly of components, such as containers, reactors, pumps, compressors and connecting piping and tubing, designed to contain, distribute or transport compressed gases.


Corrosive Liquid. Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals.

Crude Oil. Any naturally-occurring, unrefined petroleum liquid.

Cryogenic. Is descriptive of any material which, by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements, produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.


Curtain Board. A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.

Damper. A normally open device installed inside air duct systems which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.

Distillation. The process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified substance.


Dry Standpipe. A type of standpipe system in which the pipes are normally not filled with water. Water is introduced into the system thru fire service connections when needed.

Duct System. A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust. Any finely divided solid, four millimeters (4 mm) or less in diameter (that is, material capable of passing through a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve) which, if mixed with air in the proper proportion, becomes explosive and may be ignited by a flame or spark or other source of Ignition.

Ember. A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.


Explosive. Includes any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that is commonly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion.

Fire Alarm. Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of fire.

Fire Alerting System. A fire alarm system activated by the presence of fire, where the signal is transmitted to designated locations instead of sounding a general alarm.


Fire Door. A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.

Fire Exit Drill. A practice drill for the orderly and safe evacuation of occupants in the buildings.

Fire Hazard. Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations and the safeguarding of life and property.

Fire Lane. The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient conduct of fire fighting operations.


Fire Protective Assembly. An assembly incorporated in the structure designed to prevent the spread of fire, such as dampers, curtain boards, fire stoppers and the like.

Fire Resistance Rating. The time duration that a material or construction can withstand the effect of a standard fire test.

Fire Trap. A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.


Fire Wall. A wall designed to prevent the spread of fire, having a fire resistance rating of not less than four (4) hours with sufficient structural stability to remain standing even if construction on either side collapses under fire conditions.

Fire. The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of combustion.

Flame Retardant. Any compound or mixture which when applied properly improves the resistivity or fire resistance quality of fabrics and other materials.

Flame Spread Rating. The time in which flame will spread over the surface of a burning material.

Flammability. The characteristic of a material on how easily it will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion.


Flammable Liquids. Are liquids having flash points below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C) except any mixture having components with flash points of seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius(37.8C) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids are classified as follows:

Class I-A Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8C), and having a boiling point below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C).

Class I-B Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8C), and having a boiling point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C).

Class I-C Liquids include those liquids having flash points at or above twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8C), and below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C).


Flash Point of a Liquid. The lowest temperature a liquid at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air, near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used, as determined by appropriate laboratory test, as follows:

The flash point of liquids having a flash point at or below seventy nine degrees Celsius (79C), except for fuel oils and certain viscous materials shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D 56-61.

The flash point of liquids having a flash point above seventy nine degrees Celsius (79C), except for fuel oils, shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Cleveland open Cup Tester, ASTM D 92-57.

The flash point of fuel oil, and certain viscous materials having a flash point at or below seventy nine degrees Celsius (79C), shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, ASTM 93-62.


Fumigation. The utilization within an enclosed space of a fumigant in concentrations that is hazardous or acutely toxic to humans.

High Rise Buildings. Buildings, structures or facilities fifteen (15) meters or more in height.

Hose Box. A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for fire fighting.

Hose Reel. A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is wound and connected.

Hypergolic Fuel. A rocket or liquid propellant which consists of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on contact with each other.


Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Any flammable gas liquefied through pressure. The liquid vaporizes under normal atmospheric pressure.

Magnesium. A highly flammable metal which burns to over two thousand nine hundred eighty degree Celsius (2,980 C). It is used as a principal element of aluminum alloy for the manufacture of mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components, beverage cans, flashlight photography, flares, pyrotechnics, fireworks sparklers, automotive and truck components.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Is a form that contains data and information regarding the properties of a particular substance.


Means of Egress. Is a continuous and unobstructed route of exit from one point in a building, structure or facility to a public way.

Medical Air. A type of air product produced through the blending of compressed nitrogen and oxygen and used in variety of patients application. It is also used during anesthesia as a substitute for nitrous oxide to reduce the high concentration of oxygen exposure.

Medical Gas. A type of gas used in medical and similar facilities, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, medical air and mixtures of these gases.


Occupancy. The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.

Occupant Load. The maximum number of persons that may be allowed to occupy a particular building, structure, or facility, or portions hereof.

Occupant. Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.

Owner. The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.


Oxidizing Material. A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.

Ozone Depleting Refrigerant/Substance. Any group of halogenated hydrocarbon chemicals which photo-chemically reacts in the stratosphere in a way which destroys the ozone layer.


Plastics:

Group A Plastics.

Group B Plastics.

Group C Plastics


Group A Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion much higher than that of ordinary combustibles and burning rate higher than that of Group B plastics. Examples of Group A plastics include, but are not limited to, the following: ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) Acetal (polyformaldehyde) Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate) Butyl rubber EPDM (ethylene propylene rubber) FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester) Natural rubber (expanded) Nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber)


Group A Plastics. PET or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polyester elastomer Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene (expanded and unexpanded) Polyurethane (expanded and unexpanded) PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than fifteen (15%) percent

plasticized, e.g., coated fabric unsupported film) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) SBRr (styrene butadiene rubber)


Group B Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion and burning rate higher than that of ordinary combustibles, but not as high as those of Group A plastics. Examples of Group B plastics include, but are not limited to, the following: Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl Cellulose) Chloroprene rubber Fluoroplastics (ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer; ETFE,

ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer; FEP, fluorinated ethylenepropylenecopolymer)

Natural rubber (nonexpanded) Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6) PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 5-percent, but not exceeding fifteen (15)-

percent plasticized) Silicone rubber


Group C Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion and burning rate similar to those of ordinary combustibles. Examples of Group C plastics include, but are not limited to, the following: Fluoroplastics (PCTFE, Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; PTFE,

polytetrafluoroethylene) Melamine (melamine formaldehyde) Phenol PVC (polyvinyl chloride, rigid or plasticized less than five percent (5%),

e.g., pipe, pipe fittings) PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride) PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) PVF (polyvinyl fluoride) Urea (urea formaldehyde)


Propeller. An inclusive term for all parts, appurtenances, and accessories of a propeller.

Public Way. Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently appropriated for public use.

Safety Factor. Is the ratio of the design burst pressure to the maximum working pressure and shall not be less than four (4).

Smelting. Refers to the process of melting or fusing metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.


Solvents or Liquid Classifications. A method of classifying solvents or liquids according to the following:

Class I Solvents. Liquids having a flash point below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C).

Class II Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8C) and below sixty degrees Celsius (60C).

Class IIIA Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above sixty degrees Celsius (60C) and below ninety three and three-tenths degrees Celsius (93.3C).

Class IIIB Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above ninety three and three-tenths degrees Celsius (93.3C).

Class IV Solvents. Liquids classified as non-flammable.


Sprinkler System. An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping system installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.

Standpipe System. A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to water outlets as needed.

Sump Pit. The lowest part of a mine, vault, tank or a hole in the ground used to collect water, waste water and sludge for purposes of draining through a submersible pump.


Toxicity. The degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism.

Used Water. Liquid waste generated by treatment plants, housekeeping, operation and maintenance, and laboratory activities, including but not limited to washing, flushing, and cleaning activities. It also includes the cleaning, flushing and draining water that bear dirt and sludge from sedimentation basin, settling tank, and other treatment processes and unit operation facilities, and backwash water generated in the backwashing, cleaning and flushing of filter media or beds.

Ventilation. The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.


Vertical Shaft. An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of a building.

Vestibule. A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or building.

Waste Water. Liquid waste generated by human activities that use water and/or those water that come from residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, industrial, agricultural and other facilities, similar occupancies and related activities.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Supplying Water forFire Protection Systems:

The Elevated Water Tank

The Underground Water Reservoir

Types of Fire Protection Systems:

Dry Standpipe System

Wet Standpipe System

Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection

Automatic / Sprinkler System

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

A system used to control or to extinguish a fire in a building

Fire suppression systems are especially important because their purpose is to protect both life and property.

The most common types of fire suppression systems are fire sprinkler system and standpipe system.

FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

A fire sprinkler system is an integrated system of underground and overhead piping, with one or more automatic water supplies, to which fire sprinklers are attached in a systematic pattern

Automatic / Sprinkler System

There are two general types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems: the Automatic Wet and Automatic Dry


TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

Deluge Sprinkler Systems

Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems

Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

are installed more often than all other types of fire sprinkler systems

Operation: When an automatic sprinkler is exposed to sufficient heat, the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases, allowing water to flow from that sprinkler. Sprinklers are manufactured to react to a specific range of temperatures. Only sprinklers subjected to a temperature at or above their specific temperature rating will operate.

Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

are second most common sprinkler system type Operation: When one or more of the automatic

sprinklers is exposed to sufficient heat, it opens, allowing the maintenance air to vent from the sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates individually. As their air pressure in the piping drops, the pressure differential across the dry pipe valve changes, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flow from sprinklers needed to control the fire is delayed until the air is vented from the sprinklers.


are system that have open sprinklers, i.e. the heat sensing operating element is removed during installation, so that all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open. These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard


Operation: Activation of a fire alarm initiating device, or a manual pull station, signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously.

Pre-Action Sprinkler Systems

similar to deluge sprinkler system except that automatic sprinklers are used, rather than open sprinklers

COMPONENTS OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Fire Sprinkler is a nozzle which distributes water in a specific spray pattern.

Automatic Sprinkler is a fire sprinkler with a normally closed nozzle which can be

individually opened by heat, by either melting a fusible element or rupturing a liquid-filled glass bulb.

Main is a principal artery of a system of continuous piping to which branch

lines are connected.

Branch line a part of the piping to which fire sprinklers are connected.

Riser is a water main which extends vertically one full storey or more to

convey water to individual floor mains and branch lines.

Types of Sprinkler Heads

Upright- used above pipingwhen piping is exposed

Pendent- projects througha finished ceiling whenpiping is exposed

Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads

TEMPERATURE RATINGS

Ordinary-temperature sprinklers are sprinklers rated between 135 to 170F. They are

intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling temperature is not to exceed 100F.

Intermediate-temperature sprinklers are sprinklers rated between 175 and 225F. They are

intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling temperature does not exceed 150F.

High-temperature sprinklers are sprinklers rated between 250 and 300F. They are

intended for use in areas where the maximum ceiling temperature does not exceed 225F.

Spacing of Sprinkler Heads:

Spacing of Sprinkler Heads

KIND OF BUILDING COVERAGE OF ONESPRINKLER HEADLight Hazard Occupancy

Extra hazard Occupancy

20 square meters

10 square meters

Special Installation Requirements

At least one fire department connection on each frontageA master alarm system valve control for all water supplies other than fire department connectionsSpecial fire walls between protected areasSloping water proof floors with drains or scupper to carry away waste water

Smoke Detectors & Sprinkler Heads

SPRINKLER SPACING DESIGN

S design spacing of sprinklers on range pipesD distance between rows of sprinklers

S or D maximum 4.60 m., extra light hazard maximum 4.0 m., ordinary hazard maximum 3.7 m., extra high hazard

S x D 21 sq. m. or less, extra light hazard 12 sq. m. or less, ordinary hazard 9 sq. m. or less, extra high hazard

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD

Light (Low) Hazard locations where the total amount of Class A

combustible materials, including furnishing, decorations and other contents is of minor quantity.

Ordinary (Moderate) Hazard locations where the total amount of Class A

combustibles and Class B flammables are present in greater amounts than expected under light hazard occupancies.

Extra (High) Hazard locations where the total amount of Classes A and B

materials are in storage, production or other use.

STANDPIPE SYSTEM

A standpipe system is a arrangement of piping, valves and hose connection installed in a such manner that water can be discharge through attached hose and nozzles for the purpose of extinguishing a fire

TYPES OF STANDPIPE SYSTEMS

Wet Standpipe Systems

Dry Standpipe Systems


Wet Standpipe Systems

is a standpipe system in which the piping is filled with water and water pressure is maintained in the system at all times by the water supply. This is the most common type of standpipe system

Wet Standpipe System

How it works: a piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line) connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe on each level)

Wet standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or galvanized steel

The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that all portions of the building are within 6.00 meters of a nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long

The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51mm for those less than 15 meters form the fire service connection. For those more than 15 meters from the fire service connection, the minimum diameter is 63mm


Dry Standpipe Systems

is a standpipe system in which the piping is not normally filled with water.

No longer being utilized in new buildings, provided other systemsare employed (otherwise mustbe installed in buildings 4 levelsor more)

Dry Standpipe System

How it works: a standpipe is connected to the building exterior (max ht.= 1.20M) for connection to fire department

The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply or waste disposal system but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of fire

CONNECT TO

FIRE HOSE

As much as possible, standpipes should be located in stairway landings



How it works: a piping network directly connected to the main water line, connects to all levels of a building; additionally, a Siamese Connection is located outside the building for additional water supply


HOT - WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

TYPES OF WATER HEATER

Direct-Fired Water Heaters

Indirect Water Heaters

Direct-Fired Water Heaters

the source of heat is located where the water is heated

Gas-Fired Heaters

Oil-Fired Heaters

Electric Water Heaters

Indirect Water Heaters

are one in which the water is heated by a heat source that is remotely located from the water heating equipment

Storage-Type Water Heaters

Instantaneous-Type Heaters

Semi-Instantaneous-Type Water Heaters

COMPONENTS OF HOT-WATER SYSTEMS

Hot-Water Storage Tank Safety Devices Pressure Gages Thermometers Circulation Pump Isolating Valves and Drain Valves Deliming Tees Operating Controls Water Hammer Arresters

GAS PIPING SYSTEM

Fuel Gas Piping System

Medical Gas & Vacuum System

FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

Liquefied Petroleum Gas saturated hydrocarbons found in petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.)

CYLINDER- where gas is stored

PIGTAIL- where high pressure vapor flows through when cylinder valve is opened

a.k.a. Bottled Gas

Typical LP Gas service installation:

REGULATOR-reduces the high pressure -of gas to the proper operating gas pressure ofthe appliance

for Home, Commercial and Industrial Use

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas Appliances:

Do not place cylinders below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft. distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)

Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat

When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.

Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.

Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood, paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used. *


Location of Cylinders

Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building having good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the open; (outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials) vegetation (i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc. within 19 feet of a cylinder

Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas deliverymen

Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement blocks) to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil corrosion

Do not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft. distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASSafety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas

Appliances:

Locate in a place safe from accidental damage from vehicles & tampering by children or unauthorized persons; should be protected by cylinder hoods (if located in driveways or alleys)

Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost.

Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat

When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there should be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the vicinity

Close the cylinder valves before disconnecting

Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to protect the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder valve from being used as a handle


Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment

Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over- valves and manifolds which are connected to the cylinders should be rigidly supported

The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to prevent entry of rain)

All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be vented to the open air & not choked with dust or other foreign matter

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASSafety Precautions for installation of LP Gas Cylinders & Gas

Appliances:

Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves

Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond the reach of people passing by.

When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.

Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.

Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood, paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used.

Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every appliance.

Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should be securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a type resistant to LP gas.


Location of Appliance

The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be set where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are met.

A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided for the appliance. This source of air for combustion and ventilation should not be subject to accidental interruption or curtailment.

Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of repair and adjustment of appliance burners and parts

A water heater should be installed in a place with adequate ventilation and with a sufficient clearance between ceiling and top of heater.


Testing for Leaks

Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service, it should be carefully tested to ensure that it is gastight. Where any part of the system is to be enclosed or concealed, this test should precede the work of closing in.

Matches, candles, or other sources of ignition should not be used to check for gas leakage. The position of a leak may be detected by using soap solution.

Leaking or otherwise defective pipes or fittings should be replaced. No attempt should be made to affect temporary repair.


UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE

CHAPTER 12: FUEL PIPING

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Appliance Fuel Connector An assembly of listed semi-rigid or flexible tubing and fittings to carry fuel between a fuel piping outlet and a fuel burning appliance.

Fuel Gas Natural, manufactured, liquefied petroleum, or a mixture of these.

Gas Piping Any installation of pipe, valves, or fittings that is used to convey fuel gas, installed on any premises or in any building, but shall not include:

(1) Any portion of the service piping.(2) Any approved piping connection six (6) feet (1829 mm) or less in length between an existing gas outlet and a gas appliance in the same room with the outlet.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Gas Piping System Any arrangement of gas piping supplied by one (1) meter and each arrangement of gas piping serving a building, structure, or premises, whether individually metered or not.

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Facilities Liquifiedpetroleum gas (LPG) facilities means tanks, containers, container valves, regulating equipment, meters, and/or appurtenances for the storage and supply of liquifiedpetroleum gas for any building, structure or premises.

Quick-Disconnect Device A hand-operated device which provides a means for connecting and disconnecting an appliance or an appliance connector to a gas supply and which is equipped with an automatic means to shut off the gas supply when the device is disconnected

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Service Piping The piping and equipment between the street gas main and the gas piping system inlet, which is installed by and is under the control and maintenance of the serving gas supplier.

Transition Gas Riser Any listed or approved section or sections of pipe and fittings used to convey fuel gas and installed in a gas piping system for the purpose of providing a transition from below ground to above ground.

Rough Piping Inspection

This inspection shall be made after all gas piping authorized by the permit has been installed, and before any such piping has been covered or concealed, or any fixture or appliance has been attached thereto. This inspection shall include a determination that the gas piping size, material, and installation meet the requirements of this Code.

Final Piping Inspection

This inspection shall be made after all piping authorized by the permit has been installed and after all portions thereof which are to be covered or concealed are so concealed and before any fixtures, appliance, or shutoff valve has been attached thereto.


This inspection shall include an air, CO2 or nitrogen pressure test, at which time the gas piping shall stand a pressure of not less than ten (10) pounds per square inch (68.9 kPa) gauge pressure, or at the discretion of the Administrative Authority, the piping and valves may be tested at a pressure of at least six (6) inches (152 mm) of mercury, measured with a manometer or slope gauge. Test pressures shall be held for a length of time satisfactory to the Administrative Authority, but in no case for less than fifteen (15) minutes, with no perceptible drop in pressure.


For welded piping, and for piping carrying gas at pressures in excess of fourteen (14) inches (356 mm) water column pressure, the test pressure shall not be less than sixty (60) pounds per square inch (413.4 kPa) and shall be continued for a length of time satisfactory to the Administrative Authority, but in no case for less than thirty (30) minutes.

Certificate of Inspection

If, upon final piping inspection, the installation is found to comply with the provisions of this Code, a certificate of inspection may be issued by the Administrative Authority.

MATERIALS

All piping used for the installation, extension, alteration, or repair of any gas piping shall be standard weight wrought iron or steel (galvanized or black), yellow brass (containing not more than seventy-five (75) percent copper), or copper tube or Types K, L or ACR.

Approved PE pipe may be used in exterior buried piping systems.

Copper alloy tubing shall not be used if the gas contains more than an average of 0.3 grains of hydrogen sulfide per 100 standard cubic feet of gas (0.7 milligrams per 100 liters)

MATERIALS

All fittings used in connection with the above piping shall be of malleable iron, yellow brass (containing not more than seventy-five (75) percent copper), or approved plastic fittings.

All valves and appurtenances used in connection with the above piping shall be of a type designed and approved for use with fuel gas.

Valves up to and including two (2) inches (50 mm) shall be brass or other approved material.

UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE

CHAPTER 13: HEALTH CARE FACILITIES AND MEDICAL GAS AND

VACUUM SYSTEMS

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Building Supply The pipe from the source of supply to a building or structure.

Critical Care Area An area in a medical facility where special care is provided, including intensive care units, coronary care units, recovery rooms, and respiratory care units.

Manifold A device for connecting outlets of one or more gas cylinders to the central piping system for that specific gas.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Medical Air Compressed air used in a medical facility.

Medical Gas Gases used in a medical facility, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, medical air, and mixtures of these gases. Standards of purity apply.

Medical Gas System A system consisting of a central supply system (manifold, bulk, or compressors), including control equipment and piping extending to station outlets in the facility where medical gases may be required.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Medical Vacuum System A system consisting of central vacuum-producing equipment with vacuum switches and operating controls, shutoff valves, alarm warning systems, gauges, and a network of piping extending to and terminating with station inlets at locations where patient suction may be required. Includes surgical vacuum systems, waste anesthesia gas disposal (gas scavenging systems), and bedside suction systems.

Purge, Flow The removal of oxygen from a system by oil-free dry nitrogen during brazing.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Purge, System The removal of nitrogen from a system with the medical gas required for that system.

SCFM Standard cubic feet per minute, the unit measure for a volume of gas at standard conditions (68F [20C] and 1 atmosphere of pressure).

Special Hazard Area An area, such as a kitchen or electrical switchgear room.

Station Inlet An inlet in a vacuum piping system at which the user makes connections and disconnections.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Station Outlet An outlet point in a medical gas piping system at which the user makes connections and disconnections.

Use Point A room or area within a room, where medical gases are dispensed to a patient for medical purposes.

Valve, Isolation A valve which isolates one piece of equipment from another.

Valve, Riser A valve at the base of a vertical riser, which isolates that riser.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Valve, Service A valve serving horizontal piping extending from a riser to a station outlet or inlet.

Valve, Source A single valve at the source which controls a number of units that make up the total source.

Valve, Zone A valve which controls the gas or vacuum service to a particular area.

MATERIALS

Piping for medical gas systems shall be listed Type "K" or "L" medical gas tube.

Fittings for medical gas systems used for connecting copper tubing shall be listed wrought copper suitable for making brazed connections.

Valves, manifolds, terminal connections, and other such devices installed in medical gas systems shall be bronze, brass, or of other materials that meet the requirements of Section 301.0.

MATERIALS

Piping for medical gas systems shall be suitable for and compatible with oxygen service.

Piping for medical vacuum systems shall be listed seamless Type K or L copper tubing, or other approved or listed materials.

All ball valves used in medical gas and medical vacuum systems shall be full-way.

Piping for medical nitrogen systems in excess of 200 psig (1.36 MPa gauge) and not exceeding 300 psig (2.07 MPa gauge) shall be type K copper.

MARKINGSGas Marking Colors

Medical Air Yellow background with black letters

Nitrogen Black background with white letters

Nitrous Oxide Blue background with white letters

Oxygen Green background with white letters

Vacuum White background with black letters

Helium Brown background with white letters

Carbon Dioxide Gray background with black or white letters

PHILIPPINE ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF

2000REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003


"Agricultural waste" shall refer to waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields.

"Bulky wastes" shall refer to waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in separate containers because of either its bulky size, shape or other physical attributes. These include large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial items such as furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar items.

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