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PL/SQL (Embedded SQL) Introduction Benefits Basic Constructs Anonymous blocks Procedures Functions Packages Triggers Cursors Dynamic SQL

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Introduction

Embedded SQL (PL/SQL, JAVA/ VB & DB) Database Server Level

Programming (PL/SQL, Transact-SQL, IBM DB2-Cobol, ProC, ProCobol)

Database Client ProgrammingDeveloper 9i, JDeveloper 9i, Java (J2EE), VB, .Net

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- Benefits

More powerful than pure SQL because it combines the power of SQL and Iteration (loops) Selection (Ifs) Cursors Block Structures Stored Procedures etc.

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- Basic Constructs

Basic Structure Running a program Variables SELECT INTO Comments IFs LOOPs Output

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-- Basic Structure

DECLARE

BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;

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- OUTPUT …SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This is my fist program');

END;/

Before executing code that contains DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE,

must run (in a current session) at SQL prompt: set serveroutput on

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--- Basic Structure: Example

DECLARE v_id INTEGER; v_empno NUMBER;BEGIN v_id := 1234567;

SELECT EMPNO INTO V_EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE empno = v_id;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value is '||v_empno);

EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists');

END;/

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--- Basic Structure: Example

DECLARE v_id INTEGER;

BEGIN v_id := 1234567;

DELETE FROM EMP WHERE id = v_id;

END;/

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-- Running a Program

DECLARE

BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;

/

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-- Variables

Common Data Types NUMBER DATE INTEGER VARCHAR2 CHAR BOOLEAN

Declaration V_salary NUMBER(9,2); V_id INTEGER; V_dob DATE; V_name VARCHAR2(35); V_gender CHAR; V_salary emp.salary%TYPE;

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-- SELECT INTO

DECLARE

v_job emp.job%TYPE; v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;

BEGIN

v_empno := 1234567;

SELECT job, sal INTO INTO v_job,v_salv_job,v_sal FROM emp

WHERE empno = v_empno;

END;/

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-- Another Example

declare v_ename emp.ename%TYPE; v_sal emp.sal%TYPE;begin select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where empno = '7844'; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('solution is:'||v_ename||'---'||v_sal);

exception When others then DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('no record');end;/

Before executing code that contains DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE, must run at SQL prompt: set serveroutput on

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-- Comments

DECLARE /* This block will do so and so and so. */ v_job emp.job%TYPE; v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;

BEGIN

v_empno := 1234567; -- The use of this sentence is so and so.

-- The following SELECT INTO statement will do so and so.

SELECT job, sal INTOINTO v_job,v_salv_job,v_sal FROM emp

WHERE empno = v_empno;

END;/

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-- IFs

IF – END IF IF – ELSE – END IF IF – ELSIF – ELSE – END IF

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--- IF – END IF

DECLARE … …BEGIN … … v_commison := 7500;

IFIF v_dept = 10 THEN v_commision := 5000; END IF; … …END;/

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--- IF – ELSE – END IF

DECLARE … …BEGIN … …

IF v_dept = 10 THEN v_commision := 5000; ELSE v_commision := 7500; END IF; … …END;/

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--- IF – ELSIF – ELSE – END IF

DECLARE … …BEGIN … …

IF v_dept = 10 THEN v_commision := 5000; ELSIF v_dept = 20 THEN v_commison := 5500; ELSIF v_dept = 30 THEN v_commison := 6200; ELSE v_commision := 7500; END IF; … …END;/

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-- LOOPs

LOOP – EXIT WHEN – END LOOP FOR – LOOP – END LOOP WHILE – LOOP – END LOOP

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--- LOOP – EXIT WHEN – END LOOP

DECLARE … v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50; v_counter integer := 1; …

BEGIN … LOOP INSERT INTO dept(deptno) VALUES(v_deptno); v_counter := v_counter + 1; v_deptno := v_deptno + 10; EXIT WHEN v_counter > 5; END LOOP; …

END; /

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--- FOR – LOOP - END LOOP

DECLARE … v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50; v_counter integer; …

BEGIN … FOR v_counter IN 1..5 LOOP INSERT INTO dept(deptno) VALUES(v_deptno); v_deptno := v_deptno + 10; END LOOP; …

END; /

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--- WHILE – LOOP - END LOOP

DECLARE … v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50; v_counter integer; …

BEGIN … v_counter := 1; WHILE v_counter <= 5 LOOP INSERT INTO dept(deptno) VALUES(v_deptno); v_deptno := v_deptno + 10; END LOOP; …

END; /

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… - OUTPUT

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

DECLARE

v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE; v_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE := 10;

BEGIN

SELECT SUM(sal) INTO v_sum_sal FROM emp WHERE deptno = v_deptno;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The sum is ‘ || TO_CHAR(v_sum_sal));

END;/

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- Anonymous Block

DECLARE v_id INTEGER;

BEGIN v_id := 1234567;

DELETE FROM EMP WHERE id = v_id;

EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists');

END;/

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-- Nesting Anonymous Blocks

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Exceptions

Examples areNO_DATA_FOUNDOTHERS

To display details of oracle standard error message

EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Error detail is: ‘||SQLERRM)

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- Procedure

Is a block with a name The DECLARE key word is not used Parameters can be

IN OUT IN OUT

Is stored (USER_SOURCE)

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-- Creating or Replacing a Procedure …

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pname( ) IS

BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;/

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… -- Creating or Replacing a Procedure

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE proc_test(p_empno IN VARCHAR2) IS

v_job EMP.job%TYPE; v_sal EMP.sal%TYPE;

BEGIN

SELECT job, sal INTO v_job,v_sal FROM emp

WHERE empno = p_empno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('job is '||v_job);

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ERROR...');

END;/SQL> Show errorsSQL> execute proc_test(5893);

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-- Invoking a Procedure

DECLARE …BEGIN … proc_test(’23’); …END;/

Or SQL> exec proc_test(‘1123’)

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Another ExampleSQL> edWrote file afiedt.buf

1 create or replace procedure test_proc is 2 v_id INTEGER; 3 v_empno emp.empno%TYPE; 4 BEGIN 5 v_id := 1234567; 6 select empno into v_empno 7 FROM EMP 8 WHERE empno = v_id; 9 EXCEPTION 10 WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN 11 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists'); 12* END;SQL> /

Procedure created.

SQL> exec test_procNo record exists

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> show errors (to see errors for procedures, functions)

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- Function

Is a block with a name Returns one value only. The DECLARE key word is not used Parameters can only be IN Is stored

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-- Creating or Replacing a Function …

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fname( ) RETURN datatype IS

BEGIN

EXECPTION

END;/

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… -- Creating or Replacing a Function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sum_dept_sal(p_deptno IN NUMBER)RETURN emp.sal%TYPE IS

v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;

BEGIN

SELECT SUM(sal) INTO v_sum_sal FROM emp WHERE deptno = p_deptno;

RETURN v_sum_sal;

END;/

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-- Invoking a Function

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

DECLARE … v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; …BEGIN … v_sal := sum_dept_sal(10); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(v_sal)); …END;/

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Example, passing parameters

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Exercise

Write down a procedure that displays all records (all columns) from EMP table. Make sure program should restricted to fix number of records of this table. Display Date and TIME portions of column that has data type DATE.

Write down a procedure that can insert large number of records entered at the time of its execution. You can use EMP table and appending counter with some columns’ values

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- Packages

Package Package Specification Package Body

Invoking Package subprogram

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-- Package Specification

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_info is

v_count INTEGER;

PROCEDURE insert_record( p_empno IN NUMBER , p_ename IN VARCHAR2 , p_job IN VARCHAR2 , p_sal IN NUMBER , p_comm IN NUMBER , p_deptno IN VARCHAR2);

PROCEDURE delete_record(p_empno IN NUMBER);

FUNCTION sum_dept_sal( p_deptno IN dept.deptno%TYPE) RETURN is dept.sal%TYPE;

END emp_info; /

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-- Package Body

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_info is`

PROCEDURE insert_record(p_empno IN NUMBER,p_ename IN VARCHAR2, p_job IN VARCHAR2,p_sal IN NUMBER, p_comm IN NUMBER,p_deptno IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO EMP(empno,ename,job,sal,comm,deptno) VALUES(p_empno,p_ename,p_job,p_sal,p_comm,p_deptno); END insert_record;

PROCEDURE delete_record(p_empno IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN DELETE FROM EMP WHERE empno=p_empno; END delete_record;

FUNCTION sum_dept_sal(p_deptno IN NUMBER) RETURN emp.sal%TYPE IS v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SUM(sal) INTO v_sum_sal FROM emp WHERE deptno = p_deptno; RETURN v_sum_sal; END;

END emp_info; --end of package body/

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-- Invoking Package Subprogram

DECLARE v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;BEGIN … v_sum_sal := emp_info.sum_dept_sal(10); … emp_info.delete_record(1234567); …END;/

OrSQL> exec emp_info.insert_record(…,…)

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- Triggers

Is a stored subprogram associated with a table.

Are fired by an event Are mainly used for

Security Enforce complex integrity constraint Prevent invalid transaction Event logging

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-- Creating or Replacing Triggers

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER del_emp( p_empno emp.empno%TYPE)

BEFORE DELETE ON empFOR EACH ROWBEGIN INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES(p_empno, USER, sysdate);END;/

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… -- Trigger with function usage Example

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… --Exercise

Write a trigger for the following:When a record is added or deleted from

an employee table, DEPT.NoOfEmp column gets updated accordingly to number of employees in EMP table corresponding to department number.

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- Cursors …

Is a pointer to a row. Its is mainly used with tables which

return more than one row. It is handled implicitly and explicitly.

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… - Cusrors …

CURSOR c_emp ISSELECT empno, ename, jobFROM empWHERE deptno = 20;

7369 Smith Clerk 7566 Jones Manager current row

7788 SCOTT Analyst 7876 Adams Clerk 7906 FORD Analyst

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… - Cursors

DECLARE

CURSOR c_emp IS SELECT empno, ename, job FROM emp WHERE deptno = 20;

BEGIN

FOR v_c IN c_emp LOOP …

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_c.ename); …

END LOOP; …end;/

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- Example

Given a table with first three columns are composite keys. Write a PL/SQL program using cursor to update cat_template1 with LONG column cat_template. Assuming this tables contains more than 40,000 records.

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… - Example’s solution

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Dynamic SQL

begin execute immediate 'create table tt(id

number(3))';end;/