plants stems, roots and transport (12.3-12.5). function of stems… connect vascular tissue in...
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PlantsStems, Roots and Transport(12.3-12.5)
Function of Stems… Connect vascular tissue in leaves to vascular
tissue in roots Transports water and dissolved nutrients Raise and support the leaves and reproductive
organs Raising leaves maximizes exposure to sunlight Raising reproductive organs places them in the
ideal position for pollination
Storage- modified stems in cacti can store large volumes of water
Structure Woody – contain wood and are relatively
hard, have bark, and do not usually carry out photosynthesis.
Herbaceous- do not contain wood and are relatively pliable, carry out photosynthesis, and have a thin epidermis.
Monocots do not produce woody stems All gymnosperms are woody
Herbaceous… The vascular tissue of herbaceous stems is
arranged in distinct vascular bundles in ground tissue.
A vascular bundle is a long, continuous strand of vascular tissue that consists of xylem and phloem.
In monocots, the vascular bundles are found throughout the ground tissue of the stem. In eudicots, the vascular bundles form a ring.
Woody Stems… Grow thick because of vascular
cambium Vascular cambium is a layer of
meristematic cells in the vascular tissue that divide to form new xylem and phloem cells.
So what we call “wood” is actually many layers of xylem tissue
Heart wood- old xylem that gets filled with resin and no longer transports water. Supports the tree
Bark…(protection-herbivores and water loss)
Bark consists of all the tissues found outside the vascular cambium. It includes phloem, cork cambium, and cork.
The phloem transports sugars made in the leaves throughout the plant.
The cork cambium is a layer of meristematic tissue that produces cork, the tough, outer layer of the tree that prevents water loss from the stem.
Growth Rings… In temperate regions growth happens
during spring and summer In spring growth is fast and light
coloured wood is produced In the summer growth is slower and
dark coloured wood is produced
Cell types Xylem cells are thick walled and dead at
maturity. rich in lignin, a carbohydrate that makes
the cells very strong. Phloem cells are living at maturity and
contain cytoplasm. Both phloem and xylem cells may be
stacked to form long, continuous tubes.
Xylem… tracheid an elongated, tapered xylem
cell with thick cell walls containing small pits; tracheids overlap one another at the ends to form continuous tubes from root to shoot
vessel element a shorter, blunt-ended xylem cell with thick cell walls containing small pits; vessel elements are stacked end to end to form vessel tubes that run from root to shoot
Phloem… Three types of phloem cells are found in vascular
plants: sieve cells, sieve tube elements, and companion cells.
Sieve cells have narrow pores in all their cell walls and contain all the organelles found in most cells, including a nucleus.
Sieve tube elements have cytoplasm but lack many cell organelles, including a nucleus. The end walls of these cells are called sieve plates, which are cell walls with perforations to allow sugar solutions to pass to the neighbouring phloem cells.
Companion cell, which is always associated with a sieve tube element. It has a nucleus and all the other organelles that the sieve tube element lacks. The sieve tube elements and their associated companion cells form long conducting tubes
Cell Specialization… Not all hold a plant upright
Underground modified include Tubers, Rhizomes, Corms
Above ground modified stems Stolons grow along the soil instead of upright Vines
Human Uses…
What do roots do???
Function… Anchor Keep upright Absorb water and nutrients Some roots store water and carbohydrates
for the plant
Types… Taproot- a root system composed of a
large, thick root; can have smaller lateral roots
Lateral root- a smaller root that branches from a larger root
Fibrous root- a root system made up of many small, branching roots Both taproots and lateral roots are
covered with root hairs. A root hair is a microscopic hair-like outgrowth from an epidermal cell.
Structure… Tip of root contains root cap and meristem
Root cap-slippery substance Meristem- produces new cells for growth
Roots hairs above the root tip ( S.A) The root cortex is a region of parenchyma
cells beneath the epidermis. The root cortex store carbohydrates and
transport water from the epidermis to the xylem. Endodermis is the innermost layer of root
cortex are wrapped with a wax-like substance, forming a continuous barrier called the Casparian strip
Vascular cylinder… Tissue comprised of xylem and phloem. Central part off root Eudicots- X shapes vascular cylinder Monocots- parenchyma at center
Monocots vs. Eudicots
Root specialization… Mutualistic relationships-ex.
With micorrhizae(expand roots system and perform external digestion) and nitrogen fixers
Parasitic- Strangler fig- seeds are deposited on a host tree by an animal, the roots grow downward and strangle the host tree
Tuberous roots- carbohydrate storage(e.g. carrots)
Human Root Uses…. Food- carrots, parsnips, turnips, beets, potato Beverages-root beer from the sassafras root Dyes- red(beets or madder), brown
(dandelion) Pesticides- from rotenone Medicine- ipecac(induce vomiting), kava
kava (reduce anxiety), valerian (sleep aid) Erosion Control-forms mat that holds upper
soil layers together
Overall…Monocots Eudicots
Embryo with single cotyledon
Embryo with two cotyledons
Pollen with single furrow or pore
Pollen with three furrows or pores
Flower parts in multiples of three
Flower parts in multiples of four or five
Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins branched
Stem vascular bundles scattered
Stem vascular bundles in a ring
Roots are adventitious Roots develop from radicle
Adventitious root- a root that develops from somewhere other than the root apical meristem
Cotyledon- A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.
Radicle – part of root meristem